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Background: Adults having type 2 diabetes mellitus satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria will be included. Consent of those who fit into inclusion criteria taken. 100 patients were analysed on the basis of history, clinical presentations, investigations. Patients presenting with signs and symptoms of neuropathy were accessed by nerve conduction studies (NCV), autonomic testing, heart rate variation with deep breathing, blood pressure response to standing. Arterial blood gas analysis, and CT /MRI also done. Methods: 100 patients of type 2 diabetes were taken and study of autonomic dysfunction was done for 3 months across tertiary health care centre. Results: Out of 100 diabetic patients under study 54 patients (54%) had diabetic neuropathy. Out of these 54, distal sensory motor neuropathy- most common (77%), sensory neuropathy- 24%. Axonal neuropathy was more prevalent than demyelinating neuropathy. Out of 100, 51 (51%) patients have autonomic neuropathy. Peripheral neuropathy was most common complication in which distal sensory motor polyneuropathy were common. Most common symptom of autonomic neuropathy was postural dizziness followed by erectile dysfunction. Conclusions: Most common complication of type 2 DM is neuropathy. Most common neuropathy was distal sensory motor polyneuropathy whereas most common symptom of diabetic neuropathy was postural dizziness. Other autonomic dysfunction was change in blood pressure and heart after standing.
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Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has a heavy disease burden and is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Oxidative stress leads to the generation of inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species, which results in an inflammatory state, which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. We aimed to correlate the levels of Glycated Haemoglobin with Oxidative Stress. Methods: This study included 200 subjects, 100 were type 2 diabetics and 100 healthy non-diabetic individuals. All the individuals were subjected to analysis of Fasting Plasma Glucose, Glycosylated Haemoglobin, Malondialdehyde, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione, Catalase, Uric Acid and Ascorbic Acid. The data thus generated was analyzed Statistically using the student 憈� test. ANOVA for comparison of mean in more than two groups. Pearson抯 coefficient of correlation was used to calculate the correlation between different parameters. p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results showed that as the Glycated Hb increased, the levels of FBS, MDA, Uric acid increased and Serum SOD, Glutathione, Catalase, and Ascorbic acid levels decreased this change was statistically significant (p<0.05). A positive significant correlation between HbA1c, and fasting blood Glucose, MDA, Uric Acid. SOD, Catalase, Ascorbic Acid and Glutathione showed a negative correlation with glycosylated Haemoglobin. Conclusions: It is hereby concluded that when glycated Hb increases the natural antioxidants that are SOD, catalase, and glutathione decrease to combat the increased formation of ROS. Serum MDA, increased with increased glycated Hb and shows a positive correlation, indicating increasing lipid peroxidation.
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Introducción: La Enfermedad Renal Crónica ha cobrado interés debido a su alta tasa de morbimortalidad. Además de las causas vasculares y de la diabetes mellitus, se ha identificado una causa de Origen Desconocido en jóvenes agricultores. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es determinar la prevalencia de la población en hemodiálisis, sospechosa de la Nefritis Intersticial Crónica en Comunidades Agrícolas, para categorizar la verdadera etiología de su patología renal. Metodología: Se aplicó un diseño observacional descriptivo durante los meses de diciembre de 2022, enero y febrero de 2023; y se encuestó a 684 pacientes de ambos sexos en 8 centros de hemodiálisis de la Capital y el Departamento Central del Paraguay. Resultados: La prevalencia de casos sospechosos por la exposición a factores de riesgo resultó ser del 18.1%. Esta cifra podría ser mayor, ya que 22.6% de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, no presentó retinopatía clínica ni otros signos clínicos de la enfermedad al momento del diagnóstico de la falla renal. Este panorama nos advierte de un probable diagnóstico desacertado en una cantidad considerable de pacientes. Conclusión: La importancia de esta investigación se sustenta en generar acciones preventivas en la población agrícola y concientizar a la sociedad médica de la relevancia diagnóstica de esta patología para mejorar la calidad y pronóstico de vida en la población paraguaya.
Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease has gained interest due to its high morbidity and mortality rate. In addition to vascular causes and diabetes mellitus, an unknown cause has been identified in young farmers. Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence of the population on hemodialysis, suspected of Chronic Interstitial Nephritis in agricultural communities, to categorize the true etiology of their renal pathology. Methodology: A descriptive observational design was applied during December 2022, January, and February 2023; and 684 patients of both sexes were surveyed in 8 hemodialysis centers in the Capital and the Central Department of Paraguay. Results: The prevalence of suspected cases due to the exposure to risk factors was 18.1%. This figure could be higher since 22.6% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus did not present clinical retinopathy or other clinical signs of the disease at the time of the diagnosis of kidney failure. This scenario warns us of a probable misdiagnosis in a considerable number of patients. Conclusion: The importance of this research lies in generating preventive actions in the agricultural population and raising awareness in the medical community about the diagnostic relevance of this pathology to improve the quality and prognosis of life in the Paraguayan population.
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Chronic Kidney Diseases of Uncertain Etiology , HemodiafiltrationABSTRACT
Background: This study aimed to gather the clinicians� perspective regarding the use and prescription practice of dual combination oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management in Indian settings. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by using a 29-item structured questionnaire covering factors considered, challenges, preferred indicators of glycemic control, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use, and strategies. Additionally, it explored clinicians' feedback and experiences with dual combination oral anti-diabetic drugs in T2DM management. Results: Seventy percent of clinicians observed improved adherence to dual combination therapy of OAD. The combination of dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors and metformin was favored for early initiation and showed better tolerability within the first year according to 42% of clinicians. Approximately 63% of clinicians prefer vildagliptin + metformin for 40� year-old diabetics. The combination yields favorable outcomes: 21% in young, 14% in elderly, and 7% in long-standing diabetes cases. After 5 years, 37% of clinicians observed 40-50% of diabetics reaching an HbA1c goal of <7.0% with this combination. Clinicians choose glimepiride + metformin for treatment intensification based on its efficacy, cardiovascular (CV) safety, and fewer adverse events. These factors were collectively recognized by 66.54% of respondents. Conclusions: This study provided valuable insights into real-world clinical practices and preferences regarding dual combination therapy for diabetes management. Clinicians identified the fixed-dose combination of DPP4 inhibitors and metformin as the preferred choice and highlighted the effectiveness of glimepiride + metformin in overcoming treatment intensification challenges.
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Background: Glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus can be difficult to attain, even with a combination of multiple oral agents as well as Insulin. SGLT2 inhibitors are potential novel agents inhibits the sodium glucose co transporters operated in the kidney tubules independent of the action on insulin resistance or secretion. This study aimed to evaluate the effect on the mean reduction of HbA1c levels. Also, to evaluate the effect of gliflozins on the mean reduction of FBS and PPBS values at the end of 3rd and 6th months and to find out the ADR profile over 6 months. Methods: Prospective observational study conducted on the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with HbA1c >7% not controlled on metformin in the outpatient over a period of 15 months. An initial visit and thereafter follow up visits at 3rd and 6th month. HbA1c, FBS and PPBS was noted. ADR profile was also noted. Results: Significant mean reduction in the glycemic parameters among 90% study population with 0.5% reduction in mean HbA1c from the baseline. Also, the reduction in FBS and PPBS were statistically significant by 3rd month of the treatment. Incidence of genital itching was more compared with conventional drugs. Hypotension and polydipsia were rare. Conclusions: SGLT 2 inhibitors are found to be a promising new category of antidiabetic medications with better control of FBS, PPBS and HbA1c.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a significant global health burden, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. Recent research has increasingly recognized the role of gut microbiota modulation in T2DM management, offering promising avenues for intervention. This systematic review synthesizes current literature investigating the impact of modulating gut microbiota on T2DM management. A comprehensive search of databases yielded studies examining various strategies, including probiotics, prebiotics, dietary interventions, and facal microbiota transplantation. Analysis of these interventions revealed their potential to improve glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation markers in individuals with T2DM. Mechanistic insights elucidate how gut microbiota modulation influences metabolic pathways, immune function, and gut barrier integrity, thereby contributing to T2DM pathophysiology. Furthermore, studies highlight the interplay between gut microbiota composition and host factors such as diet, lifestyle, and genetics, underscoring the complexity of this relationship. Modulating gut microbiota presents a promising therapeutic approach in T2DM management, with potential benefits in glycemic control and metabolic health. However, further research is warranted to optimize intervention strategies, elucidate mechanistic pathways, and explore long-term effects. The aim of this review was to underscores the importance of considering gut microbiota modulation as a complementary approach in the multifaceted management of T2DM.
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The purpose of the trial was to determine whether combination medication for type 2 diabetes mellitus offers better glycemic control than monotherapy. Subjects whose ages were more than 18 years and with glycated hemoglobin levels higher than 7.5% were enrolled. Among the 664 patients enrolled, 332 received monotherapy, while 332 were treated with combination therapy. The treatment groups received either vildagliptin + metformin combination therapy or metformin monotherapy. Vildagliptin, as an adjunct to metformin treatment, was to be evaluated for its safety and efficacy in reducing HbA1c levels from baseline. The study included individuals with a history of T2DM for 3 to 4 years who had been treated with either combination therapy or monotherapy for at least three months. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. As per the findings, it indicated that combination therapy led to a considerably greater reduction in glycated hemoglobin levels compared to monotherapy. Adverse events were also observed to vary significantly between the two treatment cohorts. Outcomes suggest that combination medication should be started earlier than monotherapy for superior glycemic control. Additionally, it was thought that the combo therapy had a positive safety profile.
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The purpose of this study was to quantify the prevalence and co-prevalence of common comorbidities of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Literature search was conducted in PubMed for relevant articles published during the period from 2013 to 2023. Studies describing the prevalence rate of T2DM and its associated co-morbidities in INDIA in the past 10 years and the pharmaceutical antidiabetic treatment were identified. Out of 100 articles 10 studies conducted in India fulfilled the inclusion criteria regarding the prevalence rate of T2DM along with its associated co-morbidities. Studies revealed that comorbidity burden tended to increase in older age groups and was higher in men than women. Few studies demonstrated for the combination of hypertension (HTN) and hyperlipidaemia (67.5%), followed by overweight/obesity and HTN (66.0%), overweight/obesity and hyperlipidaemia (62.5%), HTN and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (22.4%), hyperlipidaemia and CKD (21.1%), HTN and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (20.2%), hyperlipidaemia and CVD (20.1%), overweight/obesity and CKD (19.1%) and overweight/obesity and CVD (17.0%). The most common conditions in patients with T2DM included HTN in 82.1%; overweight/obesity in 78.2%; hyperlipidaemia in 77.2%; CKD in 24.1%; and CVD in 21.6%. It was concluded from the study that the vast majority of patients with T2DM have multiple comorbidities. To ensure a comprehensive approach to patient management, the presence of multimorbidity should be considered in the context of clinical decision making.
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Background: Diabetes and depression are two major issues related to community health. Diabetes patients frequently co-occur with depression. Diabetes patients frequently co-occur with depression, which calls for serious attention because delayed diagnosis and treatment can worsen the patients' complications. Assessing the prevalence of depression in diabetic patients and identifying the various factors associated with it were the objectives of this research study. Methods: In this study 70 adult patients suffering from type 2 DM participated in this 6-month prospective study. Sociodemographic data and clinical features of the participants were collected. The presence and severity of depressive symptoms in patients have been assessed by a PHQ9 questionnaire. Ethical approval was taken before the commencement of the study. SPSS (Version 20) was used for data analysis. Results: The majority of the patients were from 41-50 years of age group (32.9%) with a female predominance (58.6%), with no symptoms of depression before type 2 DM (92.9%). Most of them had primary education (32.9%) and majority were homemakers (44.3%) residing in urban are (65.7%) living joint family setup (68.6%). Most of them had 11 to 20 years of type 2 DM duration (745.8%) with a high family history of type 2 DM (75.7%). Majority of them were on Oral therapy (47.1%) with ophthalmic complications (32.9%). The majority of them had mild depression (5-9) i.e. 67.1%. Conclusions: Due to patient-specific diabetes management and inappropriate diabetes treatment, the majority of cases were found to have depressive disorders. This article focused on a few common factors and their relationships that lead to depression in people with diabetes.
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Introducción: la diabetes mellitus es una patología prevalente y por ello la implementación de estrategias prácticas para su diagnóstico son importantes desde la Atención Primaria. Objetivo: determinar los parámetros laboratoriales de los pacientes de la Unidad de Salud Familiar del barrio Chaipe (Encarnación, Paraguay) con moderado a muy alto riesgo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 según la prueba de FINDRISK. Metodología: estudio prospectivo, observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años que acudieron a consultar en la Unidad de Salud Familiar del barrio Chaipe desde setiembre del 2022 a febrero del 2023. Se aplicó la prueba de FINDRISK para seleccionar a aquellos con moderado a muy alto riesgo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 para las determinaciones laboratoriales. Resultados: la muestra estuvo conformada por 142 pacientes, con rango de edad menor a 45 años y predominio del sexo femenino. El 42,96 % tenía índice de masa corporal aumentado y 62,68 % circunferencia abdominal de riesgo. El 52,11 % no realizaba actividad física y el 27,46 % no consumía frutas y verduras diariamente. El 25,35 % eran hipertensos, el 11,97 % presentó en alguna oportunidad glicemia elevada y el 56,34 % tenía familiares con diabetes mellitus. El 4,93 % presentó glicemia ≥ 126 mg/dl y el 10,56 % valores de hemoglobina glicosilada (HBA1C) ≥ 6,5 %. El 14,08 % presentó colesterol total ≥ 200 mg/dl y 19,72 % triglicéridos ≥ 150 mg/dl. El 26,65 % presentó 3 o más criterios para síndrome metabólico y se encontró una relación significativa con el riesgo de diabetes mellitus. Conclusiones: se encontró una proporción significativa de pacientes con parámetros laboratoriales de glicemia, HBA1C, colesterol y triglicéridos aumentados.
Introduction: diabetes mellitus is a prevalent pathology and therefore the implementation of practical strategies for its diagnosis are important from Primary Care. Objective: to determine the laboratory parameters of patients from the United Family Healthcare of the Chaipe neighborhood (Encarnación, Paraguay) with moderate to very high risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 according to the FINDRISK test. Methodology: prospective, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Patients over 18 years of age who came to consult at the United Family Healthcare in the Chaipe neighborhood from September 2022 to February 2023 were included. The FINDRISK test was applied to select those with moderate to very high risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 for the laboratory's determinations. Results: the sample was made up of 142 patients, with an age range of less than 45 years and a predominance of the female sex. 42.96 % had an increased body mass index and 62.68 % had an abdominal circumference at risk. 52.11 % did not do physical activity and 27.46 % did not consume fruits and vegetables daily. 25.35 % were hypertensive, 11.97 % had high blood glucose at some point and 56.34 % had family members with diabetes mellitus. 4.93 % had blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl and 10.56 % had glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1C) values ââ≥ 6.5 %. 14.08 % had total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl and 19.72 % had triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl. 26.65 % presented 3 or more criteria for metabolic syndrome and a significant relationship was found with the risk of diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: a significant proportion of patients with increased laboratory parameters of glycemia, HBA1C, cholesterol and triglycerides were found.
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Background: Metabolic dysfunction associated liver disease (MASLD) has been found to be at alarming increase in Indian population. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome including Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is also increasing which may be attributed to certain lifestyle changes. In the present study, we compared the likelihood of liver fibrosis by measurement of non-invasive scores among Type 2 diabetics and smokers, Type 2 diabetics but non-smokers and healthy controls. Our study will provide useful insights to evaluate the association between Type 2 diabetes, smoking and development of MASLD. Methods: The study was done at a tertiary care hospital. Participants were divided into 3 groups (each of 40 participants) which included those with type 2 diabetes mellitus and smokers, those with type 2 diabetes mellitus but non-smokers and healthy controls. Parameters included in the database were age, sex, body mass index, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, any medication, tobacco use and alcohol consumption. Venous blood samples were taken in the morning after a 12-h overnight fasting and investigations were done. Results were recorded. Results: FIB-4 score and AST/ALT ratio was significantly higher in diabetics and smoker patients, in comparison to diabetics but non-smokers and healthy controls. Conclusions: Smoking and underlying type 2 diabetes mellitus have a synergistic effect on the severity of fibrosis, as compared to nonsmokers with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hence smoking cessation, in addition to glycemic control with regular medication, may be beneficial in reducing the severity of MASLD among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development involves various interrelated risk factors, including age, gender, obesity, and inactivity. However, research lacks insights into the risk factors within the minor ethnic Bishnupriya Manipuri community in Bangladesh. This study aimed to identify T2DM risk factors within this community. Methods: This survey-based prospective observational study was conducted in different villages of Kamalgonj Upazila under the Moulvibazar district in Bangladesh from March 2023 to June 2023 enrolled 280 individuals using purposive sampling. Data collection involved a questionnaire, verbal agreement, and diagnostic documentation. Analysis utilized Microsoft Office and the student抯 t-test. Results: Participants exhibited a 1:1.2 male-female ratio, with 64% aged 36-65. 43% were housewives, 55% engaged in moderate work, 15% smoked, and 41% had a family history of diabetes. Diabetic cases accounted for 39%, with an average age of 57.39�.99 years, significantly higher than non-diabetic cases (46.79�.93 years). Diabetic cases also showed significantly higher waist circumference (94.11�63 cm versus 84.71�.76 cm) and body mass index (BMI) (26.12�61 kg/m2 versus 21.44�97 kg/m2). Conclusions: T2DM predominantly affects older individuals in the Bishnupriya Manipuri community. Increased waist circumference, overweight, and obesity emerged as significant risk factors for T2DM within this population.
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Pharmacological interventions for diabetes predominantly involve chemically synthesized compounds, often causing undesirable side effects. This has led to a growing interest in plant-based therapeutic alternatives. Technological advancements have facilitated the discovery of bioactive phytochemicals with medicinal properties. This study employs molecular docking analysis to assess the anti-diabetic potential of a naturally derived compound, 4-[5-(Pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-amine (POA), obtained from Psidium guajava leaf extract. The evaluation focuses on its inhibitory action against four human proteins 11 ? -HSD1 (PDB: 4K1L), GFAT (PDB ID: 2ZJ4), SIRT6 (PDB ID: 3K35) and Aldose reductase (PDB ID: 3G5E) associated with diabetes. Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and ADMET profiles were computed using online web servers Molinspiration, ADMETLAB 2.0, and SWISSADME. POA demonstrated superior binding affinity (in Kcal/mol) -8.0, -7.5, -8.9 and -9.5, respectively) compared to the widely used diabetic drug Metformin -5.4, -6.0, -5.4 and -7.2 with these receptor proteins. Based on molecular docking studies and pharmacokinetics/ADMET profiles, POA may act as a multi-targeted, less harmful, and more efficacious medication for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) compared to Metformin.
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La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es una amenaza para la salud por las complicaciones derivadas de un diagnóstico tardío, donde la identificación oportuna es primordial. Con el objetivo de establecer la relación entre índice cintura talla (ICT), índice cintura cadera (ICC) y puntaje de la escala FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) como determinantes del riesgo de padecer DM2 a largo plazo, se realizó este estudio predictivo transversal con adultos de 18 y 60 años atendidos en el Centro de Salud Primero de Julio del municipio de Mixco, Guatemala. Participaron 80 adultos, seleccionados por un muestreo aleatorio simple. El instrumento de recolección de datos estuvo conformado por tres secciones: información general de la persona, parámetros antropométricos y la encuesta de FINDRISC. Se generaron modelos lineales generalizados para identificar relaciones entre índice cintura talla (ICT), índice cintura cadera (ICC) y puntaje de la escala FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score). El 36.2% presentó riesgo de desarrollar DM2 a largo plazo; encontrándose un 21.2% en el nivel de riesgo alto y muy alto. Se comprobó que únicamente existe relación significativa entre el ICT y el puntaje de la escala de FINDRISC como determinante del riesgo de padecer DM2 a largo plazo. Se concluye que la implementación de la medición del ICT constituye una herramienta útil para identificar personas con riesgo de desarrollar DM2, siendo su aplicación sencilla, no invasiva, económica y de fácil acceso en los servicios de salud.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a health threat due to the complications derived from a late diagnosis, where timely identification is essential. This study aimed to establish the relationship between waist-height index (WHR), waist-hip index (WHR) and the FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score)scale as determinants of the risk of suffering from T2DM in the long term. A cross-sectional predictive study was carried out with a simple random sample of 80 adults between 18 and 60 years old treated at the Primero de Julio Health Center in Mixco, Guatemala. The data collection instrument was structured into three sections: general information, anthropometric parameters and the FINDRISC survey. Generalized linear models were generated to identify relationships between waist-height ratio (WHR), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and the FINDRISC scale score (Finish Diabetes Risk Score). The results shows that 36.2% of the participants were at risk of developing T2DM in the long term; 21.2% being at the high and very high risk level. It was found that there is only a significant relationship between the WHR and the FINDRISC scale score as a determinant of the risk of suffering from T2DM in the long term. The implementation of the waist height index measurement constitutes a useful tool to identify people at risk of developing T2DM, its application being simple, non-invasive, economical and easily accessible in health services.
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Background: Diabetes distress (DD) refers to the negative emotional or affective experience resulting from the challenge of living with the demands of diabetes, regardless of the type of diabetes. In addition to the chronic treatment of diabetes, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often experience psychosocial difficulties which can go unnoticed. Hence, it is necessary to identify DD at an early stage to prevent its effect on the patients� long-term self-care and management plan. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of DD and its psychosocial determinants among T2DM at a tertiary care centre. Methods: This was a cross sectional, observational study which included patients of either gender, who were between 18-65 years of age with T2DM for more than 3 months to 12 years. DD was assessed using the diabetes distress scale (DDS17) scale. In addition, association between the level of DD with the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients was assessed. Results: The prevalence of DD in type II diabetic patients in suburban population was found to be 17.69%. The psychosocial determinants which influence DD were found to be age, treatment modality, hypothyroidism, hypertension, and smoking. Conclusions: This study signifies the importance of identifying DD by the primary care physician which often remain unrecognized in clinical practice and to implement the interventions at early stages to improve the quality of life of diabetic patients.
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Objective: The concurrent study aimed to assess and analyse the prevalence and etiological factors responsible for the occurrence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus among the labour population. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the labour in the two regional states of southern India. This study was conducted for 6 mo in the two states of the southern region of India.Methods: A questionnaire was designed with various questions to study the prevalence and scrutinize the causes responsible for the occurrence of type 2 diabetes among the labour population. A total number of n=104 respondents participated, out of which 57 were diabetic and were further analysed. The results were compiled and subjected to the statistical analysis (Chi-square test).Results: In the demographics, the majority of the participants were females (n=33), while the remaining were males. 75% of the participants were with age groups between 31-60 y, about 50% were uneducated and belonged to lower income category. Etiological factors like family history (>50%) and comorbid conditions (n=43) were more responsible for the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes. In the food habits assessment, carbohydrates and non-vegetarian consumption were more in majority (>45%) of the respondents. 86% of the participants were on medication, along with only 57.8% were recorded with HbA1c. Diet restrictions and timely intake of food were up to the level after the diagnosis of the disease. Nearly 50% of diabetics were confident about the management of the disease and 54 respondents were spotted to have a keen interest in acquiring knowledge further.Conclusion: The findings concluded that the diabetic participants followed the necessary diet requirements and were on medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus are health conditions that are closely linked and have a significant impact, on public health systems and personal well-being. The intersection of these two conditions has generated concerns, within the healthcare field and medical research. The importance of understanding the connection, between disease and diabetes cannot be highlighted enough. Diabetes is a chief risk element to the development and progression of state such as peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Individuals with diabetes face a 2 to 4 folds risk of experiencing events as equated to those without diabetes. This simultaneous occurrence of these two health issues has implications, for healthcare professionals, policymakers and the individuals affected by them. Despite the progress made in managing both CVD and diabetes it remains crucial to address the overlap, between these two conditions. The matter, at hand revolves around comprehending the links between these two conditions identifying effective methods, for prevention and treatment and maximizing patient care. It is crucial, for healthcare professionals, policymakers and people who have CVD or diabetes to understand how these two conditions interact with each other. In this review our goal is to present an overview of the multifaceted relationship between CVD and diabetes.
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Background: The prevalence of type 2 DM is alarmingly rising on a global scale. Improved treatments for type 2 DM are still needed, in order to slow the disease抯 development. A role in the pathophysiology of type 2 DM has been suggested by the correlation between vitamin D insufficiency and several non-skeletal illnesses, including DM. The goal of the study was to determine if vitamin D supplementation may help type 2 DM patients whose glycemic status was uncontrolled even after using oral antidiabetics. Methods: 60 individuals with type 2 DM and vitamin D insufficiency participated in this 12-week open-label, before-and-after study. For 12 weeks, in addition to oral anti-diabetic medications, these patients also received 60,000 IU of vitamin D3 orally every week. HbA1c, FBS, and 25(OH)D levels parameters were included. Results: The majority of the patients were from 41-50 years of age group (48.3%) with a male predominance (60%). Most of them were having >1 year of type 2 DM duration (78.3%) with a high family history of type 2 DM (70%). After 12 weeks, there was a substantial (p<0.001*) drop in FBG levels and a significant (p<0.001*) decrease in HbA1c. 25(OH)D levels showed a high rise (p<0.001*). None of the patients had any side effects. Conclusions: Vitamin D treatment improves glycemic status, which slows the development of type 2 DM and its associated effects. As such, vitamin D supplementation is a safe and promising adjuvant treatment for individuals with type 2 diabetes who are low in vitamin D.
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Objective To analyze the disease burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)attributable to high body mass index(BMI)in China from 1990 to 2019 in the context of rapid growth in high BMI rates.Methods Data was extracted from GBD 2019,and the disease burden of T2DM attributable to high BMI in China from 1990 to 2019 was analyzed for overall and subgroups defined by age and sex separately and jointly.The joinpoint regression models were used to analyze the trends of standardized death rate and standardized disability-adjusted life year(DALY)rate.Results From 1990 to 2019,the prevalence of T2DM increased from 2928.78 per 100000 to 6328.79 per 100000 in China.The number of T2DM deaths attributed to high BMI increased from 10500 to 47500 and the standardized death rate increased from 1.25 per 100000 to 2.39 per 100000.The attributed DALY increased from 771800 person-years to 3737600 person-years,and the standardized DALY rate increased from 80.21 per 100000 to 181.54 per 100000.Years of life lost(YLL)and years lived with disability(YLD)and their standardized rates also increased.From 1990 to 2019,the annual average percentage change of the standardized death rate and the standardized DALY rate of T2DM attributable to high BMI were 2.28%and 2.81%,respectively,which were statistically significant(P<0.05)and males were both higher than females.The standardized DALY rate and the standardized death rate of males exceeded that of females in 2010 and 2014,respectively.Age-stratified results showed that the burden of T2DM,which is attributed to a high BMI,is even greater in people over 50 years old.The YLD rate attributable to high BMI increased the most among the 15～49 age group,reaching 323.99%.Conclusion From 1990 to 2019,the disease burden of T2DM that can be attributed to high BMI increased significantly in China.It is necessary to strengthen prevention and control efforts,effectively manage population BMI,and adopt key interventions for high-risk groups to reduce the disease burden of T2DM.
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Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease involving multiple organ systems in the body.In recent years,its global incidence rate has increased year by year.In China,the blood glucose control of patients with diabetes mellitus who receive oral hypogly-cemic agents or insulin treatment remains poor.In the early disease stages,exercise is important to control blood glucose levels.Recently,many studies have found that the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was related to declining levels of irisin,an exercise-related muscle factor.Furthermore,studies have found that irisin improved insulin resistance,promoted the production of pancreatic isletβcells,and affected the body's glucose and lipid metabolism.In addition,its levels were also implicated in the occurrence of various complications,such as diabetic nephropathy and diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases.This article summarizes and analyzes the role of irisin in the occurrence and development of diabetes mellitus and further describes its impact and mechanism on various diabetic complications.