Endometriose: papel da superfamília do fator transformador de crescimento beta / Endometriosis: the role of transforming growth factor β superfamily

A endometriose é uma condição ginecológica, que atinge mulheres em idade reprodutiva e pode ser causa de dor e infertilidade. A patogênese da doença é multifatorial e envolve a perda da capacidade de diferenciação das células endometrióticas, moléculas de adesão celular para adesão do endométrio ao peritônio, neoangiogênese, características do fluido peritoneal e alterações do sistema imune. A superfamília do fator transformador de crescimento β (TGF-β) parece exercer papéis importantes na implantação e manutenção do tecido ectópico na endometriose. Ativinas, inibinas, folistatina, hormônio anti-mülleriano e as proteínas morfogenéticas ósseas são membros da superfamília do TGF-β. Estas moléculas são expressas no endométrio humano e apresentam ações importantes na proliferação celular, diferenciação celular, função imune, regulação da apoptose e remodelamento dos tecidos, apresentando, por conseguinte, um importante papel no ciclo menstrual, decidualização do endométrio e no início da gestação. Este artigo objetiva rever os achados sobre tais proteínas no endométrio e seus possíveis papéis na gênese e fisiopatologia da endometriose

Endometriosis is a gynecological pathological entity typical of women in reproductive age, associated with pelvic pain and infertility. The pathogenesis of the disease is multifactorial and it involves loss of the endometriotic cell differentiation, cell adhesion, neo-angiogenesis, peritoneal fluid characteristics, and changes in the immune system. The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily seems to play important roles in the implementation and maintenance of ectopic tissue in endometriosis. Activin, inhibin, follistatin, anti-Mullerian hormone, and bone morphogenetic proteins are members of the superfamily of TGF-β. The TGF-β and family members are expressed by human endometrium and act on cell proliferation, differentiation, immune function, apoptosis and tissue remodeling, playing a role in menstrual cycle, decidualization, and early pregnancy. The aim of this study is to review the findings about these molecules in the endometrium and their possible roles in the genesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis

Transcriptional regulation of Zic3 by heterodimeric AP-1(c-Jun/c-Fos) during Xenopus development

The heterodimeric c-Jun/c-Fos, an activator protein-1 (AP-1) has been implicated in mesoderm induction (Dong et al., 1996; Kim et al., 1998) whereas the homodimer of c-Jun was reported to be involved in neural inhibition during the early development of Xenopus embryos. During the early vertebrate development AP-1 involvement in the neural induction is still not clearly understood. We report here that AP-1 has a role in Zic3 expression, a critical proneural gene and a primary regulator of neural and neural crest development (Nakata et al., 1997; Nakata et al., 1998). AP-1 was able to induce the Zic3 gene in a dose dependent manner but other homo- or hetero-dimeric proteins, such as c-Jun/c-Jun, JunD/FosB or JunD/Fra-1 were not. The inhibition of AP-1 activity using morpholino antisenses of c-jun mRNAs blocked the Zic3 expression induced by activin. In addition, co-injection of c-jun mRNA rescued the down-regulated Zic3 expression. The promoter region of isolated Zic3 genomic DNA was found to possess several consensus-binding site of AP-1. Thus, in the functional assays, AP-1 could increase promoter activity of Zic3 gene. These findings suggest that proneural gene, Zic3 may be regulated by heterodimeric AP-1(c-Jun/c-Fos) and it may have a role in activin signaling for the regulation of neural specific gene, Zic3.