Molecular detection and genotypic characterization of toxoplasma gondii in paraffin-embedded fetoplacental tissues of women with recurrent spontaneous abortion

Background: Congenital toxoplasmosis is an important cause of spontaneous abortion worldwide. However, there is limited information on detection and genotypic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii [T. gondii] in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion [RSA]. The aim of this study is the molecular detection and genotypic characterization of T. gondii in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded fetoplacental tissues [FFPTs] of women with RSA that have referred to the Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran, Iran

Materials and Methods: This experimental research was undertaken on 210 FFPTs of women with RSA. The information of the patients was collected from the archives of Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran, Iran. After DNA extraction, the presence of T. gondii was examined by nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the GRA6 gene. Genotyping was performed on positive samples using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism [PCR-RFLP] that targeted the GRA6 and SAG3 genes. Sequencing was conducted on two GRA6 positive samples

Results: T. gondii DNA was detected in 3.8% [8/210] of the samples. Genotyping showed that all positive samples belonged to type III of the T. gondii genotype. Sequencing two genomic DNAs of the GRA6 gene revealed 99% similarity with each other and 99-100% similarity with T. gondii sequences deposited in GenBank. There were six patients with histories of more than three abortions; one patient had a healthy girl and another patient had two previous abortions. Abortions occurred in the first trimester of pregnancy in seven patients and in the second trimester of pregnancy in one patient

Conclusion: The results of this study have indicated that genotype III is the predominant type of T. gondii in women with RSA in Tehran, Iran. Also, our findings suggest that toxoplasmosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of RSA. However, further studies are needed to elucidate a clear relationship between T. gondii infection and RSA

Qual deve ser o rastreamento de doenças infecciosas em casos de perda gestacional recorrente?: [revisão] / What should be the screening of infectious diseases in cases of recurrent pregnancy loss?: [review]

A perda gravídica de repetição ocorre em cerca de 1 a 2% das gestações, e em cerca de em 2% das vezes tem quadros infecciosos como agentes etiológicos. A necessidade de rastreio de causa infecciosa tem sido muito discutida na literatura. Com objetivo de avaliar o que se conhece sobre esta necessidade, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de trabalhos em inglês, português e espanhol em bases de dados do Pubmed, Highwire, Lilacs e biblioteca Cochrane. Observou-se que, de todos os agentes, o mais estudado foi a Chlamydia trachomatis, em especial seu efeito imunológico tardio. Outros agentes têm sido associados ao aborto habitual, no entanto, as infecções bacterianas, virais e parasitárias podem interferir na evolução da gestação, mas não parece ser uma causa significante de aborto de repetição. O valor do rastreio parece ser limitado na investigação de perda gravídica de repetição fora de um episódio infeccioso agudo. No entanto, mais estudos se fazem necessários, em especial para avaliar efeitos tardios, como das infecções por Chlamydia trachomatis.

The recurrent pregnancy loss occurs in about 1-2% of pregnancies, and in about 2% the etiology would be infectious. The need for tracking infectious causes has been much discussed in the literature. In order to evaluate what is known about this need, we conducted a systematic review of papers in English, Portuguese and Spanish on this subject available in the databases of Pubmed, Highwire, Lilacs and Cochrane Library. Chlamydia trachomatis was mostly studied, especially with regard to its late immunological effect. Other agents have been associated with habitual abortion; however, bacterial infections, viral and parasitic diseases can interfere with the course of gestation, but does not seem to be a significant cause of recurrent abortion. The value of screening seems to be limited for the investigation of recurrent pregnancy loss if acute infection does not occur. However, further studies are needed, especially to evaluate late effects such as infections by Chlamydia trachomatis.

[Infections in recurrent miscarriage]

Abortion is one of the prevalent complication in pregnancy and this definition is cerifined to the termination of pregnancy for many reason before 20 week's gestation based upon the data of the first day of the last noromal mens if this processes happenes three or more it will be reffered to recurrent miscarriege one of the machanisms responsible for abortion is infection and this problem is more important in spontaneous abortion. In this situation, many infections factors are interfering. Most of them are effective only spontaneous abortion but their role on recurrent abortion aren't demonstrated one of the most infection disease during pregnancy is Torch Syndrome that leads Pregnancy to Spontaneous abortion. Despite unrepeatedly syndrome but in many cases unfortunately doing Torch lab exam is the first request Now adays many studies that support the role of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma Urealyticum, chlamydia trachematis and Syplise with less Importance have affection on spontaneous abortion also many studies have been showed that CMV is left in body and can be isolated from urine, Saliva, and the other liquid. Because there is no treatment in subsequent pregnancy with it's tratogenic affect can Resulting Recurrent abortion. There are many different diagnostic Methods including microorganism culture, Serological lab with ELISA, PCR etc that it seems PCR is more accurat. So after diagnose the cause of infection patient should be treated completely before Renewed pregnancy. It should be noticed that with the exception of viruses most of microorganisms reply to medical treatment

Espectro clínico de las infecciones por chlamydia trachomatis en mujeres / Clinical spectrum of chlamydia trachomatis infection in women

Hoy en día es incierto el rol que tiene C. trachomatis como causa de efectos adversos durante el embarazo. Pero si está claramente establecido que es causa de EIP en mujer, uretritis y epididimitis en el hombre y conjuntivitis y neumonitis en los niños. La EIP aguda por C. trachomatis tiene un impacto enorme en la reproducción de la mujer: es causa de embarazo tubario e infertilidad por obstrucción tubaria. Por sus consecuencias y porque habitualmente la salpingitis por C. trachomatis es asintomática, es necesario desarrollar estrategias precisas para su control. Se recomienda la pesquisa regular de esta bacteria en la mujer menor de 35 años con factores de riesgo. Es necesario mantener registro de estas infecciones y tratar a la pareja y los contactos. De este modo se pueden prevenir las complicaciones más importantes secundarias a esta infección

Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen & Toxoplasma gondii (IgM) & Mycoplasma hominis (IgG) antibodies by ELISA in women with bad obstetric history.

A total of 365 non pregnant women with bad obstetrics history (BOH) were studied with a control group of 100 women who had delivered full term clinically normal infants. The presence of C. trachomatis antigen and T. gondii (IgM) and M. hominis (IgG) antibodies was assessed by ELISA test. C. trachomatis antigen was detected in 28.2 per cent of women with BOH whereas T. gondii and M. hominis specific antibodies were found in 43.83 and 27.1 per cent respectively, these were highly significant (P < 0.001) in comparison with the control group. In case, facilities for culture are not available then detection of antigen and IgM class of antibodies by ELISA can pinpoint current infection.