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1.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 20(6): 599-604, Nov.-Dec. 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-828155

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background/objective: There is an increasing number of older patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection due to the success of antiretroviral therapy, the improved prognosis and life expectancy of patients, and the higher number of new infections among older individuals. The main objective of the present study was to compare the characteristics of older human immunodeficiency virus patients with those of younger patients. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who were treated at the Specialized Care Service (Serviço de Assistência Especializada) for human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in the city of Pelotas, South Brazil. Sociodemographic information as well as data on human immunodeficiency virus infection and treatment were collected. All participants underwent psychiatric and neurocognitive assessments, and their adherence to antiretroviral therapy was evaluated. Results: A total of 392 patients participated in the study, with 114 patients aged 50 years and older. The characteristics showing significant differences between older and younger human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients included race/ethnicity, comorbidities, duration and adherence to antiretroviral therapy, currently undetectable viral load, and cognitive impairment. Compared to younger patients, older patients were at higher risk of exhibiting cognitive impairment [OR 2.28 (95% CI: 1.35-3.82, p = 0.002)] and of having increased adherence to antiretroviral therapy [OR 3.11 (95% CI: 1.67-5.79, p < 0.001)]. Conclusions: The prevalence of neurocognitive impairment remained high in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients despite antiretroviral therapy. In the present study, the prevalence of this type of impairment was significantly higher in patients aged ≥50 years, most likely due to aging, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and a possible synergistic effect between these factors. Despite this higher prevalence, older patients exhibited higher rates of adherence to antiretroviral therapy and of undetectable human immunodeficiency virus viral load.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aging/physiology , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/drug therapy , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Socioeconomic Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Age Factors , Viral Load , Medication Adherence
2.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 69(6): 964-972, Dec. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-612642

ABSTRACT

The central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system are considered major target organs for HIV infection. The neurological manifestations directly related to HIV are acute viral meningitis, chronic meningitis, HIV associated dementia, vacuolar myelopathy and involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Changes in diagnosis and clinical management have changed the aspect of HIV infection so that it is no longer a fatal disease, and has become a chronic disease requiring sustained medical management. After HAART the incidence of most opportunistic infections, including those affecting the CNS, has dropped markedly. Some studies suggest that neurological involvement of infected patient occur with different frequency, depending on HIV subtype involved in the infection. Subtype C may have reduced neuroinvasive capacity, possibly due to its different primary conformation of HIV transactivating regulatory protein (Tat), involved in monocyte chemotaxis. This review focus on physiopathologic aspects of HIV infection in CNS and its correlation with HIV clades.


O sistema nervoso central (SNC) e o sistema imunológico são considerados os principais órgãos alvo na infecção pelo HIV. As manifestações neurológicas diretamente relacionadas ao HIV são meningites virais aguda e crônica, demência associada ao HIV, mielopatia vacuolar e envolvimento do sistema nervoso periférico. Mudanças no diagnóstico e sobrevida têm mudado o aspecto da infecção pelo HIV, não mais considerada uma doença fatal e sim crônica. Após HAART, a incidência da maioria das doenças oportunistas, incluindo aquelas que afetam o SNC, reduziu-se significativamente. Alguns estudos sugerem que o envolvimento de pacientes infectados ocorre com frequência diferente, dependendo do subtipo de HIV. O subtipo C apresenta uma capacidade reduzida de neuroinvasão, possivelmente devido a conformação primária da sua proteína reguladora da transativação (Tat), que perde sua capacidade quimiotáxica. Esta revisão aborda aspectos fisiopatológicos da infecção do HIV no SNC e subtipos de HIV.


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS Dementia Complex/virology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/virology , Genetic Variation , HIV-1 , HIV-2 , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Genotype , HIV-1 , HIV-2
3.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 56(2): 242-247, 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-546947

ABSTRACT

Dentre as complicações neurológicas primária da Aids temos déficits cognitivos como a demência associada ao HIV e formas mais leves, como o transtorno cognitivo/motor menor, sendo que ambas podem alterar as atividades da vida diária e reduzir a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Infecção pelo HIV-1 é a mais comum, previsível e tratável causa de déficits cognitivos em indivíduos com menos de 50 anos. A despeito do avanço no conhecimento das características clínicas, patogênese, aspectos neurobiológicos e ao amplo uso de terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa (HAART), complicações neurológicas e déficits cognitivos ainda persistem levando a graves consequências pessoais e socioeconômicas tornando-se um grande desafio terapêutico. Na era pré- HAART, a demência era uma complicação comum da infecção, entretanto na era HAART a incidência da demência diminuiu, mas a prevalência tem aumentado principalmente das formas mais leves devido ao aumento do número de pessoas infectadas e ao aumento da expectativa de vida. Alterações cognitivas associadas ao HIV são tipicamente subcorticais e podem estar associadas a comprometimentos comportamentais e motores. Estas síndromes são de diagnóstico clínico, sendo que testes neuropsicológicos, neuroimagem e líquido cerebrorraquidiano corroboram no diagnóstico. Esta revisão faz uma atualização do estado atual da epidemiologia, características clínicas e diagnóstico das complicações cognitivas no curso da infecção pelo HIV.


Primary neurological complications of AIDS include cognitive deficits such as HIV-associated dementia and milder forms such as cognitive/motor disorders, which cause changes in daily activities and reduce the quality of life of patients. Infection with HIV-1 is the most common, predictable and treatable cause of cognitive deficits in individuals with less than 50 years of age. . Despite advances in the understanding of clinical characteristics, pathogenesis and neurobiological aspects and widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), neurological complications and cognitive deficits still persist with serious personal and socioeconomic consequences, thus representing a great therapeutic challenge. In the pre-HAART era dementia was a common complication of infection whose incidence declined during the HAART era. However, prevalence of dementia has increased, especially that of milder forms due to the increased number of infected individuals and increased life expectancy. Cognitive alterations associated with HIV are typically sub cortical and can be associated with behavioral and motor disorders. These syndromes are clinically diagnosed by neuropsychological tests, while neuroimaging and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid contribute to diagnosis. This review is an update on current epidemiological status, clinical characteristics and diagnosis of cognitive complications observed during the course of HIV infection.


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS Dementia Complex , Cognition Disorders , AIDS Dementia Complex/diagnosis , AIDS Dementia Complex/epidemiology , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cognition Disorders/epidemiology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/virology
4.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-135840

ABSTRACT

Although a plethora of molecules have been implicated in the development of HIV associated dementia (HAD), the identity of the indispensable ones is still elusive. The action of various molecules appears to follow a cascade path with one molecule activating another thereby regulating the expression and modulation of the regulatory machineries. Two pathways have been proposed leading to HIV-induced central nervous system (CNS) injury. First involving neurotoxic effect of viral proteins and second, with immunomodulatory substances secreted by the infected cells playing vital role. The viral transfer from infected cells (for example, cells representing macrophage-microglial lineage) to uninfected cells (such as same cell type or nerve cells) occurring perhaps via virological synapse is also not well documented. While the mechanism underlying transfer of HIV-1 through blood-brain barrier is not clearly understood, macrophage-microglial cell lineages are undisputedly predominant cell types that HIV uses for transmission in CNS. The present review describes existing knowledge of the modus operandi of HIV-induced neuropathogenesis gathered through research evidences. of HIV-induced neuropathogenesis gathered through research Mechanisms by which regulatory molecules exploit such cell types in promoting neuropathogenesis would provide key insights in intersecting pathway(s) for designing intervention strategies.


Subject(s)
AIDS Dementia Complex/epidemiology , AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , Animals , Apoptosis/physiology , Blood-Brain Barrier/physiology , Brain/metabolism , Brain/pathology , Cell Movement/physiology , Chemokines/immunology , Cytokines/immunology , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/pathology , HIV Infections/physiopathology , HIV-1/genetics , HIV-1/pathogenicity , HIV-1/physiology , Humans , India/epidemiology , Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism , Viral Proteins/genetics , Viral Proteins/metabolism , Virus Replication
5.
Salud ment ; 22(2): 49-65, mar.-abr. 1999. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-254583

ABSTRACT

Se ha observado una variedad de trastornos neuropsiquiátricos entre 20 y 30 por ciento de los pacientes que padecen del síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA). Debido a que las neuronas no se infectan directamente con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia adquirida (HIV), las manifestaciones fisiopatológicas de la demencia asociada con el SIDA (ADC) podrían estar relacionadas con mecanismos indirectos. La glucoproteína 120 de la envoltura viral (gp 120) derivada del VIH parece desempeñar un papel importante en el desarrollo de la ADC. Una cantidad cada vez mayor de experimentos han indicado que las concentraciones nanomolares de la gp120 derivada del VIH produce muerte neuronal in vivo, en tanto que las concentraciones picomolares matan a las neuronas in vitro. Los datos recientes sugieren que para inducir el daño neuronal, los receptores a citocinas y el CD4+ desempeñan un papel muy importante en la activación de eventos intracelulares que conducen a un incremento del Ca++ intracelular con la participación de los canales NMDA, lo que dispara los eventos intracelulares y la apoptosis. Entender el mecanismo del daño neuronal desde un punto de vista molecular y conductual, probablemente nos proporcionará el conocimiento para encontrar el tratamiento y la manera de prevenir esta complicación clínica. En esta revisión se incluye también el desarrollo de modelos animales para el estudio del mecanismo fisiopatológico de la demencia asociada con el SIDA


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , AIDS Dementia Complex/diagnosis , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/immunology , HIV/ultrastructure , Receptors, Cytokine , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/physiopathology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/complications , Disease Models, Animal
6.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 54(2): 335-45, jun. 1996. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-172063

ABSTRACT

A disseminaçao da infecçao pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e o rápido evolver dos conhecimentos científicos a seu respeito, obrigam os médicos em geral - e os especialistas mais diretamente envolvidos com pacientes infcctados - a se atualizarem constantemente. Diversas sao as manifestaçoes neurológicas causadas pelo HIV. Variados também sao os mecanismos patogênicos atuantes nestas condiçoes, a saber: imunodeficiência, auto-imunidade, efeitos diretos sobre o sistema nervoso, e efeitos tóxicos e metabólicos. As infecçoes oportunistas decorrem da imunodeficiência causada pela açao do vírus sobre células T CD4+ e células da linhagem monocítico-macrofágica. Polirradiculoneuropatias desmielinizantes e quadros similares à poliomiosite idiopática em geral relacionam-se a mecanismos auto-imunes envolvendo provavelmente a aloestimulaçao inespecífica de células T por proteínas virais. A açao primária do vírus provoca quadros de meningite asséptica, disfunçao cognitiva, demência, mielopatia vacuolar e polineuropatias sensitivas, provavelmente através da liberaçao de produtos neurotóxicos por macrófagos infectados. Drogas anti-retrovirais e outras adjuvantes no tratamento da SIDA podem, por sua vez, ser neurotóxicas. A maior- compreensao dos reais mecanismos neuropatogênicos envolvidos na infecçao pelo HIV permitirá, no futuro, a utilizaçao de novas, e mais específicas, opçoes terapêuticas, possibilitando, assim, um controle maior e mais precoce, das complicaçoes neurológicas desta infecçao retroviral.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Pregnancy , Child, Preschool , Adult , Nervous System Diseases/etiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , HIV Infections/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Autoimmunity , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , HIV Infections/physiopathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/physiopathology
7.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 64(4): 259-63, jul.-ago. 1993.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-125412

ABSTRACT

Hasta 90% de los niños con infección sintomática por VIH pueden tener manifestaciones de daño neurológico, las que en ciertos casos son la primera expresión de la enfermedad. Ellas pueden ser causadas directamente por el virus o como consecuencia de la deficiencia inmune que produce, caso en el cual los responsables son otros agentes infecciosos, tumores o accidentes vasculares debidos a vasculitis o trombocitopenia. El virus se ubica en la microglia y en los macrófagos del sistema nervioso, causando meningoencefalitis aguda, encefalopatía subaguda de curso frecuentemente progresivo, mielitis, neuropatía periférica y miopatía. Las manifestaciones clínicas más importantes de encefalopatía por HIV son el retraso psicomotor, la pérdida o falta de progresión de habilidades adquiridas, microencefalia adquirida, síntomas progresivos piramidales y déficit atencional. En los niños más pequeños, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en adultos y adolescentes, el compromiso neurológico secundario al estado de deficiencia de la inmunidad es menos frecuente que el causado por efecto directo del VIH. El tratamiento con gamaglobulina y especialmente la zidovudina ofrece algunas perspectivas favorables


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , HIV Infections/complications , Neurologic Manifestations , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
8.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 51(2): 169-174, 1993.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-304969

ABSTRACT

We studied the EEG of 73 patients diagnosed with HIV infection, with or without secondary complications. Sixty-eight belonged to CDC (Center for Disease Control) group IV and 38 presented signs or symptoms of encephalic neurological impairment. Rhythms constituting base activity were alpha (65.75%), beta (13.70%), theta (12.33%), and delta (8.22%). The alpha rhythm presented two modes: slow (8 to 9 Hz) in 25/48 or 52.08% of the cases and not-slow (> 9 to 13 Hz) in 23/48 or 47.92% of the cases. The alpha slow-mode has been observed in about 10 to 15% of the normal population, with the 8 Hz frequency being found in only 1% of the normal adult population, which suggests that in some manner HIV is implicated in the slowing-down of the EEG base rhythm in AIDS patients. The patients from CDC group IV with encephalic neurological involvement presented a base rhythm significantly lower than those with non-encephalic involvement or the absence of neurological impairment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Electroencephalography , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/physiopathology , Alpha Rhythm , Beta Rhythm , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , Delta Rhythm
9.
Rev. neurol. Argent ; 18(3): 88-104, 1993. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-125862

ABSTRACT

El compromiso del sistema nervioso en el SIDA puede producirse por dos mecanismos: a)como consecuencia de la inmunodepresión, por la que se genera la invasión de gérmenes oportunistas o neoplasias y b)por acción viral directa sobre las estructuras neurales. La acción viral directa sería el factor causal de la meningitis aséptica (observada durante el período de seroconversión) y de los trastornos cognitivos, motores y conductales (complejo SIDA-demencia) y la mielopatía observadas en el estadio lV del CDC. La agresión sobre la mielina de estructura subcorticales, tronco cerebral, cerebelo y médula constituirían el substrato anatomopatológico de estas manifestaciones tardías. Los cuadros más comunes vinculados a oportunistas son las encefalitis a citomegalovirus y herpéticas, la leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva, los cuadros focales secundarios o toxoplasmosis o tuberculomas y la meningitis criptocóccica. El tumor más común es el linfoma primario de cerebro, observándose con menos frecuencia la invasión por linfoma no Hodgkin o por el sarcoma de Kaposi. Las complicaciones neuromusculares son relativamente frecuentes tanto en el estadio asintomático como en el SIDA. El síndrome de Guillan Barré, observado especialmente durante la seroconversión, así como la polineuropatía inflamatoria desmielinizante crónica y la mononeuropatía múltiple observadas en el estadio asintomático son frecuentemente reportadas y no se diferencian esencialmente de cuadros similares en sujetos seronegativos. En el estadio lV del CDC es habitualmente observada la polineuropatía sensitiva distal, a la que puede asignársele valor de mercado evolutivo. La poliomiositis es el síndrome muscular más frecuente, siendo menos documentados la atrofia selectiva de fibras tipo ll y la miopatía nemalínica


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Polyradiculoneuropathy/diagnosis , Polyradiculoneuropathy/etiology , Toxoplasmosis/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis/physiopathology , Toxoplasmosis/drug therapy , AIDS Dementia Complex/pathology , AIDS Dementia Complex/drug therapy , Cryptococcosis/diagnosis , Cryptococcosis/physiopathology , Cryptococcosis/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/cerebrospinal fluid
10.
Med. UIS ; 4(4): 175-9, oct.-dic. 1990. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-232293

ABSTRACT

La infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana es considerada hoy una pandemia. Si bien las complicaciones neurológicas aparecieron casi a la par con los primeros casos de sindrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, solo desde finales de la pasada década se ha venido observando un aumento marcado en el compromiso del sistema nervioso tanto en los pacientes con manifestaciones clínicas evidentes, por lo que se considera que las alteraciones neurológicas primarias del sistema nervioso central, en especial la encefalopatía serán, las complicaciones mas importantes en estos pacientes. En la presente revisión, se describen los principales hallazgos neurovirológicos, los posibles mecanismos de neuropatogénesis que participarían en el daño neurológico primario y las principales características de los sindromes neurológicos primarios del sistema nervioso central presentes en los pacientes infectados con este retrovirus humano


Subject(s)
Humans , AIDS Dementia Complex/classification , AIDS Dementia Complex/diagnosis , AIDS Dementia Complex/physiopathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis
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