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1.
Actual. SIDA ; 20(78): 97-103, nov 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-665122

ABSTRACT

La infección de tejidos cerebrales por HIV se asocia a desórdenes neurocognitivos identificados bajo la denominación HAND y categorizados en demencia, formas moderadas y formas asintomáticas. La introducción de terapia de alta efectividad ha implicado un notorio descenso de la demencia, pero no ha influido sobre las formas moderadas y asintomáticas que afectan alrededor del 50% de los pacientes bajo tratamiento. Esa disfunción cognitiva resulta de la pérdida de neuronas que, sin embargo, no han sido infectadas por el virus. De ahí la importancia de mecanismos indirectos en la neuropatogenia de HIV, ya que las citocinas/quimiocinas pro-inflamatorias liberadas por macrófagos/microglia infectados, la excitoxidad y el stress oxidativo se evidencian como principales causas de injuria neuronal, además de la directamente provocada por proteínas virales. Un mejor conocimiento de la interacción de HIV con su huésped humano está posibilitando el desarrollo de abordajes diganósticos más confiables y de estrategias terapéuticas más efectivas a nivel de SNC


HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) result from brain infection. They are categorized as dementia, mild cases and asymptomatic cases. The introduction of HAART has markedly decreased dementia but no influence has been observed in mild and asymptomatic cases, since they are still identified in around 50 % of treated patients. Such cognitive dysfunction is the outcome of the loss of neurons which, however, have not been infected by the virus. hence, the importance of indirect mechanisms in HIV neuropathogenesis in which cytokines/chemokines released by infected macrophages/microglia, excitotoxic neuronal injury and oxidative stress are relevant causes of neurodegeneration besides that exerted by viral proteins. A better understanding of the HIV interaction with th human host is enabling the development of more reliable diagnostic biomarkers and more effective therapeutic strategies at CNS level


Subject(s)
Humans , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/therapy , Encephalitis, Viral/pathology , Neurodegenerative Diseases/immunology , Neurodegenerative Diseases/therapy , HIV , Central Nervous System/pathology
2.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-135840

ABSTRACT

Although a plethora of molecules have been implicated in the development of HIV associated dementia (HAD), the identity of the indispensable ones is still elusive. The action of various molecules appears to follow a cascade path with one molecule activating another thereby regulating the expression and modulation of the regulatory machineries. Two pathways have been proposed leading to HIV-induced central nervous system (CNS) injury. First involving neurotoxic effect of viral proteins and second, with immunomodulatory substances secreted by the infected cells playing vital role. The viral transfer from infected cells (for example, cells representing macrophage-microglial lineage) to uninfected cells (such as same cell type or nerve cells) occurring perhaps via virological synapse is also not well documented. While the mechanism underlying transfer of HIV-1 through blood-brain barrier is not clearly understood, macrophage-microglial cell lineages are undisputedly predominant cell types that HIV uses for transmission in CNS. The present review describes existing knowledge of the modus operandi of HIV-induced neuropathogenesis gathered through research evidences. of HIV-induced neuropathogenesis gathered through research Mechanisms by which regulatory molecules exploit such cell types in promoting neuropathogenesis would provide key insights in intersecting pathway(s) for designing intervention strategies.


Subject(s)
AIDS Dementia Complex/epidemiology , AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , Animals , Apoptosis/physiology , Blood-Brain Barrier/physiology , Brain/metabolism , Brain/pathology , Cell Movement/physiology , Chemokines/immunology , Cytokines/immunology , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/pathology , HIV Infections/physiopathology , HIV-1/genetics , HIV-1/pathogenicity , HIV-1/physiology , Humans , India/epidemiology , Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism , Viral Proteins/genetics , Viral Proteins/metabolism , Virus Replication
3.
An. Fac. Med. (Perú) ; 67(3): 243-254, jul.-sept. 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-499643

ABSTRACT

La demencia asociada a infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (DVIH) es una entidad caracterizada por la tríada de compromiso cognitivo, síntomas conductuales y motores, que generan serias dificultades en la capacidad funcional del paciente. Las múltiples denominaciones generan confusión y alta probabilidad de subreconocimiento. No obstante, la incidencia de DVIH es controversial; se tiene claro que más de 90 por ciento de pacientes con sida tiene anormalidades neuropatólogicas compatibles con DVIH. Los mecanismos patogénicos involucran una compleja interacción entre el VIH y las células del cerebro, que generan claramente dos vías incluyentes, la inflamatoria y la no inflamatoria, las cuales generan factores neurotóxicos y quimiotácticos, inductores de apoptosis, que conducen a una disrupción neuronal-glial, probablemente responsable de la injuria y/o muerte neuronal, que conduciría a un fenómeno de neurodegeneración acelerada. Los síntomas son de una demencia subcortical, siendo los síntomas de presentación más comunes el compromiso de la memoria, enlentecimiento mental, dificultad para la marcha y depresión. El diagnóstico es esencialmente clínico y se realiza por exclusión. Son de utilidad práctica la HIV Dementia Scale (HDS) y la internacional HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS), como pruebas iniciales de descarte. El tratamiento debe incluir la combinación de antiretrovirales y neuroprotectores. Como conclusión, la DVIH es una complicación devastadora de la infección por VIH que debe ser reconocida tempranamente.


Dementia associated to human immunodeficiency virus infection (DHIV) is an entity distinguished by three main signs -cognitive, behavioral and motor symptoms- which generate serious difficulties in the functional capacity of the patient. The multiple denominations generate confusion and diagnostic difficulties. In spite of controversy in DHIV incidence, it is clear that more than 90 per cent of patients with AIDS has compatible neuropathological anormalities with DHIV. The pathogenic mechanisms involve complex interactions between the HIV and the brain cells generating two inclusive paths, inflammatory and non inflammatory, that produce neurotoxic and chemotactic factors, inductors of apoptosis that lead to neuro-glial disruption probably responsible of injury and/or neuron cell death, that finally would lead to accelerated neurodegeneration phenomenon. Symptoms are subcortical dementia, mental sluggishness, walking difficulties and depression. Diagnosis is essentially clinical and by exclusion. The HIV Dementia Scale (HDS) and the International HIVD Scale (IHDS) are of practical usefulness as initial screening tests. Treatment should include the combination of antiretrovirals and neuroprotectors. We conclude that DHIV is a devastating complication of HIV infection that should have early recognition.


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS Dementia Complex/diagnosis , AIDS Dementia Complex/epidemiology , AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
4.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 66(2): 108-112, 2006. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-440397

ABSTRACT

Since astrogliosis is a histological marker usually observed in HIV-associated dementia (HIV-D),we decided to investigate the potential relationship between the expression of glial fibrillary acidicprotein (GFAP) and the regional distribution of cells positive (+) for this specific marker of astrocyte activation.Histological sections of brain tissues obtained at necropsy from 5 HIV-D patients and 5 age-matched controlswithout history of neuropsychiatric illness were immunostained with peroxidase. Mean numbers of GFAP(+)astrocytes were significantly increased in entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and subcortical white matter of patients,but values in frontal cortex and basal ganglia were similar to those of controls. In contrast, surface density ofimmunoreactive GFAP was significantly increased in all tested brain areas from all patients, including unusuallyaffected regions such as entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. Therefore, such consistent finding of hypertrophicastrocytes, ranging from highest cell percentajes in subcortical white matter to lowest in basal ganglia indicatesthat quantification of surface density in GFAP (+) cells appears to be a more reliable approach to score gliosisthan the counting of their cell nuclei. Because astrocyte activation involves both protective and detrimental effectson adjacent neuronal subsets, the evidence of regional differences in this reactive potential highlights theimportance of accurately defining their contribution to the neuropathogenesis not only of HIV-D, but of a widerange of neurodegenerative disorders.


Diferencias regionales en la activación astrocitaria en demencia asociada a HIV. Siendo laastrogliosis un signo histológico habitualmente presente en demencia asociada a HIV, se investigóla eventual relación entre expresión de proteína gliofibrilar ácida (GFAP) y localización regional de células positivaspara ese marcador específico de la activación astrocitaria. Por inmunoperoxidasa, se procesaron cortes histológicosde tejidos cerebrales obtenidos por necropsia de 5 pacientes y 5 controles de edades similares pero sin antecedentesneuropsiquiátricos. Según los valores de las medias registrados por conteo de astrocitos GFAP(+) en pacientes,el número fue significativamente mayor en corteza entorrinal, hipocampo y sustancia blanca subcortical, mientrasque en corteza frontal y ganglios basales no se encontraron diferencias con controles. En cambio, la densidad desuperficie del material GFAP inmunorreactivo en pacientes estuvo significativamente aumentada en todas las áreascerebrales analizadas, incluso en regiones inusualmente afectadas, como corteza entorrinal e hipocampo. Entreesos astrocitos hipertróficos, el mayor porcentaje correspondió a sustancia blanca subcortical, y el menor a gangliosbasales. Cabe concluir que el constante hallazgo de agrandamiento astrocitario señala a la medida de la superficieinmuno-reactiva como mejor índice de activación celular que el conteo de núcleos de las células marcadas. Dadoslos reconocidos efectos de la astrogliosis sobre las subpoblaciones neuronales vecinas, la comprobadaregionalización de ese potencial reactivo destaca el interés de precisar su contribución en la neuropatogenia, tantode demencia asociada a HIV como de otras enfermedades neurodegenerativas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology , Astrocytes/metabolism , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism , AIDS Dementia Complex/immunology , AIDS Dementia Complex/metabolism , Autopsy , Astrocytes/immunology , Case-Control Studies , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/immunology , Hematoxylin/metabolism , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Risk Factors
5.
J Biosci ; 2005 Jun; 30(3): 391-405
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-110754

ABSTRACT

Since identification of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), numerous studies suggest a link between neurological impairments, in particular dementia, with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with alarming occurrence worldwide. Approximately, 60% of HIV-infected people show some form of neurological impairment, and neuropathological changes are found in 90% of autopsied cases. Approximately 30% of untreated HIV-infected persons may develop dementia. The mechanisms behind these pathological changes are still not understood. Mounting data obtained by in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that neuronal apoptosis is a major feature of HIV associated dementia (HAD), which can occur in the absence of direct infection of neurons. The major pathway of neuronal apoptosis occurs indirectly through release of neurotoxins by activated cells in the central nervous system (CNS) involving the induction of excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. In addition a direct mechanism induced by viral proteins in the pathogenesis of HAD may also play a role. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of HIV-associated dementia and possible therapeutic strategies.


Subject(s)
AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology , Apoptosis/physiology , HIV-1/physiology , Humans , Neuroglia/physiology , Neurons/physiology
6.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 56(2): 212-7, jun. 1998. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-212812

ABSTRACT

Estudo prospectivo mostrando a importância da biópsia cerebral estereotáxica no manuseio do paciente com AIDS e que apresenta sintomatologia neurológica confirmada através de imagens. Todos estes pacientes obedecem a escalonamento terapêutico e, depois de terem sido dados os passos prévios, a biópsia passa a ser indicada visando ao diagnóstico etiológico adequado. O protocolo foi iniciado em agosto-1995 e concluído em dezembro-1996. Vinte pacientes foram biopsiados. Nosso protocolo é semelhante ao descrito por Levy e col. (Chicago IL, USA). Linfoma primário foi o diagnóstico predominante, seguido de leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva, toxoplasmose e leucoencefalopatia pelo HIV. Um caso de linfoma de células gigantes diplóico foi incluído. Nossa morbi/mortalidade foi nula. Por esta amostragem é possível concluir que a biópsia cerebral estereotáxica é um procedimento seguro e eficaz em pacientes com AIDS.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/pathology , Lymphoma/pathology , Stereotaxic Techniques , Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/pathology , Biopsy , Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/pathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Prospective Studies , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
7.
In. Machado, Luis dos Ramos; Nóbrega, José Paulo Smith; Livramento, José Antonio; Spina França Netto, Antonio. Neuroinfecçäo 94. Säo Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo. Clínica Neurológica, 1994. p.219-222.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-154984
8.
Rev. neurol. Argent ; 18(3): 88-104, 1993. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-125862

ABSTRACT

El compromiso del sistema nervioso en el SIDA puede producirse por dos mecanismos: a)como consecuencia de la inmunodepresión, por la que se genera la invasión de gérmenes oportunistas o neoplasias y b)por acción viral directa sobre las estructuras neurales. La acción viral directa sería el factor causal de la meningitis aséptica (observada durante el período de seroconversión) y de los trastornos cognitivos, motores y conductales (complejo SIDA-demencia) y la mielopatía observadas en el estadio lV del CDC. La agresión sobre la mielina de estructura subcorticales, tronco cerebral, cerebelo y médula constituirían el substrato anatomopatológico de estas manifestaciones tardías. Los cuadros más comunes vinculados a oportunistas son las encefalitis a citomegalovirus y herpéticas, la leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva, los cuadros focales secundarios o toxoplasmosis o tuberculomas y la meningitis criptocóccica. El tumor más común es el linfoma primario de cerebro, observándose con menos frecuencia la invasión por linfoma no Hodgkin o por el sarcoma de Kaposi. Las complicaciones neuromusculares son relativamente frecuentes tanto en el estadio asintomático como en el SIDA. El síndrome de Guillan Barré, observado especialmente durante la seroconversión, así como la polineuropatía inflamatoria desmielinizante crónica y la mononeuropatía múltiple observadas en el estadio asintomático son frecuentemente reportadas y no se diferencian esencialmente de cuadros similares en sujetos seronegativos. En el estadio lV del CDC es habitualmente observada la polineuropatía sensitiva distal, a la que puede asignársele valor de mercado evolutivo. La poliomiositis es el síndrome muscular más frecuente, siendo menos documentados la atrofia selectiva de fibras tipo ll y la miopatía nemalínica


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Polyradiculoneuropathy/diagnosis , Polyradiculoneuropathy/etiology , Toxoplasmosis/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis/physiopathology , Toxoplasmosis/drug therapy , AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/drug therapy , Cryptococcosis/diagnosis , Cryptococcosis/physiopathology , Cryptococcosis/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/cerebrospinal fluid
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