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This study investigated the degradation of volatile solids (VS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) during the anaerobic digestion of selected agro-waste, specifically cassava peels, maize husks, pig slurry, and the composite. The objective was to evaluate the biodegradability of these feedstocks, in line with their potential for biogas production. The Research was conducted at the National Centre for Energy Research and Development (NCERD) laboratory, University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN). Batch reactors were used to conduct experiments over a period of 45 days. The digesters were operated under controlled conditions, and samples were analyzed at three (3) different points: 24 hours, peak of gas production (day 30), and at the end of the digestion (day 45). The results demonstrated that all the substrates exhibited a reduction in VS and BOD in the course of digestion. However, the most significant reduction in VS and BOD occurred around the peak of gas production. This entails that this period is critical for microbial activity and biogas yield. Corn husks had high initial VS and BOD values of 4.73±0.22 % and 92.80±3.26 mg/L respectively. However, that did not translate to higher biogas production compared with the composite that had initial values of 4.34±0.19 % and 88.00±5.50 mg/L respectively. By the end of the digestion, an average VS reduction of 65% and a BOD reduction of 70% were observed across all substrates, indicating a substantial degradation of organic material. Biogas production was better in the composite (72.580±4.53 %), an indication that higher VS and BOD do not automatically translate to higher gas yield. Thus, factors like multiple substrate interaction affect gas yield and process efficiency.
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Oil is odorless compound of herbs and spices and has been used for centuries to flavor and preserve foods, medicines and perfumes. There are many aromatic plant species in the Lamiaceae and Apiaceae plant families. Edible oils are produced in Haryana and is used for its beneficial effects on human health. The most common crops include peanuts, mustard, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, soyabeans, wheat (rice bran), sunfflower, cotton, flaxseeds, etc. Takes place. Essential oils have many health benefits. The oil contains antioxidants. Vitamin E, plant sterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which can lower cholestrol and prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer. Fatty oils are divided into three types: drying and semi-drying oil, non-drying oil, and vegetable oil. The refined grades of drying and semi-drying oils are used to make edible oils, while the poorer grades are used to make soaps, varnishes, paints, candles, and other similar products. Oils contain a variety of bioactive chemicals (e.g., terpenoids), which have most biological effects and qualities in addition to their scent and flavor. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, insecticide, anthelminthic, acaricidal, larvicidal, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antibacterial, antiseptic, and local anaesthetic are just few of them.Oil compounds, such as geraniol, have recently demonstrated potential anticancer actions in cancer cells, triggering growth inhibition and death.
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The north eastern region of India having good area under spices viz. turmeric, ginger etc. But the productivity is too low due to adoption of old varieties, as well as non-recommended practices followed by farmers. In this context, Megha Turmeric-1 variety of turmeric was demonstrated under front line demonstration programme during 2020-21 and 2021-22 respectively by Krishi Vigyan Kendra Tirap, Arunachal Pradesh. The average FLD yield was 218 and 224 q/ha was recorded as compared to 164 and 179 q/ha under farmers practices. The Technology gap was 32 and 26 q/ha, extension gap was 54 and 45 q/ha and technology index ere 13 and 10 respectively. The net income under FLD plot was higher over farmers practice during both years of study (Rs, 290000 & 300000 vs. 210000 & 214000). Similarly, the B:C ratio was also better than farmers practice (2.45 & 2.02 vs. 1.77 & 1.76). Being a very low technology index, it assumes that turmeric production can be enhanced by dissemination of improved technologies at farmer’s field.
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Information regarding the nature of gene action controlling the yield and yield contributing characters are essential for implementing good breeding program. With this background, a study was conducted to understand the gene action and variance of lines and testers for seedling traits in mulberry. The percent contribution of testers, lines and their interaction to total variance for all the traits clearly revealed that contribution of lines towards total variance was higher than males for all characters. The variance due to lines (females) was significant for germination percentage, seedling height at 60, 90th DAS, number of branches, intermodal distance, but non- significant for the left-over characters studied. The variance due to Testers (males) was significant for Germination percentage, intermodal distance but non-significant for other characters studied. The line × tester interaction variance was very much significant for germination percentage, seedling height at 90th DAS, average leaf weight (g), Leaf area (cm2) but non- significant for plant height at 60, 120th DAS, number of branches, intermodal distance (cm). Variance due to crosses was exceedingly significant for all characters under study except intermodal distance in the present experiment, an effort was made to know the information on the magnitude of GCA, SCA variance and nature of gene action for the trait as a whole. In this experiment also, non-additive genetic component was the major part of genetic variance for most of the growth parameters.
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This case study investigates the impact of different levels of uptake stimulants on the growth and yield of a leguminous vegetable crop Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus). The field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2024 at agricultural land of ASPEE Foundation based in Palghar, Maharashtra. The study utilized a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and seven treatments. Each treatment received drenched well-formulated nutrients in different concentration. The highest pod yield was recorded 2.187 ton/ha with the application of 2 ml P star used per liter of water(T2). For the considered Bauni variety of Dolichos bean, the soil parameters of experimental field are as follows: pH 7.28, Organic Carbon (OC) 0.17%, Electrical Conductivity (EC) 0.84 dS/m, Nitrogen (N) 85.29 kg/ha, Phosphorus (P) 92.19 kg/ha, and Potassium (K) 394.17 kg/ha. This indicates that the application of appropriate treatments using appropriate crop protection equipment with integrated nutrient management (INM) significantly enhanced both growth and yield parameters of Dolichos bean such as number of pods per cluster, pod weight, number of seeds per pod, pod yield per plant and pod Yield (kg/ha).
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Millets, crucial cereal crops in many regions, face significant threats from various insect pests, leading to substantial yield losses. Insect pests such as stem borers, leaf folders, aphids, midges, bugs, caterpillars, and termites inflict damage at different growth stages of millet plants. Stem borers like Chilo partellus and Sesamia inferens bore into stems, impairing structural integrity, while leaf folders such as Cnaphalocrocis medinalis create folded leaf shelters for feeding, causing extensive tissue damage. Aphids such as Rhopalosiphum maidis and shoot bugs like Peregrinus maidis extract sap, resulting in wilting and stunting of plants. Millet midges like Geromyia penniseti and Stenodiplosis sorghicola target reproductive structures, leading to grain abortion and reduced yield. Earhead pests like Cryptoblabes gnidiella and Helicoverpa armigera feed on developing grains, causing significant losses in quality and quantity. Additionally, termites like Odontotermes spp. and Microtermes spp. damage roots and stems, disrupting nutrient and water uptake causing plant death. Understanding the biology and ecology and implementing appropriate pest management strategies are crucial for mitigating yield losses and ensuring millet production sustainability.
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The present investigation was carried out for the “Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and phosphorus levels on nutrient availability, uptake and seed yield in inceptisol.” The experiment was conducted in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications. during Rabi 2019-20 at department research farm of SSAC, College of Agriculture, Latur. The treatments comprises four main (absolute control, Bacillus megaterium, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus awamori at 10 ml kg-1 seed treatment) and four sub treatments (0,45,60 and 75 P2O5 kg ha-1). The results indicates that, the incorporation of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms viz. Aspergillius awamori at 10 ml kg-1 seed in combination with soil application of 75 P2O5 kg ha-1 found to be significantly higher availability of nutrient, increased total N, P and K uptake of chickpea as compared to Aspergillus niger and Bacillus megaterium along with 60 P2O5 kg ha-1 and over control .Further results revealed that seed yield was significantly improved with the seed treatment of Aspergillius awamori at 10 ml kg-1 seed in combination with application of 75 P2O5 kg ha-1.
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Aim: Doubled haploid technology was utilized to accelerate the development of maize lines with traits suitable for high planting density, enabling the identification of potential parental lines for hybrid development under these conditions. Methodology: Two F1 populations (PML-119 x PML-185 and PML-95 x PML-172) were used to generate doubled haploid lines, confirmed using polymorphic markers phi115 and umc1887. These lines were phenotypically evaluated under high density (60 cm x 15 cm) and normal density (60 cm x 20 cm) conditions. Results: Using doubled haploid technology, 67 lines were developed from two source populations with traits such as narrow leaf angle, moderate plant height, and sparse tassel for high planting density stress tolerance. Molecular marker screening confirmed the homozygosity of these lines. Agronomic evaluation under narrow plant-to-plant spacing (15 cm) identified eight potential donor lines amenable to high planting density stress, ready for use as parents in breeding high-density tolerant hybrids. Interpretation: Potential donor doubled haploid lines viz. DH2-4, DH2-8, DH2-9, DH2-11, DH2-14, DH2-15 derived from Population-3 X CIM2GTAIL P2 and DH2-4, DH2-23 derived from Population-9 X CIM2GTAIL P2 were identified for utilization as putative parents of hybrids suitable for planting under high planting density conditions.
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Aim: To develop early duration high-yielding sugarcane variety coupled with resistance or tolerant to major disease (red rot) and insect pests (borer complex). Methodology: CoC 25 was developed from two parents (Co 85002 and HR 83-144) and evaluated in station trials, state multi-location trials (five locations) and zonal varietal trials of AICRP (S) trials (IVT, AVT-I, AVT-II and AVT ratoon in five locations). Simultaneously, this clone was screened for major pest and diseases. Results: Based on the superiority performance of CoC 25 in cane yield (21.50% higher) and sugar yield (22.72% higher), it was observed in AICRP trials over the national check variety CoC 01061. Cane yield superiority was 12.75% compared to check variety observed in state multi-location trials. The CoC 25 was found moderately resistant (3.6%) to red rot disease and less susceptible to early shoot borer (9.42%) and inter-node borers. Interpretation: The results of this study revealed that CoC 25 is superior in terms of cane yield, CCS yield and resistance to red rot disease and it is less susceptible to borers. It was released by SVRC and notified for commercial cultivation in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.
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Phytoextraction is a cost-effective technology for contaminated site remediation. The study was carried out to investigate the potential of Panicum maximum (Jacq.) to remediate Cr-contaminated soil in tannery industries. Using chromium chelators and hyperaccumulating plants (Guinea grass), efforts have been made to decontaminate the chromium-contaminated tannery sites. To evaluate, the pot experiment was conducted, and Guinea grass’s yield and quality parameters were analyzed. The changes in root length, shoot length, and number of tillers were studied for three months, and the maximum values were 12.6 cm, 163.6 cm, and 12.6 cm, respectively, in the treatment with citric acid. The fodder quality parameters such as crude protein (9.2%), crude fiber (27.24%), and green leaf yield (370.3 g/plant) were magnificent in the treatment with citric acid as the chelator. Indeed, maximum hexavalent chromium (2.94 ± 0.06) and total chromium (17.98 ± 0.05) were observed in the citric acid treatment. Among all the treatments analyzed, the low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs), especially citric acid at 5 mmol/kg, were the best one that could be recommended for improving the chelating process in the phytoremediation of chromium by Guinea grass. However, among the synthetic chelators, EDTA has resulted in higher chromium chelation and yield attributes such as root length (10.7 cm), shoot length (153.6 cm), number of tillers (10.3), and quality parameters like Guinea grass such as crude protein (8.1%), crude fiber (28.03%), and green leaf yield (342.6 g/plant). The study indicates that the chelators are enhancing Guinea grass growth and incorporating that may assist in the phytoremediation process.
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The research work was conducted at the Horticulture Farm of the School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, from October 2021 to February 2022 to examine the influence of seed priming on the growth and yield of carrots in the Punjab region. The experiment was conducted using a two-factorial randomized block design replicated thrice. The first factor consisted of fourteen priming agents (T1- Zinc (ZnSO4 at 1%), T2- GA3 (50 ppm), T3- GA3 (100 ppm), T4- Cinnamon (10%), T5- Cinnamon (15%), T6- Coconut water (5%), T7- Coconut water (12.5%), T8- Panchagavya (3%), T9- Panchagavya (5%), T10- KNO3 (0.5%), T11- KCl (1%), T12- Cow urine (2%), T13- Cow urine (5%), T14- Water) and one control (T15- Unprimed seeds). The second factor comprised two commercial cultivars, namely, V1- Carrot Deep Red and V2- Black Wonder. Results revealed that the application of 100 ppm GA3, Panchagavya (5%), cow urine (2%), and coconut water (5%) as priming agents in carrots had better growth and yield as compared to the remaining treatments. Therefore, priming carrot seeds could be recommended as an effective method to improve the performance of the plants in terms of both growth and yield attributes.
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Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) is an important legume crop grown mostly under rainfed conditions in arid and semi-arid districts of Andhra Pradesh during the kharif and rabi seasons. It is a tough, drought-tolerant crop. Its deep penetrating roots allow the plant to more efficiently use available moisture, making it better suited for rainfed agriculture. The crop was facing more nutrient deficiencies as it needs more nutrients to buildup body. As cluster bean being a legume crop which has the capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen by its effective root nodules the major part of nitrogen is met through Rhizobium present in the root nodules. Besides, due to increase in cost of inorganic fertilizers there was a need to integrate inorganic fertilizers with organic manure to protect soil health and reduce the cost of cultivation. An experiment was carried out during rabi season of 2022-23 at college Farm, Sri Krishnadevaraya College of Horticultural Sciences, Ananthapuramu. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications using cv. Pusa Navbahar, with seventeen treatments. The combination of organic manures, chemical fertilizers and reduced doses of chemical fertilizers along with organic manures were tested in comparison with Recommended dose of fertilizers. The yield attributes viz., number of clusters plant-1, number of pods in a cluster, length and diameter of pod differed significantly due to the different integrated nutrient management treatments. The treatment 75% of recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers and 25% RDF through vermicompost recorded significantly highest pod yield (14.93 t ha-1). For optimum growth, higher pod yield and high monetary returns from the crop should be supplied with the 75% of recommended dose of fertilizers and 25% RDF through vermicompost.
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This study investigates the genetic divergence and yield and quality-related attributes of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) through principal component analysis (PCA) and genetic divergence studies. Conducted during the Kharif 2022 season at the Seed Breeding Farm, Rice Improvement Project, Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, JNKVV, Jabalpur, the research focused on 98 genotypes, evaluating 30 agronomic attributes based on DUS guidelines. Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation, path coefficient, D2 analysis, and PCA were employed to analyze the data.The findings reveal significant genetic diversity among the genotypes, with traits like stem length, fertile spikelet, and panicle weight contributing notably to genetic divergence. PCA identified eight principal components accounting for 81.97% of the total variability, with the first component alone contributing 22.34%. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding genotypic and phenotypic characteristics for effective selection and breeding of diverse genotypes, ultimately enhancing hybrid rice technology and regional adaptability.The research highlights key traits contributing to genetic divergence and provides insights into the genetic architecture of hybrid rice, aiding in the development of high-yield, quality rice varieties. The comprehensive analysis of yield and quality traits offers a valuable resource for breeders aiming to improve hybrid rice cultivars, ensuring food security and nutritional value for the global population.
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In the context of agricultural resilience to climate change, a strategy of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers has been adopted to improve the production of vegetable crops, particularly carrots. This study promotes organic carrot farming in Côte d'Ivoire by applying an organic biofertiliser based on poultry droppings and traditional medicinal plants to the soil. Different doses of this organic biofertiliser, applied to the soil by fertigation (dilution at 0.5% (T1), 5% (T2) and 10% (T3)), were tested under a crop of carrots (Daucus carota) in a completely randomized Fisher block design with 4 replications. The results show that yields varied significantly according to the different doses applied (p<0.05). High carrot yields of 27.5±1.29 t.ha-1 were obtained with treatment T2. However, plant growth indicators (plant height, number of leaves, root length and diameter) were similar for the three treatments T1, T2 and T3. According to the results obtained, treatment T2 would be suitable for achieving and maintaining an acceptable level of fertility and ensuring satisfactory yields for the carrot crop. Thus, the use of this biofertilizer should be encouraged for agro-ecological soil fertility management, and may be an alternative to synthetic fertilizers which, due to their high cost, are not accessible to growers.
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In Burkina Faso, where agriculture employs more than 80% of the working population and contributes more than 40% of GDP, stepping up research in this field is becoming necessary for sustainable food and economic resilience. Thus, this study was carried out on sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to highlight the morpho-physiological and agronomic performance of new sesame varieties. The experiment was conducted at the Gameplay agropedagogical station, east of Ouagadougou. A randomized complete block design with 3 replications was used. The study revealed that seed emergence took place on 3 DAS, the start of flowering varied with variety, and the cycle length was 90 days for all varieties. Varieties SN103 (24.5 mm) and SN303 (23 mm) were the most vigorous. S42 produced more capsules (245.53 capsules/plant), while LC162 (155.33 capsules/plant) and SN303 (154.47 capsules/plant) produced fewer. SN103 (84.80 seeds/capsule) and SN203 (82.66 seeds/capsule) had more seeds. Seeds of all varieties are statistically the same weight (approx. 3.4 g/1000 seeds). Thus, in descending order of seed yield, we have: S42 (57.43 g/plant) HB168 (50.05 g/plant), SN103 (49.81 g/plant), SN203 (47.49 g/plant), SN303 (40.97 g/plant) then LC162(37.89 g/plant). The most productive variety of foreign origin is therefore HB168. It needs to be subjected to water deficit conditions to assess its adaptability.
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Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) is a versatile medicinal and aromatic plant mainly used for soil and conservation purposes. It is a perennial grass species with a densely tufted enormous root system that grows up to two meters long. The fibrous roots are highly aromatic and used for extraction of essential oils used in high-grade perfumes as a base or fixative for their long-lasting characteristic odor. The fragrant dry roots are traditionally used for water purification in south India. Besides, the consumption of vetiver-treated water has cooling properties and refreshes the body and mind. It also acts as a deodorant and stimulant, aids digestion, and has carminative, colic, anthelmintic, and antioxidant properties. It is a very hard grass, suitable for growing in wastelands, arid regions, and hill slopes with the least maintenance. The worldwide demand for vetiver oil was estimated at around 408.8 t/year in 2019, and the growth was reported to increase at a CAGR of 7.8 % from 2020-2027. India consumes 100 tons of vetiver oil annually; the domestic production is only 20 tons, and the remaining 80 % of the oil is imported. Hence, there is a lot of scope for increasing the vetiver area in India and globally. Looking at its vast utilization and demand, an attempt has been made to present the improved cultivation practices of vetiver based on the literature survey and experience.
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The current study was carried out on soybean variety JS 20-98 seeds that were treated to varying concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs). These seeds were used in field studies using Randomised Block Design (RBD) with four replications, and the observations were recorded on phenophasic observations, such as days to 50% flowering, days to pod formation, days to seed formation, days to physiological maturity, and days to field maturity.Determination of dry matter production and its partitioning in various plant parts (leaves, branches, main stem, and pod) at 45 DAS, 60 DAS, 75 DAS, and 90 DAS. Physiological obsdervations (Growth analytical parameters), Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Duration (LAD), Crop Growth Rate (CGR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Specific Leaf Weight (SLW), Biomass Duration (BMD), Chlorophyll Content Index (CCI), Relative Water Content (RWC). Yield and yield components included viz; plant height (cm), number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, pod length (mm), pod width (mm), pod girth (mm), seed index (g), seed yield (g plant-1and kg ha-1), biological yield (g plant-1 and kg ha-1), harvest index (%). The biochemical estimation includes moisture (%), ash (%), crude fibre (%), total carbohydrate (%), protein (%), and fat (%). However, seed quality traits include germination (%), seedling length (cm), seed vigour index-I, seed vigour index-II, seedling dry weight (g), root length (cm), and shoot length (cm) in soybean. The treatment GA @ 3 ml L-1 (T5) produced the highest seed yield of 2429.93 kg ha-1, biological yield of 6804.47 kg ha-1, and harvest index of 35.71% among the six PGR treatments on soybean. The greatest value for seed quality parameters, especially germination (%), seedling dry weight (g), seedling length (cm), seed vigour index-I, and seed vigour index-II was recorded under the treatment GA @ 3 ml L-1 (T5).
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The objective of this study was to evaluate plants of SPU-79-96 forms with a short, dense, non-drooping panicle and SPU78-96 plants with a long, drooping panicle. This characteristic of these forms is the vertical arrangement of the leaves on the stem. Methodology and Results: Four growth components were measured after sowing in the field: the angle of deviation of the leaf from the main stem, leaf area, plant height, and length of the main panicle. The experimental design was a randomized split-plot with three (3) replicates. The lowest values were observed in plants SPU-78-96(10,3 to 11,00), highest in SPU-79-96 (10,7 to 12,7 0), the leaf deviation angle in the control variety Nerica 4 was 23,7 to 25,50. The ratio of panicle length to plant height was 23,3 to 29%. Plant yield was higher (1082,4 to 1384,5g/m2) in the long panicle and was 59,13% higher than in the control variety. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the vertical arrangement of the leaves plays a role in the production process, plants with a higher PAR efficiency accumulate more biomass, thus increasing yields.
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Objective: To investigate the effect of varying nitrogen levels and row spacings on the growth and yield of the mustard crop (variety VNR 509). Methods: The experimental trial was conducted during the rabi season at ASPEE Agricultural Research and Development Foundation (ARDF) in the north Konkan region of Maharashtra, India. A factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications was employed to test different combinations of treatments. Results: The study found a significant influence of nitrogen levels and row spacings on mustard growth and yield. Specifically, applying 90 kg N per hectare at a row spacing of 45 cm x 10 cm resulted in optimal plant growth and yield. Higher nitrogen doses and wider row spacings increased plant height, branch development, and the number of seeds per siliquae. Conversely, reducing row spacing increased the number of pods per plant Conclusion: The findings suggest that a balanced approach in nitrogen application and row spacing can significantly enhance mustard crop yield and quality. These insights can aid in developing cultivation strategies for similar crops to achieve higher yields and maintain crop quality.
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Background: The present study was planned to compare of pre and post donation hematological parameters in healthy donors by plateletpheresis. Also to assess the platelet yield following plateletpheresis procedure with its correlation to pre donation platelet count. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out in the Blood Centre of a tertiary care hospital in Haryana, India between January to December 2022. Plateletpheresis was done on Trima Accel Automated Collection System with ACD?A as an anticoagulant. The data was collected from the hospital for hematological parameters (Hb, hematocrit, Total WBC count, total platelet count) pre and post donation. Categorical data is presented as frequency, percentage, mean±SD range. Correlation was established between the pre donation platelet count and the platelet yield. Results: A total of 125 donors were included in the study with majority of the donors 69 (55.2%) in the age group 21-30 years. Mean age of the donors included in the study was 31.58±7.5 years. The levels of hemoglobin dropped from 14.16±0.95 to 13.92±1.002 gm/dl, hematocrit dropped from 41.19±1.33 to 40.91±2.89%, total WBC count reduced from 7.64±1.38 to 7.61±1.36 103/ l and platelet count dropped from 279.5±62.96 to 259.9±58.38 lac/ l. There was a significant drop in the levels of platelet post donation by 7.01% compared to pre donation levels. majority of the donors (44%) had a mean platelet yield 2.49±0.33 with a platelet count between 1.5-2.5x1011/l. The maximum platelet yield was 4.93±0.34 in 6% donors with pre-donation platelet count of >4.5 5x1011/l. A linear significant relationship was established between the platelet count and the platelet yield (r=0.99). Conclusions: There were significant changes in the pre donation and post donation hematological parameters among the donors. It was concluded that donors with a high pre-donation platelet count can be considered for better platelet yield.