Indian food habit & food ingredients may have a role in lowering the severity & high death rate from COVID-19 in Indians: findings from the first nutrigenomic analysis

Background & objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the death rate was reportedly 5-8 fold lower in India which is densely populated as compared to less populated western countries. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary habits were associated with the variations in COVID-19 severity and deaths between western and Indian population at the nutrigenomics level. Methods: In this study nutrigenomics approach was applied. Blood transcriptome of severe COVID-19 patients from three western countries (showing high fatality) and two datasets from Indian patients were used. Gene set enrichment analyses were performed for pathways, metabolites, nutrients, etc., and compared for western and Indian samples to identify the food- and nutrient-related factors, which may be associated with COVID-19 severity. Data on the daily consumption of twelve key food componentsacross four countries were collected and a correlation between nutrigenomics analyses and per capita daily dietary intake was investigated. Results: Distinct dietary habits of Indians were observed, which may be associated with low death rate from COVID-19. Increased consumption of red meat, dairy products and processed foods by western populations may increase the severity and death rate by activating cytokine storm-related pathways, intussusceptive angiogenesis, hypercapnia and enhancing blood glucose levels due to high contents of sphingolipids, palmitic acid and byproducts such as CO2 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Palmitic acid also induces ACE2 expression and increases the infection rate. Coffee and alcohol that are highly consumed in western countries may increase the severity and death rates from COVID-19 by deregulating blood iron, zinc and triglyceride levels. The components of Indian diets maintain high iron and zinc concentrations in blood and rich fibre in their foods may prevent CO2 and LPS-mediated COVID-19 severity. Regular consumption of tea by Indians maintains high high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low triglyceride in blood as catechins in tea act as natural atorvastatin. Importantly, regular consumption of turmeric in daily food by Indians maintains strong immunity and curcumin in turmeric may prevent pathways and mechanisms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity and lowered the death rate. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results suggest that Indian food components suppress cytokine storm and various other severity related pathways of COVID-19 and may have a role in lowering severity and death rates from COVID-19 in India as compared to western populations. However, large multi-centered case?control studies are required to support our current findings.

Efeito prolongado da toxina botulínica associada à suplementação com zinco e fitase / Prolonged effect of botulinum toxin associated with zinc and phytase supplementation / Efecto prolongado de la toxina de botulino asociada con el suplemento de zinc y la fitasa

A toxina botulínica é produzida naturalmente pela bactéria anaeróbia gram- positiva Clostridium botulinum, sendo considerada uma neurotoxina com efeitos capazes de reduzir atividades do sistema nervoso parassimpático, principalmente em relação as desordens de movimentos. A alta efetividade e o resultado do efeito de bloqueio na contração da musculatura facial justificam sua aplicação regular na estética, atuando no tratamento e prevenção das rugas e linhas de expressão. Entretanto, para a ação da toxina botulínica é necessário que o Zinco (Zn) exerça a ação no bloqueio da contração muscular através do mecanismo da clivagem no receptor SNAP-25. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a correlação do mecanismo de ação da toxina botulínica no bloqueio da contração muscular associado com a suplementação via oral de cápsulas de zinco e fitase, para comprovar a efetividade na durabilidade de bloqueio muscular com TBA. A pesquisa foi realizada através da aplicação de um questionário aleatório para participantes da pesquisa que fazem aplicação de TBA na musculatura facial de ambos os gêneros, com idade acima de 18 anos e que realizam a suplementação prévia de Zn e Fitase para aumentar a durabilidade do efeito da neurotoxina. Em relação aos resultados encontrados observou-se uma mudança significativa na duração do efeito da TBA quando associado a suplementação prévia de Zn e fitase. Dos 44 participantes da pesquisa 22,7% responderam que ficaram satisfeitos com os efeitos da TBA sem suplementação prévia, enquanto 93,2% afirmaram no questionário uma duração maior do bloqueio muscular quando suplementaram previamente com Zn e Fitase. Conclui-se que a suplementação de Zn e fitase previamente a aplicação da TBA tem resultado positivo na durabilidade do bloqueio da contração da musculatura facial, o que desperta grande interesse na área da estética aplicada, sugerindo novas terapias complementares que possam assegurar a satisfação dos pacientes que são adeptos a este procedimento estético.

Botulinum toxin is produced naturally by the anaerobic gram-positive bacterium Clostridium botulinum, being considered a neurotoxin with effects capable of reducing activities of the parasympathetic nervous system, mainly in relation to movement disorders. The high effectiveness and the result of the blocking effect in the contraction of the facial musculature justify its regular application in aesthetics, acting in the treatment and prevention of wrinkles and lines of expression. However, for the action of botulinum toxin it is necessary that Zinc (Zn) exerts the action in blocking muscle contraction through the cleavage mechanism in the SNAP-25 receptor. The objective of this work is to investigate the correlation of the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin in the blocking of muscle contraction associated with oral supplementation of zinc capsules and phytase, to prove the effectiveness in the durability of muscle block with TBA.The research was carried out by applying a random questionnaire to research participants who apply TBA in the facial musculature of both genders, aged over 18 years and who perform the previous Zn and Fitase supplementation to increase the durability of the effect of neurotoxin. In relation to the results found, a significant change in the duration of the effect of TBA was observed when associated with previous Zn and phytase supplementation. Of the 44 participants in the survey, 22.7% responded that they were satisfied with the effects of ABR without prior supplementation, while 93.2% stated in the questionnaire a longer duration of muscle block when they had previously supplemented with Zn and Fitase. It is concluded that the Zn and phytase supplementation prior to the application of the TBA has positive result in the durability of the blockage of the contraction of the facial musculature, which arouses great interest in the area of applied aesthetics, suggesting new complementary therapies that can ensure the satisfaction of patients who are adherents to this aesthetic procedure.

La toxina botulínica es producida naturalmente por la bacteria anaeróbica Gram-positiva Clostridium botulinum y se considera una neurotoxina con efectos capaces de reducir las actividades del sistema nervioso parasiinfático, principalmente en relación con los trastornos del movimiento. La alta eficacia y el resultado del efecto bloqueante sobre la contracción de los músculos faciales justifican su aplicación regular en estética, actuando en el tratamiento y prevención de arrugas y líneas de expresión. Mientras tanto, para la acción de la toxina botulínica, es necesario que Zinc (Zn) ejerza la acción de bloqueo de la contracción muscular por el mecanismo de escisión del receptor SNAP-25. El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar la correlación del mecanismo de acción de la toxina botulínica en el bloqueo de la contracción muscular asociada a la suplementación oral de cápsulas de zinc y fitasa, para probar la eficacia de la durabilidad del bloqueo muscular con TBA. La investigación se realizó aplicando un cuestionario aleatorio a los participantes en la investigación que aplican TBA a los músculos faciales de ambos géneros mayores de 18 años y que realizan el suplemento previo de Zn y Fitase para aumentar la durabilidad del efecto neurotoxina. En relación con los resultados hallados, se observó un cambio significativo en la duración del efecto del TBA cuando se asoció con el suplemento de Zn y fitasa. De los 44 participantes en la investigación, el 22,7% respondió que estaban satisfechos con los efectos de la TBA sin suplementos previos, mientras que el 93,2% declaró en el cuestionario una larga duración del bloqueo muscular cuando se les había suplementado previamente con Zn y Fitase. Se concluye que la suplementación con Zn y fitasa previa a la aplicación del TBA ha producido un resultado positivo en la durabilidad del bloqueo de contracción muscular facial, que despierta gran interés en el área de estética aplicada, sugiriendo nuevas terapias complementarias que puedan garantizar la satisfacción de los pacientes que son adeptivos a este procedimiento estético.

Efeito prolongado da toxina botulínica associada à suplementação com zinco e fitase / Prolonged effect of botulinum toxin associated with zinc and phytase supplementation / Efecto prolongado de la toxina de botulino asociada con el suplemento de zinc y la fitasa

A toxina botulínica é produzida naturalmente pela bactéria anaeróbia gram- positiva Clostridium botulinum, sendo considerada uma neurotoxina com efeitos capazes de reduzir atividades do sistema nervoso parassimpático, principalmente em relação as desordens de movimentos. A alta efetividade e o resultado do efeito de bloqueio na contração da musculatura facial justificam sua aplicação regular na estética, atuando no tratamento e prevenção das rugas e linhas de expressão. Entretanto, para a ação da toxina botulínica é necessário que o Zinco (Zn) exerça a ação no bloqueio da contração muscular através do mecanismo da clivagem no receptor SNAP-25. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a correlação do mecanismo de ação da toxina botulínica no bloqueio da contração muscular associado com a suplementação via oral de cápsulas de zinco e fitase, para comprovar a efetividade na durabilidade de bloqueio muscular com TBA. A pesquisa foi realizada através da aplicação de um questionário aleatório para participantes da pesquisa que fazem aplicação de TBA na musculatura facial de ambos os gêneros, com idade acima de 18 anos e que realizam a suplementação prévia de Zn e Fitase para aumentar a durabilidade do efeito da neurotoxina. Em relação aos resultados encontrados observou-se uma mudança significativa na duração do efeito da TBA quando associado a suplementação prévia de Zn e fitase. Dos 44 participantes da pesquisa 22,7% responderam que ficaram satisfeitos com os efeitos da TBA sem suplementação prévia, enquanto 93,2% afirmaram no questionário uma duração maior do bloqueio muscular quando suplementaram previamente com Zn e Fitase. Conclui-se que a suplementação de Zn e fitase previamente a aplicação da TBA tem resultado positivo na durabilidade do bloqueio da contração da musculatura facial, o que desperta grande interesse na área da estética aplicada, sugerindo novas terapias complementares que possam assegurar a satisfação dos pacientes que são adeptos a este procedimento estético.

Botulinum toxin is produced naturally by the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum, and is considered a neurotoxin with effects capable of reducing activities of the parasympathetic nervous system, especially in relation to movement disorders. The high effectiveness and the result of the blocking effect on the contraction of facial muscles justify its regular application in aesthetics, acting in the treatment and prevention of wrinkles and expression lines. However, for the action of botulinum toxin it is necessary that the Zinc (Zn) exerts the action of blocking muscle contraction through the cleavage mechanism in the SNAP-25 receptor. The objective of this study is to investigate the correlation of the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin in blocking muscle contraction associated with oral supplementation of zinc capsules and phytase, to prove the effectiveness in the durability of muscle blockade with TBA. The research was carried out by applying a randomized questionnaire to research participants who apply TBA to the facial muscles of both genders, over 18 years of age, and who perform prior supplementation of Zn and Phytase to increase the durability of the neurotoxin effect. In relation to the results found it was observed a significant change in the duration of the effect of TBA when associated with prior supplementation of Zn and phytase. Of the 44 research participants 22.7% responded that they were satisfied with the effects of TBA without prior supplementation, while 93.2% stated in the questionnaire a longer duration of muscle blockade when previously supplemented with Zn and Phytase. We conclude that the supplementation of Zn and phytase previously to the application of TBA has a positive result in the durability of the blockade of facial muscle contraction, which arouses great interest in the area of applied esthetics, suggesting new complementary therapies that can ensure the satisfaction of patients who are adept at this esthetic procedure.

La toxina botulínica es producida naturalmente por la bacteria anaeróbica Gram-positiva Clostridium botulinum y se considera una neurotoxina con efectos capaces de reducir las actividades del sistema nervioso parasiinfático, principalmente en relación con los trastornos del movimiento. La alta eficacia y el resultado del efecto bloqueante sobre la contracción de los músculos faciales justifican su aplicación regular en estética, actuando en el tratamiento y prevención de arrugas y líneas de expresión. Mientras tanto, para la acción de la toxina botulínica, es necesario que Zinc (Zn) ejerza la acción de bloqueo de la contracción muscular por el mecanismo de escisión del receptor SNAP-25. El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar la correlación del mecanismo de acción de la toxina botulínica en el bloqueo de la contracción muscular asociada a la suplementación oral de cápsulas de zinc y fitasa, para probar la eficacia de la durabilidad del bloqueo muscular con TBA. La investigación se realizó aplicando un cuestionario aleatorio a los participantes en la investigación que aplican TBA a los músculos faciales de ambos géneros mayores de 18 años y que realizan el suplemento previo de Zn y Fitase para aumentar la durabilidad del efecto neurotoxina. En relación con los resultados hallados, se observó un cambio significativo en la duración del efecto del TBA cuando se asoció con el suplemento de Zn y fitasa. De los 44 participantes en la investigación, el 22,7% respondió que estaban satisfechos con los efectos de la TBA sin suplementos previos, mientras que el 93,2% declaró en el cuestionario una larga duración del bloqueo muscular cuando se les había suplementado previamente con Zn y Fitase. Se concluye que la suplementación con Zn y fitasa previa a la aplicación del TBA ha producido un resultado positivo en la durabilidad del bloqueo de contracción muscular facial, que despierta gran interés en el área de estética aplicada, sugiriendo nuevas terapias complementarias que puedan garantizar la satisfacción de los pacientes que son adeptivos a este procedimiento estético.

The effectiveness of EDTA 17% as a cleaning solution for the fiber post space after filling with cements

Aim: To evaluate the resistance of the union between a glass fiber post and radicular dentine after cleaning the root with 17% EDTA and filling with different endodontic cements. Methods: Forty uniradicular bovine incisors were removed to obtain root lengths of 18 mm. Endodontic treatment was performed on all roots using different filling cements (zinc oxide and eugenol-based, OZE; cement based on epoxy resin, AH) and cleaning solutions (saline, SA or EDTA), which made it possible to obtain four groups: OZESA, OZEEDTA, AHSA and AHEDTA. Subsequently, 12 mm of filling material was removed from the roots, and they were prepared to receive fiber posts luted with resin cement. To execute the mechanical cycles (2x106 cycles, 90 N, 4 Hz), coronal reconstruction was performed with a silicon matrix. The roots were then sliced (2-mm thick) to perform the push-out test. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance (one factor and two factors) and Tukey's test (α=0,05). Results: Bond strength (Mpa) was significantly higher for OZEEDTA (9,18) and AHEDTA (8,70) than for OZESA (6,06) AHSA (8,7). OZEEDTA also presented the highest values in the cervical region (15,18) but was significantly lower in the apical region (2,99). However, AHEDTA had a homogeneous bond strength in all thirds. Conclusion: Regardless of the endodontic cement used, EDTA was used as an irrigating solution, culminating in a higher bond strength between the glass fiber post and dentin

Assessment of zinc solubilization potential of zinc-resistant Pseudomonas oleovorans strain ZSB13 isolated from contaminated soil / Avaliação do potencial de solubilização do zinco da cepa ZSB13 de Pseudomonas oleovorans resistente ao zinco isolada de solo contaminado

Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is required for optimum plant growth. It is present in soil in insoluble forms. Bacterial solubilization of soil unavailable form of Zn into available form, is an emerging approach to alleviate the Zn deficiency for plants and human beings. Zinc solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) could be a substitute for chemical Zn fertilizer. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize bacterial species from the contaminated soil and evaluate their Zn solubilizing potential. Zn resistant bacteria were isolated and evaluated for their MIC against Zn. Among the 13 isolated bacterial strains ZSB13 showed maximum MIC value upto 30mM/L. The bacterial strain with the highest resistance against Zn was selected for further analysis. Molecular characterization of ZSB13 was performed by 16S rRNA gene amplification which confirmed it as Pseudomonas oleovorans. Zn solubilization was determined through plate assay and broth medium. Four insoluble salts (zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), zinc sulphite (ZnS) and zinc phosphate (Zn3(PO4)2) were used for solubilization assay. Our results shows 11 mm clear halo zone on agar plates amended with ZnO. Likewise, ZSB13 showed significant release of Zn in broth amended with ZnCO3 (17 and 16.8 ppm) and ZnO (18.2 ppm). Furthermore, Zn resistance genes czcD was also enriched in ZSB13. In our study, bacterial strain comprising Zn solubilization potential has been isolated that could be further used for the growth enhancement of crops.

O zinco é um micronutriente essencial necessário para o crescimento ideal das plantas. Ele está presente no solo em formas insolúveis. A solubilização bacteriana da forma indisponível de Zn no solo para a forma disponível é uma abordagem emergente para aliviar a deficiência de Zn em plantas e seres humanos. Bactérias solubilizadoras de zinco (ZSB) podem ser um substituto para fertilizantes químicos de Zn. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e caracterizar espécies bacterianas de solo contaminado e avaliar seu potencial de solubilização de Zn. Bactérias resistentes ao Zn foram isoladas e avaliadas quanto ao seu MIC contra o Zn. Entre as 13 cepas bacterianas isoladas, ZSB13 apresentou valor máximo de MIC de até 30 mM/L. A cepa bacteriana com maior resistência ao Zn foi selecionada para análise posterior. A caracterização molecular de ZSB13 foi realizada por amplificação do gene 16S rRNA que o confirmou como Pseudomonas oleovorans. A solubilização do Zn foi determinada através de ensaio em placa e meio caldo. Quatro sais insolúveis (óxido de zinco (ZnO), carbonato de zinco (ZnCO3), sulfito de zinco (ZnS) e fosfato de zinco (Zn3 (PO4) 2) foram usados para o ensaio de solubilização. Nossos resultados mostram uma zona de halo clara de 11 mm em placas de ágar corrigidas com ZnO. Da mesma forma, ZSB13 mostrou liberação significativa de Zn em caldo alterado com ZnCO3 (17 e 16,8 ppm) e ZnO (18,2 ppm). Além disso, os genes de resistência ao Zn czcD também foram enriquecidos em ZSB13. Em nosso estudo, a cepa bacteriana compreendendo potencial de solubilização de Zn foi isolada e poderia ser usada posteriormente para o aumento do crescimento de safras.

Efficiency of exogenous zinc sulfate application reduced fruit drop and improved antioxidant activity of 'Kinnow' mandarin fruit / A eficiência da aplicação de sulfato de zinco exógeno reduziu a queda da fruta e melhorou a atividade antioxidante da tangerina 'Kinnow'

'Kinnow' mandarin (Citrus nobilis L.× Citrus deliciosa T.) is an important marketable fruit of the world. It is mainstay of citrus industry in Pakistan, having great export potential. But out of total production of the country only 10% of the produce meets the international quality standard for export. Pre-harvest fruit drop and poor fruit quality could be associated with various issues including the plant nutrition. Most of the farmers do not pay attention to the supply of micro nutrients which are already deficient in the soil. Furthermore, their mobility within plants is also a question. Zinc (Zn) is amongst those micronutrients which affect the quality and postharvest life of the fruit and its deficiency in Pakistani soils is already reported by many researchers. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the influence of pre-harvest applications of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4; 0, 0.4%, 0.6% or 0.8%) on pre-harvest fruit drop, yield and fruit quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin at harvest. The treatments were applied during the month of October i.e. 4 months prior to harvest. The applied Zn sprays had significant effect on yield and quality of the "Kinnow" fruit. Amongst different foliar applications of ZnSO4applied four months before harvest, 0.6% ZnSO4 significantly reduced pre-harvest fruit drop (10.08%) as compared to untreated control trees (46.45%). Similarly, the maximum number of fruits harvested per tree (627), fruit weight (192.9 g), juice percentage (42.2%), total soluble solids (9.5 °Brix), ascorbic acid content (35.5 mg 100 g-¹) and sugar contents (17.4) were also found significantly higher with 0.6% ZnSO4 treatment as compared to rest of treatments and control. Foliar application of 0.6% ZnSO4 also significantly improved total antioxidants (TAO) and total phenolic contents (TPC) in fruit. In conclusion, foliar [...].

A tangerina 'Kinnow' (Citrus nobilis L. × Citrus deliciosa T.) é uma importante fruta comercializável do mundo. É o esteio da indústria cítrica no Paquistão, com grande potencial de exportação. Mas, da produção total do país, apenas 10% da produção atendem o padrão internacional de qualidade para exportação. A queda da fruta antes da colheita e a baixa qualidade da fruta podem estar associadas a vários problemas, incluindo a nutrição da planta. A maioria dos agricultores não se preocupa com o fornecimento de micronutrientes que já são deficientes no solo. Além disso, sua mobilidade dentro das plantas também é uma questão. O zinco (Zn) está entre os micronutrientes que afetam a qualidade e a vida pós-colheita da fruta, e sua deficiência em solos paquistaneses já é relatada por diversos pesquisadores. Portanto, este estudo foi realizado para avaliar a influência da aplicação pré-colheita de sulfato de zinco (ZnSO4; 0, 0,4%, 0,6% ou 0,8%) na queda dos frutos na pré-colheita, produtividade e qualidade dos frutos da tangerina 'Kinnow' em colheita. Os tratamentos foram aplicados durante o mês de outubro, ou seja, 4 meses antes da colheita. As pulverizações de Zn aplicadas tiveram efeito significativo no rendimento e na qualidade da fruta 'Kinnow'. Entre as diferentes aplicações foliares de ZnSO4 efetuadas quatro meses antes da colheita, 0,6% de ZnSO4 reduziu significativamente a queda de frutos antes da colheita (10,08%) em comparação com as árvores de controle não tratadas (46,45%). Da mesma forma, número máximo de frutos colhidos por árvore (627), peso do fruto (192,9 g), porcentagem de suco (42,2%), sólidos solúveis totais (9,5 ° Brix), teor de ácido ascórbico (35,5 mg / 100 g-¹) e os teores de açúcar (17,4) também foram significativamente maiores com o tratamento com 0,6% de ZnSO4 em comparação com o restante dos tratamentos e o controle. A aplicação foliar de 0,6% de ZnSO4 também melhorou significativamente os [...].

Assessment of zinc solubilization potential of zinc-resistant Pseudomonas oleovorans strain ZSB13 isolated from contaminated soil

Abstract Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is required for optimum plant growth. It is present in soil in insoluble forms. Bacterial solubilization of soil unavailable form of Zn into available form, is an emerging approach to alleviate the Zn deficiency for plants and human beings. Zinc solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) could be a substitute for chemical Zn fertilizer. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize bacterial species from the contaminated soil and evaluate their Zn solubilizing potential. Zn resistant bacteria were isolated and evaluated for their MIC against Zn. Among the 13 isolated bacterial strains ZSB13 showed maximum MIC value upto 30mM/L. The bacterial strain with the highest resistance against Zn was selected for further analysis. Molecular characterization of ZSB13 was performed by 16S rRNA gene amplification which confirmed it as Pseudomonas oleovorans. Zn solubilization was determined through plate assay and broth medium. Four insoluble salts (zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), zinc sulphite (ZnS) and zinc phosphate (Zn3(PO4)2) were used for solubilization assay. Our results shows 11 mm clear halo zone on agar plates amended with ZnO. Likewise, ZSB13 showed significant release of Zn in broth amended with ZnCO3 (17 and 16.8 ppm) and ZnO (18.2 ppm). Furthermore, Zn resistance genes czcD was also enriched in ZSB13. In our study, bacterial strain comprising Zn solubilization potential has been isolated that could be further used for the growth enhancement of crops.

Resumo O zinco é um micronutriente essencial necessário para o crescimento ideal das plantas. Ele está presente no solo em formas insolúveis. A solubilização bacteriana da forma indisponível de Zn no solo para a forma disponível é uma abordagem emergente para aliviar a deficiência de Zn em plantas e seres humanos. Bactérias solubilizadoras de zinco (ZSB) podem ser um substituto para fertilizantes químicos de Zn. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e caracterizar espécies bacterianas de solo contaminado e avaliar seu potencial de solubilização de Zn. Bactérias resistentes ao Zn foram isoladas e avaliadas quanto ao seu MIC contra o Zn. Entre as 13 cepas bacterianas isoladas, ZSB13 apresentou valor máximo de MIC de até 30 mM/L. A cepa bacteriana com maior resistência ao Zn foi selecionada para análise posterior. A caracterização molecular de ZSB13 foi realizada por amplificação do gene 16S rRNA que o confirmou como Pseudomonas oleovorans. A solubilização do Zn foi determinada através de ensaio em placa e meio caldo. Quatro sais insolúveis (óxido de zinco (ZnO), carbonato de zinco (ZnCO3), sulfito de zinco (ZnS) e fosfato de zinco (Zn3 (PO4) 2) foram usados para o ensaio de solubilização. Nossos resultados mostram uma zona de halo clara de 11 mm em placas de ágar corrigidas com ZnO. Da mesma forma, ZSB13 mostrou liberação significativa de Zn em caldo alterado com ZnCO3 (17 e 16,8 ppm) e ZnO (18,2 ppm). Além disso, os genes de resistência ao Zn czcD também foram enriquecidos em ZSB13. Em nosso estudo, a cepa bacteriana compreendendo potencial de solubilização de Zn foi isolada e poderia ser usada posteriormente para o aumento do crescimento de safras.

Efficiency of exogenous zinc sulfate application reduced fruit drop and improved antioxidant activity of Kinnow mandarin fruit

Abstract Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis L.× Citrus deliciosa T.) is an important marketable fruit of the world. It is mainstay of citrus industry in Pakistan, having great export potential. But out of total production of the country only 10% of the produce meets the international quality standard for export. Pre-harvest fruit drop and poor fruit quality could be associated with various issues including the plant nutrition. Most of the farmers do not pay attention to the supply of micro nutrients which are already deficient in the soil. Furthermore, their mobility within plants is also a question. Zinc (Zn) is amongst those micronutrients which affect the quality and postharvest life of the fruit and its deficiency in Pakistani soils is already reported by many researchers. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the influence of pre-harvest applications of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4; 0, 0.4%, 0.6% or 0.8%) on pre-harvest fruit drop, yield and fruit quality of Kinnow mandarin at harvest. The treatments were applied during the month of October i.e. 4 months prior to harvest. The applied Zn sprays had significant effect on yield and quality of the Kinnow fruit. Amongst different foliar applications of ZnSO4applied four months before harvest, 0.6% ZnSO4 significantly reduced pre-harvest fruit drop (10.08%) as compared to untreated control trees (46.45%). Similarly, the maximum number of fruits harvested per tree (627), fruit weight (192.9 g), juice percentage (42.2%), total soluble solids (9.5 °Brix), ascorbic acid content (35.5 mg 100 g-1) and sugar contents (17.4) were also found significantly higher with 0.6% ZnSO4 treatment as compared to rest of treatments and control. Foliar application of 0.6% ZnSO4 also significantly improved total antioxidants (TAO) and total phenolic contents (TPC) in fruit. In conclusion, foliar spray of ZnSO4 (0.6%) four months prior to harvest reduced pre-harvest fruit drop, increase yield with improved quality of Kinnow mandarin fruit.

Resumo A tangerina Kinnow (Citrus nobilis L. × Citrus deliciosa T.) é uma importante fruta comercializável do mundo. É o esteio da indústria cítrica no Paquistão, com grande potencial de exportação. Mas, da produção total do país, apenas 10% da produção atendem o padrão internacional de qualidade para exportação. A queda da fruta antes da colheita e a baixa qualidade da fruta podem estar associadas a vários problemas, incluindo a nutrição da planta. A maioria dos agricultores não se preocupa com o fornecimento de micronutrientes que já são deficientes no solo. Além disso, sua mobilidade dentro das plantas também é uma questão. O zinco (Zn) está entre os micronutrientes que afetam a qualidade e a vida pós-colheita da fruta, e sua deficiência em solos paquistaneses já é relatada por diversos pesquisadores. Portanto, este estudo foi realizado para avaliar a influência da aplicação pré-colheita de sulfato de zinco (ZnSO4; 0, 0,4%, 0,6% ou 0,8%) na queda dos frutos na pré-colheita, produtividade e qualidade dos frutos da tangerina Kinnow em colheita. Os tratamentos foram aplicados durante o mês de outubro, ou seja, 4 meses antes da colheita. As pulverizações de Zn aplicadas tiveram efeito significativo no rendimento e na qualidade da fruta Kinnow. Entre as diferentes aplicações foliares de ZnSO4 efetuadas quatro meses antes da colheita, 0,6% de ZnSO4 reduziu significativamente a queda de frutos antes da colheita (10,08%) em comparação com as árvores de controle não tratadas (46,45%). Da mesma forma, número máximo de frutos colhidos por árvore (627), peso do fruto (192,9 g), porcentagem de suco (42,2%), sólidos solúveis totais (9,5 ° Brix), teor de ácido ascórbico (35,5 mg / 100 g-1) e os teores de açúcar (17,4) também foram significativamente maiores com o tratamento com 0,6% de ZnSO4 em comparação com o restante dos tratamentos e o controle. A aplicação foliar de 0,6% de ZnSO4 também melhorou significativamente os antioxidantes totais (TAO) e os teores fenólicos totais (TPC) nas frutas. Em conclusão, a pulverização foliar de ZnSO4 (0,6%) quatro meses antes da colheita reduziu a queda de frutos antes da colheita e aumentou o rendimento com a melhoria da qualidade da fruta tangerina Kinnow.

Assessment of zinc solubilization potential of zinc-resistant Pseudomonas oleovorans strain ZSB13 isolated from contaminated soil / Avaliação do potencial de solubilização do zinco da cepa ZSB13 de Pseudomonas oleovorans resistente ao zinco isolada de solo contaminado

Abstract Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is required for optimum plant growth. It is present in soil in insoluble forms. Bacterial solubilization of soil unavailable form of Zn into available form, is an emerging approach to alleviate the Zn deficiency for plants and human beings. Zinc solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) could be a substitute for chemical Zn fertilizer. The present study aimed to isolate and characterize bacterial species from the contaminated soil and evaluate their Zn solubilizing potential. Zn resistant bacteria were isolated and evaluated for their MIC against Zn. Among the 13 isolated bacterial strains ZSB13 showed maximum MIC value upto 30mM/L. The bacterial strain with the highest resistance against Zn was selected for further analysis. Molecular characterization of ZSB13 was performed by 16S rRNA gene amplification which confirmed it as Pseudomonas oleovorans. Zn solubilization was determined through plate assay and broth medium. Four insoluble salts (zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), zinc sulphite (ZnS) and zinc phosphate (Zn3(PO4)2) were used for solubilization assay. Our results shows 11 mm clear halo zone on agar plates amended with ZnO. Likewise, ZSB13 showed significant release of Zn in broth amended with ZnCO3 (17 and 16.8 ppm) and ZnO (18.2 ppm). Furthermore, Zn resistance genes czcD was also enriched in ZSB13. In our study, bacterial strain comprising Zn solubilization potential has been isolated that could be further used for the growth enhancement of crops.

Resumo O zinco é um micronutriente essencial necessário para o crescimento ideal das plantas. Ele está presente no solo em formas insolúveis. A solubilização bacteriana da forma indisponível de Zn no solo para a forma disponível é uma abordagem emergente para aliviar a deficiência de Zn em plantas e seres humanos. Bactérias solubilizadoras de zinco (ZSB) podem ser um substituto para fertilizantes químicos de Zn. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e caracterizar espécies bacterianas de solo contaminado e avaliar seu potencial de solubilização de Zn. Bactérias resistentes ao Zn foram isoladas e avaliadas quanto ao seu MIC contra o Zn. Entre as 13 cepas bacterianas isoladas, ZSB13 apresentou valor máximo de MIC de até 30 mM/L. A cepa bacteriana com maior resistência ao Zn foi selecionada para análise posterior. A caracterização molecular de ZSB13 foi realizada por amplificação do gene 16S rRNA que o confirmou como Pseudomonas oleovorans. A solubilização do Zn foi determinada através de ensaio em placa e meio caldo. Quatro sais insolúveis (óxido de zinco (ZnO), carbonato de zinco (ZnCO3), sulfito de zinco (ZnS) e fosfato de zinco (Zn3 (PO4) 2) foram usados ​​para o ensaio de solubilização. Nossos resultados mostram uma zona de halo clara de 11 mm em placas de ágar corrigidas com ZnO. Da mesma forma, ZSB13 mostrou liberação significativa de Zn em caldo alterado com ZnCO3 (17 e 16,8 ppm) e ZnO (18,2 ppm). Além disso, os genes de resistência ao Zn czcD também foram enriquecidos em ZSB13. Em nosso estudo, a cepa bacteriana compreendendo potencial de solubilização de Zn foi isolada e poderia ser usada posteriormente para o aumento do crescimento de safras.

Research progress on surface modification of titanium implants by strontium ions / 口腔疾病防治

@#Traditional titanium implants do not completely meet the clinical requirements because they are bioinert. The surface of titanium implants, modified by strontium ions, can enhance osseointegration and reduce peri-implantitis. In this paper, the biological properties of titanium implant surfaces modified by strontium ions were reviewed. Strontium ions can be coated on the implant surface by hydrothermal treatment, electrochemical deposition, phosphate chemical conversion, flame-spraying, supramolecular self-assembly, magnetron sputtering, laser deposition and alkali etching. Implant surfaces modified by strontium ions can not only promote osteogenesis and early osseointegration but also inhibit bacterial growth and reduce postoperative infections. Even better osseointegration and antibacterial effects can be achieved when strontium ions are incorporated with other elements, such as silver, zinc, gallium, and calcium. However, most of the studies on the use of strontium ion-modified titanium implants are animal experiments and in vitro experiments, and the observation time is short compared with the actual service life of the implants. Thus, the conclusions obtained may be different from the actual clinical application, and the long-term effects need to be studied. In addition, the osteogenic effects of various modification methods also need to be compared. Future research can focus on the following points: ① to find efficient modification methods that can be widely used in the clinic; ②to study how to control the concentration of strontium ions near the implant to exert their biological function and reduce their toxic side effects; and ③ to conduct long-term follow-up clinical trials to observe their osteogenic and antibacterial effects.

Protease inhibitors as a potential agent against visceral Leishmaniasis: A review to inspire future study

Abstract Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sandfly which carries the intracellular protozoa in their midgut. Among visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral type that is caused by Leishmania donovani is the most lethal one. Findings of leishmanial structure and species took place in 19th century and was initiated by Donovan. Leishmaniasis is still a major concern of health issues in many endemic countries in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean region. Worldwide1.5-2 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 500,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis are reported each year. Leishmaniasis is endemic in nearly 90 countries worldwide and close to 12 million new cases of leishmaniasis are reported worldwide annually. Studies on antileishmanial drug development is of major concern as leishmaniasis are the second largest parasitic killer in the world and the available drugs are either toxic or costly. The major surface GP63 protease, also known as Zinc- metalloproteases present on the surface of leishmanial promastigotes, can be targeted for drug development. Protease inhibitors targeting such surface proteases show promising results. Different protease inhibitors have been isolated from marine actinobacteria against many infectious diseases. Metabolites produced by these actinobacteria may have greater importance for the discovery and development of new antileishmanial drugs. Hence, this review discusses the background, current situation, treatment, and protease inhibitors from marine actinobacteria for drug development against GP63 molecules.

Effects of chemical and green nano-zinc oxide on histological changes, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in rat kidney associated with cisplatin

Abstract Cisplatin (CP) is used to treat various tumors. A main restriction of cisplatin is nephrotoxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of ZnONPs on cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and rat kidney tissue damage. Eighty adult male Wistar rats (250g-270g) were divided into ten groups: Control (CON), Sham (SH), Bulk ZnO (BZnO), Chemical ZnONPs (ChZnONPs), Green ZnONPs (GrZnONPs), Cisplatin (CP), Cisplatin+BulkZnO (CP+BZnO), Cisplatin+Green ZnONPs (CP+GrZnONPs), Cisplatin+Chemical ZnONPs (CP+ChZnONPs), Cisplatin+Explant (CP+EX). CP was i.p administered 5mg/kg/week and BZnO, ChZnONPs and GrZnONPs were i.p administered at a dose of 5mg/kg/day. After 30 days of the treatment, the expression of apoptosis/anti apoptosis related genes oxidant/antioxidant factors and histological changes in the were studied. The CP-treated group showed a decrease in body weight, while the Co-administration of ZGNPs to CP-treated rats showed a significant increase compared to the CP group. The results showed that the increased mRNA level of bax, MDA and the decreased mRNA level of bcl2, SOD and CAT activities in kidney of CP group were improved when animals were treated with ZnO NPs. Our results showed that GrZnONPs, ChZnONPs and BZnO had the potential to protect against oxidative stress and cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity that this protective effect was more evident in GrZnONPs.

Deficiencias de cobre, hierro y zinc en niños menores de 5 años

Introducción: La determinación de niveles séricos de micronutrientes de los niños menores de 5 años, es un requerimiento básico para establecer la prevalencia de deficiencias nutricionales de la población infantil y es una estrategia útil para incentivar a Salud Pública para que tome medidas en cuanto a aplicación y/o modificación de las Políticas Alimentarias Nacionales. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles séricos de cobre, hierro y zinc en niños paraguayos menores de 5 años. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se procesaron las muestras de sangre de 1.441 niños menores de 5 años de edad que provenían de los Departamentos de Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Central y de la capital de Paraguay. Se realizaron hemogramas y se determinaron las concentraciones séricas de albúmina, cobre, ferritina y zinc, de todas las muestras. Resultados: Los niños tuvieron una edad promedio de 3 años y 3 meses, fueron 52,74% de sexo masculino y 47,26% de sexo femenino. La prevalencia de anemia fue de 45,25% y la prevalencia de hipoalbuminemia fue de 20,65%. Se detectaron deficiencias de cobre en 14,03%, de ferritina en 6,98% y de zinc en 43,62%, de los niños. Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio avalan la necesidad de ampliar la cobertura del Programa Alimentario Nutricional Integral (PANI), de plantearse si se deben ajustar las cantidades de minerales y vitaminas de la fórmula nutricional del Programa y de mejorar el seguimiento de los controles prenatales de las madres.

Introduction: The determination of serum levels of micronutrients in children under 5 years of age is a basic requirement to establish the prevalence of nutritional deficiencies in the child population and is a useful strategy to encourage Public Health agencies to take steps regarding application. and/or modification of National Food Policies. Objective: To determine the serum levels of copper, iron and zinc in Paraguayan children under 5 years of age. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Blood samples from 1,441 children under 5 years of age who came from the Departments of Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Central and the capital of Paraguay were processed. Complete blood counts were performed and the serum concentrations of albumin, copper, ferritin and zinc were determined in all samples. Results: The children in this study had an average age of 3 years and 3 months, they were 52.74% male and 47.26% female. The prevalence of anemia was 45.25% and the prevalence of hypoalbuminemia was 20.65%. Copper deficiencies were detected in 14.03%, ferritin in 6.98% and zinc in 43.62% of the children. Conclusion: The results of this study support the need to expand the coverage of the Comprehensive Nutritional Food Program (PANI program), to consider whether the amounts of minerals and vitamins in the Program's nutritional formula should be adjusted, and to improve prenatal care.

Current trends in the management of acute diarrhea in children below 5 years of age

Background: Diarrhea can cause significant deaths and morbidity in children whose age is below 5 years in developing countries. In children under five, it is the third cause of mortality. Aims and Objectives: The main aim of this study was to examine recent trends in the management of acute diarrhea in children below 5 years of age and to identify the pattern of pharmacotherapy for acute diarrhea in children the specific age group of <5 years of age. Materials and Methods: A non-interventional study that was prospective and observational in nature was conducted in 50 patients that were admitted in the pediatric wards at a teaching hospital that was tertiary care. Only those participants whose parents/guardian gave written informed consent were included in the study. Results: Of enrolled 50 patients, 30 (60%) were male patients and 20 (40%) were female patients. Most patients (42%) were between the ages of 6 months–1 year. All the 50 participants were prescribed WHO-ORS and Zinc. About 60% of children were administered the antibiotics with intravenous fluids. Antipyretics were administered to 90% children, antispasmodic and antisecretory agents to 40%, and probiotics to 92% children. The commonly used antibiotics were ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime, metronidazole, ofloxacin, and ornidazole. Conclusion: There was strict adherence to guidelines for treating the children who suffered with acute diarrhea. However, there was poor awareness among the parents regarding the compliance to the treatment, hygienic practices, and its consequences.

Evaluación del contenido, dializabilidad y aporte potencial de hierro, zinc y calcio en panificados libres de gluten elaborados a partir de premezclas comerciales / Evaluation of the content, dialyzability and potential contribution of iron, zinc and calcium in gluten-free bakery products made from commercial premixes / Avaliação do conteúdo, dialisabilidade e contribuição potencial de ferro, zinco e cálcio em produtos de panificação sem glúten elaborados a partir de prémisturas comerciais

Resumen La población que debe consumir una dieta libre de gluten de por vida se encuentra en constante aumento. Es importante que la misma no sea deficiente en nutrientes, entre ellos, los minerales. En el presente trabajo se evaluó el contenido, dializabilidad, aporte potencial y porcentaje de cobertura del requerimiento diario de hierro, zinc y calcio en bizcochuelos, panes, galletitas y pizzas libres de gluten elaborados a partir de premezclas comerciales. Estos contenidos se compararon con un homólogo elaborado con harina de trigo enriquecida con sulfato ferroso. Se empleó un método in vitro con posterior cuantificación por espectroscopía de absorción atómica. Si bien se observó una amplia variación en los contenidos de los tres minerales para los cuatro grupos de alimentos elaborados a partir de premezclas, las dializabilidades porcentuales fueron bajas. Los porcentajes de cobertura de los requerimientos diarios de hierro, zinc y calcio resultaron muy bajos, a excepción del hierro de las pizzas cuyas coberturas por porción fueron considerables. Los resultados obtenidos para hierro en los homólogos reflejan el impacto del enriquecimiento de la harina de trigo con sulfato ferroso. Sería conveniente contemplar la utilización de harinas de pseudocereales para mejorar su calidad mineral, así como evaluar la implementación de políticas públicas para que la población que debe consumir alimentos libres de gluten tenga acceso a alimentos enriquecidos, como ocurre con la harina de trigo.

Abstract The number of people that must consume a gluten-free diet is constantly increasing. It is, however, important that this diet is not deficient in nutrients, in particular some key minerals. The present work focuses on the contents of iron, zinc and calcium in gluten-free sponge cakes, breads, cookies and pizzas made from commercial premixes. Other properties analysed were the dialyzability, the potential contribution and the percentage of coverage of the daily requirement of the mentioned minerals in each of the products. These properties were contrasted and compared with those of equivalent products elaborated with wheat flour enriched with ferrous sulfate. An in vitro methodology of mineral bioavailability was utilised, with subsequent quantification by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Even though a wide variation in the three minerals' content in each of the four products was observed, the percentage of dialysability was low. In terms of meeting the daily requirements, only the iron in the pizzas covered a considerable proportion. In all the other cases only very small parts of the daily requirements were covered. The results obtained for iron in the equivalent products reflect the impact of the enrichment of wheat flour with ferrous sulfate. It would be convenient to contemplate the use of pseudocereal flours to improve their mineral quality. In addition, it would be advisable to evaluate the implementation of public policies so that the population that should consume gluten-free foods has access to enriched foods, as is the case with wheat flour.

Resumo A população que deve consumir uma dieta sem glúten por toda a vida está aumentando constantemente. É importante que ela não seja deficiente em nutrientes, incluindo minerais. No presente trabalho foram avaliados o conteúdo, dialisabilidade, contribuição potencial e porcentagem de cobertura da necessidade diária de ferro, zinco e cálcio em bolos, pães, biscoitos e pizzas sem glúten elaborados com pré-misturas comerciais. Esses conteúdos foram comparados com uma contraparte feita com farinha de trigo enriquecida com sulfato ferroso. Foi utilizado um método in vitro com posterior quantificação por espectroscopia de absorção atômica. Embora se tenha observado uma grande variação no conteúdo dos três minerais para os quatro grupos de alimentos elaborados a partir de pré-misturas, as dialisabilidades porcentuais foram baixas. Os percentuais de cobertura das necessidades diárias de ferro, zinco e cálcio foram muito baixos, com exceção do ferro das pizzas cuja cobertura por porção foi considerável. Os resultados obtidos para o ferro nos homólogos refletem o impacto do enriquecimento da farinha de trigo com sulfato ferroso. Seria conveniente contemplar o uso de farinhas de pseudocereais para melhorar sua qualidade mineral, bem como avaliar a implementação de políticas públicas para que a população que deve consumir alimentos sem glúten tenha acesso a alimentos enriquecidos, como acontece com a farinha de trigo.

Efecto de la suplementación del zinc sobre el peso fetal en ratas diabéticas gestadas / Effect of zinc supplementation on fetal weight in pregnant diabetic rats

RESUMEN Introducción: La relación entre la deficiencia de Zn y la elevada incidencia de alteraciones en el crecimiento intrauterino en la diabetes materna aún no se ha dilucidado. En la literatura consultada no existen reportes del efecto de la suplementación con el micronutriente sobre el crecimiento fetal en modelos de diabetes con hiperglucemias moderadas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto sobre el peso fetal de la suplementación con zinc a ratas con diabetes moderada durante la gestación. Métodos: Se utilizó un modelo de diabetes moderada inducida en ratas Wistar al segundo día de nacidas por inducción subcutánea con estreptozotocina (100mg/kg-pc). En la adultez las ratas sanas y diabéticas fueron apareadas con machos sanos. Según correspondiera recibieron durante 20 días de gestación un suplemento de sulfato de zinc (50mg/kg). Se estudiaron 395 fetos de cuatro grupos: fetos de ratas sanas sin suplemento, de ratas sanas suplementadas, de ratas diabéticas sin suplemento y de ratas diabéticas suplementadas. Los fetos se clasificaron en pequeños (PEG), adecuados (AEG) y grandes (GEG) para la edad gestacional. Resultados: La descendencia de las ratas diabéticas suplementadas mostró valores del peso fetal similares a ambos grupos sanos al término de la gestación, presentando menor porcentaje de fetos PEG y GEG, así como mayor porcentaje de AEG respecto al grupo diabético no suplementado. Conclusiones: La suplementación con Zn durante la gestación a ratas diabéticas con hiperglucemias moderadas causó efectos positivos sobre su descendencia al aumentar el porcentaje de fetos con peso adecuado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the relationship between Zn deficiency and the high incidence of abnormal intrauterine growth in maternal diabetes has not yet been elucidated. There are no reports in the consulted literature of the effect of micronutrient supplementation on fetal growth in models of diabetes with moderate hyperglycemia. Objective: to determine the effect of zinc supplementation on fetal weight in rats with moderate diabetes during pregnancy. Methods: a model of mild diabetes was used in Wistar rats on the second day of birth by subcutaneous streptozotocin induction (100mg/kg-bw). As adults, healthy and diabetic rats were mated with healthy males. As appropriate, they received a zinc sulfate supplement (50mg/kg) during 20 days of gestation. A number of 395 fetuses from four groups were studied: fetuses from healthy rats without supplementation, from healthy rats supplemented, from diabetic rats without supplementation and from diabetic rats supplemented. Fetuses were classified as small (SGA), adequate (AGA), and large (LGA) for gestational age. Results: the offspring of the supplemented diabetic rats showed similar fetal weight values to both healthy groups at the end of pregnancy, having a lower percentage of SGA and LGA fetuses, as well as a higher percentage of AGA compared to the non-supplemented diabetic group. Conclusions: Zn supplementation during pregnancy in diabetic rats with moderate hyperglycemia had positive effects on their offspring by increasing the percentage of fetuses with adequate weight.

Assessment of zinc inadequacy among tribal adolescent population of central India - A cross-sectional study

Background & objectives: Zinc is a crucial micronutrient in adolescence, required for promoting growth and sexual maturation. Adolescents of some tribes may be at high risk of zinc deficiency due to dietary inadequacy and poor bioavailability of zinc from plant-based diets. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of zinc deficiency by estimating prevalence of inadequate zinc intake, prevalence of low serum zinc and stunting among tribal adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted among adolescents (10-19 yr) in three purposively selected districts where Bhil, Korku and Gond tribes were in majority. Structured data collection instrument comprising information about sociodemographic characteristics and dietary recall data was used. Anthropometric assessment was conducted by standardized weighing scales and anthropometry tapes, and blood sample was collected from antecubital vein into trace element-free vacutainers. Serum zinc was estimated using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: A total of 2310 households were approached for participation in the study, of which 2224 households having 5151 adolescents participated. Out of these enlisted adolescents, 4673 responded to dietary recall (90.7% response rate). Anthropometry of 2437 participants was carried out, and serum zinc was analyzed in 844 adolescents. The overall prevalence of dietary zinc inadequacy was 42.6 per cent [95% confidence interval (CI) 41.2 to 44.1] with reference to the estimated average requirement suggested by International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) and 64.8 per cent (95% CI 63.4 to 66.2) with Indian Council of Medical Research-recommended requirements. Stunting was observed in 29 per cent (95% CI 27.2 to 30.8) participants. According to IZiNCG cut-offs, low serum zinc was detected in 57.5 per cent (95% CI 54.1 to 60.8) of adolescents, whereas it was 34.4 per cent (95% CI: 31.2-37.5) according to the national level cut-off. Interpretation & conclusions: Risk of dietary zinc inadequacy and low serum zinc concentration amongst adolescents of the Gond, Bhil and Korku tribes is a public health concern.

Assessment of role of zinc in the management of acute diarrhea in children at a teaching hospital

Background: Pediatric diarrhea is one of the major causes of childhood mortality around the world. Oral rehydrationtherapy (ORT) along with zinc supplementation can reduce the irrational antimicrobial use and stay in hospital. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the role of zinc in reduction of stool frequency and duration of diarrheal episode. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was performed for 12 months at pediatric in-patient unit of BRIMS teaching hospital, Bidar. We evaluated 400 prescriptions of acute diarrhea cases for the role of zinc based on reduction of stool frequency and decrease in the duration of diarrheal episode. Results: A study revealed a very statistically significant reduction (P < 0.001) in both stool frequencies during the 3rd–5th day and there was reduction in mean duration of diarrheal episode in the group treated with ORT/parenteral rehydration+ zinc. Conclusion: We observed significant decrease in both stool frequency and mean duration of diarrheal episodes in the group treated with ORT/parenteral rehydration+ zinc as compared to ORT/parenteral rehydration alone. Thus, we recommend practitioners to use ORS and zinc which reduces the stay in hospital and helps in faster recovery. And also, it would definitely reduce the practice of polypharmacy and inappropriate antibiotic prescribing practices.

Hibiscus tiliaceus mediated phytochemical reduction of zinc oxide nanoparticles and emonstration of their antibacterial, anticancer, and dye degradation capabilities

The present research focused on the green, non-toxic, low-cost synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using aqueous extract of Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Thus, synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by nanotechnological applications, i.e., ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The nanotechnological applications showed that as-synthesized ZnO NPs have bandgap energy of 2.97 eV, zeta potential of ?1.2 mV, crystalline in nature (JCPDS data card no-89-1397), and an average size of 30 to 60 nm. The FTIR showed that ZnO NPs have coated with plant secondary metabolites and assisted in the process of green synthesis. The ZnO NPs exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The ZnO NPs showed potential anticancer activity against human breast cancer cells MCF-7 and determined the IC50 value as 65.83 ± 2.57 µg/mL by MTT assay. Furthermore, ZnO NPs were used as nano-catalyst for dye degradation of methylene blue, methyl orange, and malachite green with NABH4 as a reducing agent. The ZnO NPs exhibited potent dye degradation capability and followed pseudo-first order kinetics. The study concluded that ZnO NPs could be highly useful as anticancer and antibacterial agents in the biomedical field, and as an environmental cleaning agent for dye degradation in textile industries.

Pharmaceutico-Analytical Study of Vanaspati Jarita Marita Yashada Bhasma

Yashada is one of the Sapta dhatu, which is chemically Zn, Yashada bhasma is used therapeutically in many diseases like Prameha, Pandu, Vatavyadi etc., in the form of Bhasma (ZnO). Objectives: To prepare Yashada bhasma and its physico-chemical analysis of Yashada bhasma. Materials and Methods: Yashada was subjected Samanya Shodhana, Vishesha Shodhana and Jarana as per Rasatarangini. Yashada marana was done as per Rasayana sara. Bhasma was subjected to physico-chemical analysis which mainly included classical Bhasma parikshas like Rekhapurnata, Varitara, Unama, Nischandrata etc and modern parameters like Acid Insoluble Ash, pH, Total Ash value etc and advanced analytical techniques like XRD, SEM and AAS. Results: After 1st Puta pale yellow colored Yashada bhasma passed classical Bhasma parikshas. In classical reference two Puta are mentioned so, the 2nd Puta was given. XRD reports shows major peaks which were identified as Zinc oxide (ZnO) compound. Hence indicates complete transformation of metal to Bhasma form. Scanning electron microscopy in Yashada Bhasma after 2nd Puta the particle size ranging from 5-10μm. AAS reports shows zinc percentage of 77.08% after 2nd Puta. Conclusion: Pale yellow coloured Yashada bhasma was prepared after two Gaja putas which passed the classical Bhasma parikshas.