Anatomical investigation of the measurements, shape and arterial irrigation of the adrenal gland in New Zealand rabbits / Investigação anatômica das medidas, forma e irrigação arterial da glândula adrenal em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia

Rabbits have been used as an experimental model in many studies. These studies are important not only for veterinary clinicians, but also for researchers in different fields. The aim of this research was to describe gross morphological measurement, shape and arterial supply of the adrenal glands in healthy New Zealand rabbits. Dissections were performed in 30 adult rabbits, 15 males and 15 females, without macroscopic adrenal pathology. Adrenal measurements were made with a digital caliper: length, width, and thickness. The origin of the adrenal arteries was also determined. Both adrenal glands were localized cranially to the respective kidneys. The mean of the right adrenal gland was 0.88 cm length, 0.42 cm width and 0.16 cm thickness; the left gland measured 0.72 cm, 0.46 cm, and 0.17 cm, respectively. The right gland was significantly more elongated than the left (p = 0.0003) and the means of the measurements did not differ between sexes. Most of the right adrenal glands had a piriform shape (73.3%), whereas most of the left gland exhibited a "bean-shaped" aspect (60.0%). The arterial supply was found to arise from different arteries: lumbar, aorta, renal, caudal mesenteric, and testicular or ovarian. Comparatively, the descriptions of shape, position and arterial irrigation of the adrenal gland in rabbits are similar to those available in rodents. The data from the present investigation will assist in the interpretation of pathological and / or experimental findings in New Zealand rabbits.

Coelhos têm sido utilizados como modelo experimental em muitos estudos. Esses estudos são importantes não apenas para médicos veterinários, mas também para pesquisadores de diferentes campos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever as medidas morfológicas macroscópicas, forma e suprimento arterial das glândulas adrenais em coelhos saudáveis da raça Nova Zelândia. As dissecções foram realizadas em 30 coelhos adultos, 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, sem sinais macroscópicos de patologia adrenal. As medidas adrenais foram realizadas com paquímetro digital: comprimento, largura e espessura. A origem das artérias adrenais também foi determinada. Ambas as glândulas adrenais foram localizadas cranialmente nos respectivos rins. A média da glândula adrenal direita foi de 0,88 cm de comprimento, 0,42 cm de largura e 0,16 cm de espessura; a glândula esquerda mediu 0,72 cm, 0,46 cm e 0,17 cm, respectivamente. A glândula direita foi significativamente mais alongada que a esquerda (p = 0,0003) e as médias das medidas não diferiram entre os sexos. A maioria das glândulas adrenais direitas tinha uma forma piriforme (73,3%), enquanto a maioria da glândula esquerda exibia um aspecto em "forma de feijão" (60,0%). Verificou-se que o suprimento arterial provém de diferentes artérias: lombar, aorta, renal, mesentérica caudal e testicular ou ovariana. Comparativamente, as descrições de forma, posição e irrigação arterial da glândula adrenal em coelhos são semelhantes às disponíveis em roedores. Os dados da presente investigação ajudarão na interpretação de achados patológicos e / ou experimentais em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia.

Morphometric analysis of suprarenal glands (adrenal glands) with multislice computerized tomography / Análisis morfométrico de glándulas suprarenales (glándulas adrenales) con tomografía computarizada multicorte

The aim of our study are to determine the shape, vertebrae level, height, volume, corpus medial and lateral branch thicknesses of AG and the distance from some neighboring structures on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images and also to determine the relationship between these data and gender, age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI). The study was conducted on a total of 420 MDCT images consisted of 220 male (mean age 63.44±8.00, 50-81 years), 200 female (mean age 61.23±7.95, 50-84 years) healthy individuals. Vertebrae level of AG (VLAG), height of AG (HAG), adrenal gland volume (VAG), corpus thickness of AG (CTAG), medial section thickness of AG (MTAG) and lateral section thickness of AG (LTAG) were investigated. In our study, RAG were observed on T12 vertebrae level in 38.19 % of males and 42.5 % of females and LAG were also observed at that level in 39.55 % of the male and 51 % of the female individuals. RAG were observed in all males and 98.5 % of the females and LAG were observed 88.63 % of the males and 94 % of the females "Y" shaped. VAG were observed lower in males compared to females in age groups and VAG was observed increasing with age in males; decreased in 60-69 age group of females and increased again in 70 and plus age group. The aim of this study is to determine normal ranges of AG sizes and the relationship of each one with sex, age, height, weight and BMI.

Los objetivos de nuestro estudio fueron determinar la forma, el nivel vertebral, la altura, el volumen, el grosor de las ramas medial y lateral del cuerpo de glándulas suprarrenales (GSR) y la distancia de algunas estructuras vecinas en las imágenes de tomografía computada multidetector (TCMD) y determinar la relación entre estos datos y sexo, edad, estatura, peso e índice de masa corporal (IMC). El estudio se realizó en un total de 420 imágenes TCMD de 220 hombres (edad media 63,44 ± 8,00, 50-81 años) y 200 mujeres (edad media 61,23 ± 7,95, 50-84 años) todos sanos. Se investigó el nivel de la GSR respecto a las vértebras, la altura de GRS (AGSR), el volumen de la glándula suprarrenal (VGSR), el grosor del cuerpo, el espesor de la sección mediana de GSR (SMGSR) y el grosor de la sección lateral de GSR (SLGSR). En nuestro estudio, se observó la GSR derecha a nivel de vértebras T12 en el 38,19 % de los hombres y en el 42,5 % de las mujeres y la GSR izquierda se observó a ese nivel en el 39,55 % de los hombres y 51 % de las mujeres. La GSR se presentó en forma de «Y¼ en el lado derecho en todos los hombres y en el 98,5 % de las mujeres y en el lado izquierdo se observó en el 88,63 % de los hombres y 94 % de las mujeres. El VGSR era menor en los hombres en relación con las mujeres en los diferentes grupos de edad y aumentaba con la edad en los hombres; disminuyó en el grupo de 60-69 años de edad de las mujeres y aumentó nuevamente después de los 70 años.

Histology and histochemistry of the adrenal gland African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse) / Histología e histoquímica de la glándula adrenal de la rata africana gigante (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse)

The histology and histochemistry of the adrenal gland of the African giant rat, AGR (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) was carried out using ten adult male rats with the knowledge of providing information which could be helpful in an improved knowledge of the structure and function of the gland. The adrenal gland of the African giant rat has a distinct cortex and medulla surrounded by a thin rim of capsule. The adrenal cortex has three zones which are basically the zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata and zona reticularis with the absence of zona intermedia. The zona glomerulosa contains polyhedral cells which form irregular clusters or cords while the zona fasiculata had radial cells of cuboidal or polyhedral shape. The cells of zona reticularis are similar to those of the zona fasiculata and in addition contain small cells as irregular cords and clusters. The cells of the adrenal medulla are composed of irregular epithelioid cells arranged in rounded groups or short cords and are mostly columnar or polyhedral chromaffin cells which are separated by sinusoids. The adrenal capsule, cortex and medulla were Periodic Acid-Schiff-positive.The adrenal capsule and adrenal medulla was Masson Trichrome-positive unlike the zona fasiculata and zona reticularis. The adrenal capsule and zona glomerulosa were Verhoeff-positive unlike the other zones of the gland. In conclusion the histology of the adrenal gland of the AGR is similar to those of other mammals with a few exceptions, the entire gland is rich in carbohydrate while the capsule and by extension, the outermost portion of the cortex are rich in collagen and elastic fibers. The outcome of this research provides information needed in the better improved understanding of the structure and function of the adrenal gland of the animal.

La histología y la histoquímica de la glándula suprarrenal de la rata africana gigante (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) (RGA) se llevó a cabo utilizando diez ratas macho adultas con el objetivo de proporcionar información que podría ser útil para un mejor conocimiento de la estructura y función de la glándula. La glándula suprarrenal de la rata africana gigante tiene una corteza y una médula distintas, rodeadas por un borde delgado de la cápsula. La corteza suprarrenal tiene tres zonas que son básicamente: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata y zona reticular, con ausencia de zona intermedia. La zona glomerulosa contiene células poliédricas que forman racimos irregulares o cuerdas, mientras que la zona fasciculata tenía células radiales de forma cuboidal o poliédrica. Las células de la zona reticular son similares a las de la zona fasciculata y además contienen células pequeñas como cordones irregulares y racimos. Las células de la médula suprarrenal están compuestas por células epitelioides irregulares dispuestas en grupos redondeados o cuerdas cortas y son en su mayoría células cromafines columnares o poliédricas, que están separadas por sinusoides. La cápsula suprarrenal y la médula suprarrenal fueron positivas con tricrómico de Masson, a diferencia de la zona fasciculata y la zona reticular. La cápsula suprarrenal y la zona glomerulosa fueron positivas a Verhoeff, a diferencia de las otras zonas de la glándula. En conclusión, la histología de la glándula suprarrenal de la RGA es similar a la de otros mamíferos con algunas excepciones; toda la glándula es rica en carbohidratos, mientras que la cápsula y por extensión, la parte más externa de la corteza, son ricas en colágeno y fibras elásticas. El resultado de esta investigación proporciona información necesaria para mejorar la comprensión de la estructura y función de la glándula suprarrenal del animal.

Adrenal glands of Spix's yellow-toothed cavy (Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831): morphological and morphometric aspects / Glândulas adrenais de preás (Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831): aspectos morfológicos e morfométricos

Abstract Considering the physiological importance and need of greater morphophysiological knowledge of adrenal glands, the aims of present study were compare the morphometric data between left and right adrenal of male and female; perform a histological, scanning and transmission electron microscopy study showing tissue constitution of glands; finally, in order to define the presence and correct site of the cytochrome P450c17 expression in adrenal glands, immunohistochemical study of this enzyme was performed in 18 adrenal glands (right n=9 and left n=9) of nine adult Galea spixii (four males and five females). Right adrenal was more cranially positioned than left adrenal; dimensions (weight, length and width) of right adrenal was larger than left adrenal; no differences between male and female body and adrenal measurements were found; the morphology of cells and different amounts of lipid droplets may be related to the different demands of steroid hormones production, related to each zone of the adrenal cortex; and, the cytochrome P450c17 immunolocalization in fasciculate and reticular zone may be related with synthesis of 17-hydroxy-pregnenolone, 17-hydroxy-progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone or androstenedione.

Resumo Considerando a importância fisiológica e a necessidade de melhor conhecimento morfofisiológico das glândulas adrenais, os objetivos do presente estudo foram comparar dados morfométricos entre adrenais direitas e esquerdas de machos e fêmeas; realizar estudos histológicos e microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão revelando a constituição tecidual das glândulas; finalmente, foi realizado estudo imunohistoquímico com objetivo de definir a presença e correto sítio de expressão da citocromo P450c17 nas glândulas adrenais em 18 glândulas adrenais (direita n=9 e esquerda n=9) de nove Galea spixii adultos (quatro machos e cinco fêmeas). A glândula adrenal direita estava posicionada mais cranialmente que a adrenal esquerda; as dimensões (peso, comprimento e largura) da glândula adrenal direita foram maiores que as da esquerda; não houve diferença entre as medidas corpóreas e das adrenais entre machos e fêmeas; a morfologia das células e diferentes quantidades de gotículas lipídicas podem estar relacionadas a diferentes demandas na produção de hormônios esteroides relacionados a cada zona do córtex adrenal; e, a imunolocalização da citocromo P450 na zona fasciculada e reticular pode estar relacionado com a síntese de 17-hidroxi-pregnenolona, 17-hidroxi-progesterona, dehidroepiandrosterona ou androstenediona.

Gross anatomical studies on the adrenal gland in prenatal goat (Capra Hircus) / Estudio anatómico macroscópico de la glándula suprarrenal en fetos de cabra (Capra Hircus)

The present study was conducted on the 24 healthy and normal embryos/foeti of non- descript goat (Capra hircus) varying from day old to 150 days of gestation. The embryo/foeti were assigned into three groups according to their gestational ages; Groups I (0-50 days), II (51-100 days) and III (101-till term). At 38 days of gestation the primordia of right and left adrenal gland were observed as a pea shaped spherical swelling located just cranial to the respective metanephros. Biometrical studies revealed the increase in the all parameters of the adrenal gland with the advancement of age. Adrenal glands were harvested first grossly at 50 days of gestation.

El presente estudio se realizó en 24 embriones / fetos de cabra (Capra hircus) sanos de un día hasta los 150 días de gestación. Los embriónes fueron separados en tres grupos de acuerdo a la edad gestacional: grupos I (0-50 días), II (51 a 100 días) y III (101-till plazo). A los 38 días de gestación se observó el primordio de las glándulas suprarrenales derecha e izquierda como una protuberancia de forma esférica, situada justo en la zona craneal en relación al metanefros. C on el avance de la edad, estudios biométricos revelan aumento de todos los parámetros de la glándula suprarrenal. Las glándulas suprarrenales fueron extraídas inicialmente a los 50 días de gestación.

Efectos de las experiencias adversas temprana y tardía en las características morfométricas y estereológicas de la glándula suprarrenal de ratas Sprague Dawley sometidas a estrés durante su vida adulta / Effects of early and late adverse experiences in morphometric and stereological characteristics of the adrenal gland of Sprague Dawley rats subjected to stress during adulthood

La ruptura temprana del vínculo materno y el aislamiento social son variables que están involucradas con los comportamientos social y emocional y también con el aumento de la ansiedad, especialmente en situaciones estresantes. Sin embargo, no se dispone de investigaciones que expliquen los cambios morfológicos de la glándula suprarrenal (GSR). Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer experimentalmente, a través del modelo de alteración del vínculo social temprano madre-cría y alteración del vínculo social tardío por aislamiento, el efecto sobre las características morfométricas y estereológicas de la GSR, en ratas de la cepa Sprague Dawley sometidas a estrés crónico intermitente en la vida adulta. Utilizamos 35 ratas hembras recién nacidas, distribuidas en grupos de 7, en condiciones de lactancia y alimentación estandarizadas. Los grupos experimentales fueron expuestos a experiencias adversas temprana (E1), tardía (E2), temprana-tardía (E3) y posteriormente, sometidas a estrés crónico intermitente en la adultez. Se aisló la GSR izquierda de cada animal determinando características morfométricas y parámetros estereológicos. El peso absoluto fue mayor en los grupos control C2 y grupo experimental (E1). El número de células por mm3, el porcentaje de tejido glandular y la densidad de superficie en la zona fascicular de la GSR fue menor en el grupo E3. Las características estereológicas de la GRS en ratas, no sólo pueden ser afectadas por la exposición al estrés en la adultez, sino que también las experiencias adversas temprana y/o tardía juegan un rol importante en los cambios de los parámetros morfológicos cuantitativos observados en esta glándula.

The early break in maternal bonding and social isolation are variables involved with social and emotional behaviors and also with increased anxiety, especially in stressful situations. However, there is no research to explain the morphological changes of the adrenal gland (GSR). Therefore, our objective was to experimentally study through alteration model of social ties and early mother-cub bond alteration belated social isolation, the effect on the morphometric and stereological characteristics of the GSR in rats of the Sprague Dawley subjected to intermittent chronic stress in adulthood. We used 35 newborn female rats, divided into groups of 7 under lactating and standardized feeding conditions. The experimental groups were exposed to adverse experiences early (E1), late (E2), and early/late (E3) and subsequently, subject to intermittent chronic stress in adulthood. Left GSR was isolated from each animal determining morphometric characteristics and stereological parameters. The absolute weight was higher in control group C2 and the experimental group E1. In the group E3 number of cells per mm3, the percentage of glandular tissue and density of the surface in the fascicular area of the GSR was lower. Stereological characteristics of the GRS in rats, not only can be affected by exposure to stress in adulthood, but also early and / or late adverse experiences play an important role in the changes of quantitative morphological parameters observed in this gland.

Comparison of two methods for glucocorticoid evaluation in maned wolves / Comparação de dois métodos para avaliação de glicocorticóides em lobos guarás

Analysis of faecal glucocorticoid metabolites provides a powerful noninvasive tool for monitoring adrenocortical activity in wild animals. However, differences regarding the metabolism and excretion of these substances make a validation for each species and sex investigated obligatory. Although maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) are the biggest canids in South America, their behaviour and physiology are poorly known and they are at risk in the wild. Two methods for measuring glucocorticoid metabolites in maned wolves were validated: a radio- and an enzyme immunoassay. An ACTH challenge was used to demonstrate that changes in adrenal function are reflected in faecal glucocorticoid metabolites. Our results suggest that both methods enable a reliable assessment of stress hormones in maned wolves avoiding short-term rises in glucocorticoid concentrations due to handling and restraint. These methods can be used as a valuable tool in studies of stress and conservation in this wild species.

A análise de metabólitos de glicocorticóides fecais é uma ferramenta não-invasiva poderosa para o monitoramento da atividade adrenal em animais silvestres. Entretanto, diferenças no metabolismo e na excreção dessas substâncias tornam obrigatória a validação desse método para cada espécie e sexo investigado. Embora os lobos guarás (Chrysocyon brachyurus) sejam os maiores canídeos da América do Sul, seu comportamento e fiisiologia são ainda pouco conhecidos e estes animais são ameaçados. Dois métodos para mensuração de metabólitos de glicocorticóides em lobos guarás foram validados: um radio- e um enzima- imuno-ensaio. Um desafiio de ACTH foi usado para demonstrar que alterações no funcionamento adrenal podem ser detectadas nas concentrações metabólitos de glicocorticóides fecais. Nossos resultados sugerem que ambos os métodos possibilitam uma avaliação confiiável dos hormônios relacionados ao estresse em lobos guarás, evitando assim aumentos de curta duração nas concentrações glicocorticóides, devidos ao manejo e contenção. Esses métodos podem ser usados como uma ferramenta valiosa em estudos de estresse e conservação com essa espécie silvestre.

Uso racional de corticoides en el paciente con shock séptico / Rational use of corticoids in a patient with septic shock

Introduction: Septic shock (SS) is a significant cause of mortality in NICUs. Objective: Review current knowledge on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA) and the scientific support for the use of gluco-corticoids in the use of this clinical picture. We know that the patient's ability to evolve into improvement or worsening depends upon the ability of the HPA axis to develop and sustain an adequate response to the stress provoked by SS. In some patients, due to many reasons, the prolongation of SS leads to a deficit of cortisol those results in functional acute adrenal insufficiency. Cortisol levels do not respond to ACTH stimulation test. There is no consensus among authors as to what is a normal concentration of cortisol during stress, or even if it is correlated with death among children with SS. The American College of Critical Care Medicine guidelines for SS in Pediatrics and Neonatology have made some recommendations for use of hydrocortisone.

Introducción: El shock séptico (SS) es una de las mayores causas de mortalidad en unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricas. Objetivo: Revisar qué sabemos hasta ahora del papel que juega el eje hipotálamo-pituitaria-adrenal (HPA) en el SS y si hay evidencia científica que apoye el uso de glucocorticoides en el transcurso de este cuadro. Sabemos que de la habilidad del eje HPA para montar y sostener en el tiempo una adecuada respuesta al stress provocado por un SS dependerá si el paciente evoluciona a la mejoría o se agrava. En algunos pacientes debido a múltiples mecanismos, la prolongación del SS puede llevar a un déficit de cortisol, resultando en una insuficiencia adrenal aguda o funcional, la que se reflejaría en que los niveles de cortisol no responderían con un incremento significativo frente a una prueba de estimulo con ACTH. Entre los diversos reportes revisados, no existe consenso sobre cual sería la concentración "normal" de cortisol durante el stress y más aun no está claro si esto se correlacionaría con la mortalidad en el caso de los niños. Las guías de shock séptico en pediatría y neonatología del American College of Critical Care Medicine recomiendan en que tipo de pacientes con SS se debiera considerar tratamiento con hidrocortisona.

Irrigación de las glándulas suprarrenales en el período fetal / Irrigation of the adrenal glands in the fetal period

Se hace un estudio anatómico de la revascularización de las glándulas suprarrenales en el feto

A obesidade estaria relacionada ao aumento do volume das adrenais? / Would the obesity related to the adrenal volume increases?

Vários estudos sugerem que existe uma hiperatividade do eixo hipotálamo-hipofisário-adrenal (HHA) na obesidade, com maior acúmulo de gordura na região abdominal. Estes trabalhos demonstram que, após injeções de hormônio liberador de corticotropina (CRF) ou hormônio adrenocorticotrófico (ACTH) e ainda através de testes de stress, os níveis de cortisol estão aumentados em comparação com pacientes com deposição periférica de gordura. Além do mais, alguns estudos mostram que em pacientes deprimidos, onde a hiperatividade do HHA é uma alteração endócrina importante e conhecida, o volume das adrenais está aumentado quando comparado com normais. Para investigar se o teor de gordura visceral de alguma maneira se relaciona com o volume das adrenais, 52 mulheres com idade entre 19 e 54 anos, com diferentes índices de corpulência, foram estudadas através de medidas antropométricas como peso, índice de massa corporal (IMC), cintura e relação cintura-quadril (RCQ). As áreas de gordura visceral (GV) e sub-cutânea (GSC), além do volume das adrenais, foram medidas através da tomografia computadorizada. Houve uma correlação extremamente significativa entre as medidas de distribuição de gordura (RCQ e cintura) e a GV, sendo que a RCQ não se correlacionou com a GSC. O somatório do volume das adrenais mostrou uma correlação positiva e significativa com a RCQ (r = 0,272, p = 0,02) e uma correlação positiva, mas no limite da significância com a GV (r = 0,228, p = 0,05), não mostrando qualquer correlação com a GSC. Além disso, o somatório do volume das adrenais foi maior naquelas com GV >/= 120 cm 2 quando comparado com pacientes com área de GV < 120 cm 2 (p = 0,05). Portanto, o estudo sugere que o depósito de GV parece interrelacionar-se com a hiperatividade do HHA, aqui estimada anatomicamente através do volume das adrenais, glându-la alvo deste eixo.

On adrenocortical neoplasms: a comparative study between DNA flow cytometric analysis and nucleolar organizer region expression

Pathologic morphology, clinical features, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions [AgNOR] and nuclear DNA contents determined by flow cytometry [FCM] were studied in 12 cases of adrenocortical neoplasms. Cases of hyperplasia and normal adrenal gland [4 cases each] were also included. Tumors were classified as 6 cases of adenomas and 6 cases of carcinomas by the criteria of Weiss. In this work, Weiss criteria are valuable in evaluating the differences of the various lesions studied as supported by using nuclear AgNOR and FCM. For normal cortex the mean AgNOR value was 2.05 +/- 0.311 and in hyperplasia 3.46 +/- 0.25. The mean AgNOR value in adenoma was 4.12 +/- 0.264 and in carcinoma 7.25 +/- 0.666. All cases of adenomas and hyperplasia had a diploid or near diploid pattern, while carcinomas were aneuploid. This study indicated that AgNOR technique and flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA content complement conventional histopathologic method in the diagnosis of malignancy in adrenal cortical tumors

Efecto adrenalectomía bilateral sobre la actividad guanililciclasa estimulable por el péptido natriurético auricular en el núcleo paraventricular de la rata / Bi-sided adrenalectomy effects on the natriuretic atrial factor-stimulated guanylcyclase activity on the rat paraventricular nucleus

El Peptido Natriurético Auricular (PNA) o el análogo de la Atriopeptina III (PL 059) estimulan la actividad guanililciclasa particulada en el bulbo olfatorio, la eminencia media , y el núcleo paraventrícular de la rata. El efecto del análogo de la Atripeptina III fue 20-40 por ciento mayor que el del PNA. Se investigó el efecto de la adrenalectomía bilateral (con o sin sustitución con mineral o glucocorticoides), sobre la formación de GMPc estimulada por el PNA en el núcleo paraventricular de la rata. Once días después de la adrenalectomía bilateral se observó una disminución en la capacidad porducción de GMPc inducida por el PNA o por el PL058. Esta acción fue prevenida por la administración de deoxicorticosterona, pero no por dexametasona. Nuestros resultados demuestran la presencia de receptores para el PNA asociados a la actividad guanililciclasa en áreas localizadas del cerebro de la rata; y sugieren que los receptores para el PNA acoplados a la guanililciclasa en el núcleo paraventricular son susceptibles a cambios regulatorios inducidos por la actividad del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-suprarrenal

Enhancement of anti-inflammatory activity of aspirin by verapamil.

Verapamil in minimum therapeutic equivalent dose, failed to show anti-inflammatory activity as did sub-anti-inflammatory dose of aspirin (54 mg/kg) however, when combined with sub-antiinflammatory dose of aspirin, significant (P < 0.001) inhibition of carrageenan and cotton pellet induced inflammation was observed. The anti-inflammatory activity of this combination treatment was almost comparable to that of the anti-inflammatory dose of aspirin (200 mg/kg), as confirmed by granuloma histology. Adrenal weight in the combination treatment group was similar to that of aspirin (200 mg) treated group and was significantly lower, as compared to controls. Further, a reduced ulcer index in the animals treated with combination (aspirin + verapamil), as compared to aspirin alone (200 mg) group, suggests its therapeutic potential.

Hemorragia suprarrenal en el neonato: a propósito de un caso / Ultrasound diagnosis of neonatal adrenal hemorrhage: case report

Se presenta un caso de hemorragia suprarrenal unilateral en un recién nacido, se describen las características fisiopatológicas de la hemorragia y se demuestra la importancia del diagnóstico precoz realizado con el ultrasonido que controlando la evolución, confirma el diagnóstico

Antiinflammatory and antipyretic activity of vicolides of Vicoa indica DC.

Vicolides A,B, C and D, the sesquiterpene lactones isolated from V. indica exhibited antiinflammatory activity against cotton pellet granuloma in rats at dose level of 10 mg/kg body weight, sc. Highly significant activity was observed with vicolides C and D. They reduced the protein content, acid and alkaline phosphatase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activities in liver and serum. Significant reduction in ascorbic acid content in adrenals was also observed in treated animals. The highly significant antiinflammatory activity of vicolides C and D can be attributed to their chemical structures. Vicolide D has an epoxy angeloyl group while vicolide C has 3,4 epoxy group and an ester moiety in the molecule. Vicolide D possesses antipyretic activity at 250 mg/kg body weight, po dose. It may be due to the presence of epoxy angeloyl group in the molecule.

Histological, histochemical and morphometric changes of the contralateral adrenal gland after unilateral adrenalectomy

Three weeks after unilateral adrenalectomy, the adrenocortical thickness was increased, the lipid content of the cortical zones was markedly decreased, the alkaline phosphatase reaction of the outer part of the zona fasciculata was decreased, the acid phosphatase activity showed an increased reaction in zona glomerulosa and outer part of the zona fasciculata and the succinic dehydrogenase activity was increased in the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Eight weeks after the operation, the hypertrophied zones regained their normal thickness, the fasciculata cells with their remarkable accumulation of fat droplets reappeared. The phosphatase activity [acid and alkaline] regained its normal intensity seen in the control sections, and the reaction of succinic dehydrogenase enzyme was similar to that of the control In the contralateral adrenal medulla the pattern of distribution of adrenaline and nor adrenaline secreting cells was not affected by the operation