Internações por transtornos mentais e comportamentais devidos ao uso de álcool no Brasil e regiões: análise de tendência temporal, 2010-2020 / Hospitalizaciones por trastornos mentales y de conducta por consumo de alcohol en Brasil y regiones: análisis de tendencia temporal, 2010-2020 / Hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use in Brazil and regions: a temporal trend analysis, 2010-2020

Objective: to analyze the trend in hospitalization rates for mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use (ICD-10: F10.0), Brazil and its five regions, 2010-2020. Methods: this was an ecological time-series study using data from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian National Health System; to calculate the trend in hospitalizations, we used the Prais-Winsten generalized linear regression model and the Stata Statistical Software 14.0; a decreasing trend was considered when p-value < 0.05, and the regression coefficient was negative. Results: in the period analyzed, there were 423,290 hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use in the country; the data analyzed showed a decreasing trend in adult hospitalization rates for this cause in the country (p-value < 0.001; 95%CI -0.094;-0.079) and in all its regions, for both sexes (p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use have reduced in Brazil and in its macro-regions.

Objetivo: analizar la tendencia de las tasas de hospitalizaciones por trastornos mentales y comportamentales debidos al consumo de alcohol (CID-10 F10.0) en Brasil y sus regiones, entre 2010 y 2020. Métodos: estudio de series temporales ecológicas, con datos extraídos del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria del Sistema Único de Salud. Se utilizó la regresión lineal generalizada de Prais-Winsten para calcular la tendencia de las hospitalizaciones; los análisis se realizaron con el software Stata 14.0. La tendencia se consideró descendente cuando p-valor < 0,05 y coeficiente de regresión negativo. Resultados: 423.290 hospitalizaciones ocurrieron en Brasil en el período. Los datos analizados permitieron observar una tendencia decreciente en las tasas en adultos por esta causa en Brasil (p-valor < 0,001; IC95% -0,094;-0,079) y en todas las regiones para ambos sexos (p-valor< 0,001). Conclusión: hubo una reducción en las hospitalizaciones por trastornos mentales y comportamentales debido al consumo de alcohol en Brasil y regiones.

Objetivo: analisar a tendência das taxas de internações por transtornos mentais e comportamentais devidos ao uso de álcool (CID-10: F10.0), Brasil e suas cinco regiões, 2010-2020. Métodos: estudo ecológico de série temporal, com dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde; para o cálculo da tendência de internações, utilizou-se a regressão generalizada linear de Prais-Winsten e o software estatístico Stata 14.0; considerou-se tendência declinante quando p-valor < 0,05, com coeficiente da regressão negativo. Resultados: no período analisado, ocorreram 423.290 internações por transtornos mentais e comportamentais decorrentes do uso do álcool, no país; os dados analisados permitiram observar uma tendência declinante das taxas de internação de adultos por essa causa no país p-valor < 0,001; IC95% -0,094;-0,079) e em todas as suas regiões, para ambos os sexos (p-valor < 0,001). Conclusão: as internações por transtornos mentais e comportamentais devidos ao uso de álcool se reduziram, no Brasil e em suas macrorregiões.

Tasa de mortalidad por síndrome de dependencia del alcohol 2016-2020 en Chile / Alcohol use disorder-related mortality rate 2016-2020 in Chile

Introducción: El consumo de alcohol es un problema a nivel mundial. En Chile es la droga más consumida, y en cantidades mayores que otros países de la región. Debido a la alta prevalencia y la gran cantidad de complicaciones asociadas, se describió la tasa de mortalidad por síndrome de dependencia del alcohol (SDA) entre los años 2016-2020 en Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, ecológico y descriptivo. La población correspondió a todos los fallecidos por SDA como causa básica en Chile entre 2016-2020 utilizando fuente Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud. Se calculó la tasa de mortalidad según sexo, grupo etario y región con un total de 710 personas. Resultados: Durante el período 2016-2020 se observó un aumento de la tasa de mortalidad principalmente en 2020. Respecto al sexo, predominó la tasa de mortalidad en hombres. El grupo etario con mayor tasa de mortalidad fue el de 65-79. El promedio más alto de la tasa de mortalidad entre los años 2016 y 2020 es el de la región de Los Lagos (2,09) y una desviación estándar de (1,05). Discusión: Resulta interesante que la tasa de mortalidad promedio atribuible al alcohol es menor en Chile y Estados Unidos que en otros países de América. Tanto en Chile como en Argentina y Cuba la tasa de mortalidad es mayor en hombres, sin embargo, en relación al rango etario, el predominio de las tasas varía en la región.

Introduction: Alcohol consumption is a worldwide problem that has been steadily increasing. Chile is among the countries with the highest alcohol consumption per capita in Latin America. Due to the high prevalence and the large number of associated complications, we described the mortality rate due to alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS) between the years 2016-2020 in Chile. Material y methods: Observational, ecological and descriptive study. The population corresponded to all deaths due to ADS as a basic cause in Chile between 2016-2020 using source Department of Health Statistics and Information. The mortality rate was calculated according to sex, age group and region with a total of 710 people. Results: During the period 2016-2020, an increase in the mortality rate was observed mainly in 2020. Regarding sex, the mortality rate was predominantly in men. The age group with the highest mortality rate was 65-79. The highest average mortality rate between 2016 and 2020 is that of the Los Lagos region (2,09) and a standard deviation of (1,05). Discussion: Interestingly, the average alcohol-attributable mortality rate is lower in Chile and the United States than in other countries in the Americas. In Chile as well as in Argentina and Cuba, the mortality rate is higher in men, however in relation to age range, the predominance of rates varies across the region.

Road traffic injuries and substance use among emergency department patients in the Dominican Republic and Peru / Traumatismos causados por el tránsito y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en pacientes del departamento de urgencias en Perú y República Dominicana / Lesões por acidentes de trânsito e uso de substâncias químicas em pacientes que deram entrada no setor de emergência na República Dominicana e Peru

ABSTRACT Objective. To report demographic and substance use characteristics and risk of road traffic injury (RTI) from alcohol use, cannabis use, and combined use in a sample of emergency department patients from two countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods. A cross-sectional study in which patients 18 years and older admitted within six hours of suffering an RTI to one emergency department in Santa Domingo, Dominican Republic (n = 501) and in Lima, Peru (n = 431) were interviewed. Case-crossover analysis, based on self-reported use prior to the RTI, was used to analyze risk from alcohol, cannabis, and co-use. Results. Overall, 15.3% reported alcohol use prior to the event and 2.5% cannabis use. Drivers using alcohol only were over twice as likely to have an RTI (OR = 2.46, p < 0.001), and nearly eight times more likely if using both alcohol and cannabis (OR = 6.89, p < 0.01), but risk was not elevated for cannabis alone. Significant differences were not found for passengers or pedestrians. Conclusions. Risk of RTI for drivers in these two samples is significantly elevated from alcohol use, and more so for co-use with cannabis. Differences between the two countries underscore the need for similar data from the region to determine risk of RTI from substance use, including risk for passengers and pedestrians. Data suggest that alcohol contributes significantly to the burden of RTI, which calls for more stringent enforcement of alcohol control policy related to drink driving in the region.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Presentar las características demográficas y de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y el riesgo de traumatismos causados por el tránsito debidos al consumo de alcohol, cannabis y su consumo combinado en una muestra de pacientes del departamento de urgencias de dos países de América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en que se entrevistaron pacientes de 18 años o más ingresados en las siguientes seis horas de haber recibido traumatismos causados por el tránsito en un departamento de urgencias en Lima (Perú) (n = 431) y en Santo Domingo (República Dominicana) (n = 501). Se empleó el análisis de cruce de casos, basado en el consumo autoinformado con anterioridad a los traumatismos causados por el tránsito, para evaluar el riesgo por consumo de alcohol, cannabis y consumo combinado. Resultados. En términos generales, 15,3% notificó consumo de alcohol con anterioridad al evento y 2,5%, consumo de cannabis. Los conductores que consumieron alcohol únicamente tuvieron más del doble de probabilidades de sufrir traumatismos causados por el tránsito (OR = 2,46, p < 0,001) y casi ocho veces más probabilidades si consumieron tanto alcohol como cannabis (OR = 6,89, p < 0,01), si bien el riesgo no fue tan elevado para el consumo único de cannabis. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en pasajeros o peatones. Conclusiones. El riesgo de sufrir traumatismos causados por el tránsito para los conductores en estas dos muestras es significativamente más elevado por el consumo de alcohol y más aún por el consumo combinado con cannabis. Las diferencias entre ambos países ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de obtener datos similares sobre la región para determinar el riesgo de sufrir traumatismos causados por el tránsito debidos al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, así como el riesgo para pasajeros y peatones. Los datos indican que el alcohol agrava significativamente la carga de los traumatismos causados por el tránsito, lo que exige un cumplimiento más estricto de las políticas de control del alcohol relacionadas con la conducción bajo los efectos del alcohol en la región.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever as características demográficas e uso de substâncias químicas e o risco de lesões por acidentes de trânsito associados ao consumo de álcool, uso de cannabis (maconha) e uso combinado de álcool e cannabis em uma amostra de pacientes que deram entrada no setor de emergência em dois países da América Latina e no Caribe. Métodos. Estudo transversal em que foram entrevistados pacientes maiores de 18 anos que deram entrada no setor de emergência no espaço de seis horas após sofrerem lesões por acidentes de trânsito em Santo Domingo, na República Dominicana (n = 501), e em Lima, Peru (n = 431). Foi realizada uma análise cruzada de casos com dados obtidos do autorrelato do uso de substâncias químicas anterior ao acidente de trânsito para avaliar o risco associado ao consumo de álcool, uso de cannabis e uso combinado. Resultados. Dos pacientes entrevistados, 15,3% relataram consumo de álcool e 2,5% referiram uso de cannabis antes do acidente. Os condutores que fizeram uso de álcool tiveram uma chance duas vezes maior de ter lesões por acidente de trânsito (OR = 2,46, p < 0,001) e uma chance de cerca de oito vezes maior com o uso combinado de álcool e cannabis (OR = 6,89, p < 0,01). Porém, o risco não foi elevado com o uso somente de cannabis. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no risco para passageiros ou pedestres. Conclusões. Verificou-se que o risco de lesões por acidentes de trânsito para os condutores nas duas amostras estudadas foi significativamente elevado com o consumo de álcool e foi ainda maior com o uso combinado de álcool e cannabis. As diferenças entre os dois países reforçam a necessidade de dados semelhantes da Região para determinar o risco de lesões por acidentes de trânsito com o uso de substâncias químicas, inclusive para determinar o risco para passageiros e pedestres. Os dados indicam que o álcool contribui significativamente à carga de lesões por acidentes de trânsito requerendo o cumprimento mais rigoroso da política de controle do consumo de álcool associado à condução de veículos na Região.

Alcohol use, abuse and dependence among elderly in outpatient treatment through the application of AUDIT

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To identify or use alcohol abuse and abuse in the IAMSPE elderly, through the application of AUDIT, socioeconomic characterization of the elderly, and problems associated with drinking and weight, if there is a relationship between depression and alcohol abuse. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and descriptive study with a quantitative approach. One hundred elderly patients were interviewed to apply a socioeconomic form and to assess alcohol consumption from AUDIT. RESULTS correlation between alcohol consumption and female gender (p = 0.021). Most of the participants were between 60 and 79 years old, were female, had a partner, had completed elementary school, had income and selected house, were retired and unemployed. CONCLUSION In the present study, we found no correlation between alcohol abuse and depression; Only one correlation was found between male gender and higher alcohol abuse. However, a significant prevalence of moderate use of high alcohol was found (3.9% in women and 21.7% in men), i.e., it poses a risk to the health of the elderly.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar o uso, abuso e dependência de álcool em idosos do ambulatório do Iamspe, por meio da aplicação do Audit, através da caracterização socioeconômica dos idosos e dos problemas associados pelo consumo e pesar se há relação entre depressão e uso abusivo ou dependência de álcool. MÉTODOS Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, exploratório e descritivo de abordagem quantitativa. Foram entrevistados cem pacientes idosos para aplicação de um formulário socioeconômico e de avaliação do consumo de álcool, a partir da Audit. RESULTADOS Verificou-se correlação entre o consumo de álcool e sexo feminino (p=0,021). A maioria dos participantes estava na faixa etária entre 60 e 79 anos, era do sexo feminino, tinha companheiro(a), com ensino fundamental completo, renda e casa próprias, era aposentada e desocupada. CONCLUSÃO No presente estudo não verificamos correlação entre abuso de álcool e depressão; somente foi encontrada a correlação entre sexo masculino e maior uso abusivo de álcool. No entanto, encontrou-se prevalência significativa de uso moderado a alto de álcool (3,9% em mulheres e 21,7% em homens), o que, por si, traz risco para a saúde de idosos.

The effects of sexual violence experienced in childhood and adolescence on undergraduate students / Os impactos da violência sexual vivida na infância e adolescência em universitários

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of adolescents and young adults who were victims of sexual violence at some point in their lives and to compare the presence of depressive and anxious symptoms, quality of life, and use of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs among this population and those who were not abused. METHODS: Validated questionnaires and instruments were applied in a group of university students to assess: sexual profile and behavior, socioeconomic status, presence or not of sexual violence (Questionnaire on Exposure to Traumatizing Events), depressive (Beck Depression Inventory) and anxious symptoms (Beck Anxiety Inventory), quality of life (World Health Organization's Quality of Life Assessment) and the use or abuse of tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs (Smoking, Alcohol, and Substance Involvement Screening Test). RESULTS: Out of the 858 students who participated, 71 (8.3%) were victims of sexual violence, 52 girls (73.2%). In the victims of violence group there were more students who already had the first sexual intercourse (p = 0.029), students who already had become pregnant (p = 0.001), students with higher scores for depressive (p < 0.001) and anxious symptoms (p = 0.001), students with worse quality of life (p < 0.001), and who used more tobacco (p = 0.008) and marijuana (p = 0.025) as well as abused hypnotics or sedatives (p = 0.048) than in the non-victim group. CONCLUSION: The abuses are presented in several forms and affect, even in long term, the survivors' life. The sexual violence theme should be addressed and widely discussed in all spheres of society in order to mobilize, to sensitize, and provide society with knowledge, demystifying this subject and drawing attention to this important social issue.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Investigar a prevalência de adolescentes e adultos jovens que foram vítimas de violência sexual em algum momento da vida e comparar a presença de sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, qualidade de vida e uso de álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas entre esta população e a que não sofreu abuso. MÉTODOS: Aplicaram-se questionários e instrumentos validados, em uma população de estudantes universitários, para avaliar: perfil e comportamento sexual, nível socioeconômico, presença ou não de violência sexual (Questionário sobre a Exposição a Eventos Traumatizantes), sintomas depressivos (Inventário de Depressão de Beck) e ansiosos (Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck), qualidade de vida (World Health Organization's Quality of Life Assessment) e o uso ou abuso de tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas (Teste para Triagem do Envolvimento com Fumo, Álcool e Outras Drogas). RESULTADOS: Dos 858 alunos que responderam à pesquisa, 71 (8,3%) foram vítimas de violência sexual, sendo 52 meninas (73,2%). No grupo vítima de abuso havia mais alunos que já tinham tido a coitarca (p = 0,029), alunas que já engravidaram (p = 0,001), estudantes com maiores escores para sintomas depressivos (p < 0,001) e ansiosos (p = 0,001), alunos com pior qualidade de vida (p < 0,001) e que usavam mais tabaco (p = 0,008) e maconha (p = 0,025) bem como abusavam de hipnóticos ou sedativos (p = 0,048) que no grupo não vítima. CONCLUSÃO: Os impactos causados pelo abuso são diversos e afetam, mesmo no longo prazo, a vida dos sobreviventes. Abordar o tema e o discutir, amplamente, em todas as esferas da sociedade é uma forma de mobilizar, sensibilizar e instrumentalizar o coletivo, desmistificando o assunto e chamando atenção para essa importante questão social.

Associações entre polimorfismos genéticos da álcool: desidrogenase e o transtorno por uso de álcool / Associations between genetic polymorphisms of alcohol: dehydrogenase and alcohol use disorder

O transtorno por uso de álcool (TUA) é influenciado pela genética, principalmente na metabolização do etanol. Os genes da álcool desidrogenase (ADH1B/ADH1C), enzima que transforma o etanol, apresentam SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) que resultam em isoenzimas com diferentes taxas catalíticas. Estudos demonstraram que os SNPs Arg48His, Arg370Cys, Arg272Gln e Ile350Val contribuem para o TUA. Este artigo revisou os estudos que investigaram SNPs em ADH1B (Arg48His/Arg370Cys) e ADH1C (Arg272Gln/Ile350Val), bem como avaliou as variações nas frequências alélicas desses genes e a influência no TUA nas diferentes populações no mundo. As frequências alélicas dos polimorfismos foram comparadas pelos testes qui-quadrado de Pearson e exato de Fisher (p < 0,05). O SNP Arg48His confere proteção para o TUA em euroamericanos, latino-americanos, europeus, brasileiros, asiáticos e australianos. O SNP Arg370Cys confere proteção para o TUA em afrodescendentes. Os SNPs Arg272Gln e Ile350Val predispõem o TUA principalmente em europeus. Os SNPs Arg48His, Arg370Cys e Arg272Gln/Ile350Val foram mais frequentes em amostras de leste-asiáticos (69,7%), africanos (19,1%) e europeus (40,5%), respectivamente (p < 0,01). Os diferentes alelos dos genes ADH1B/ADH1C devido a SNPs têm uma importante contribuição no TUA. As frequências desses alelos variam conforme a população, resultando em diferentes efeitos no TUA. (AU)

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is influenced by genetics, especially in the metabolism of ethanol. The ethanol dehydrogenase genes (ADH1B/ADH1C), which convert ethanol, have single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that result in isoenzymes with different catalytic rates. Studies have shown that the Arg48His, Arg370Cys, Arg272Gln, and Ile350Val SNPs contribute to AUD. This article reviewed the studies that investigated SNPs in ADH1B (Arg48His/Arg370Cys) and ADH1C (Arg272Gln/Ile350Val) and evaluated variations in the allele frequencies of these genes and their influence on AUD in different populations worldwide. The allele frequencies of the polymorphisms were compared by Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (p < 0.05). The Arg48His SNP provides protection against AUD in Euro-Americans, Latin Americans, Europeans, Brazilians, Asians, and Australians. The Arg370Cys SNP provides protection against AUD in Afro-descendants. The Arg272Gln and Ile350Val SNPs predispose to AUD mainly in Europeans. The Arg48His, Arg370Cys, and Arg272Gln/Ile350Val SNPs were more frequent in East Asians (69.7%), Africans (19.1%), and Europeans (40.5%), respectively (p < 0.01). The different alleles of the ADH1B/ADH1C genes due to SNPs make an important contribution to AUD. The frequencies of these alleles vary among different populations, resulting in different effects on AUD..(AU)

Abuso de alcohol y sustancias en usuarios en situación calle / Alcohol and substance abuse in street users

En este trabajo de revisión se llama la atención acerca de que los trastornos por dependencia a sustancias representan como conjunto el problema de salud mental más frecuente dentro de la población en situación calle pero que también corresponden a una de sus causas, soliendo asociarse a la alta mortalidad de estas personas. Como aporte al enfrentamiento de este tópico médico y social, se hacen consideraciones relacionadas con las dependencias en esta población acerca de temas como el problema original, las necesidades, el papel de la resiliencia, el fenómeno de la fragilidad neurobiológica y el abordaje de la adicción desde el punto de vista del trauma psíquico. Palabras claves: abuso de alcohol, usuarios en situación calle, esfuerzos terapéuticos.

In this revision work, attention is drawn to the fact that substance-related disorders represent, as a whole, the most frequent mental health problem within the population in a street situation but that they also correspond to one of their causes, usually associated with the high mortality of these people. As a contribution to the confrontation of this medical and social topic, considerations related to dependencies in this population are made about issues such as the original problem, the needs, the role of resilience, the phenomenon of neurobiological fragility and the approach to addiction from the point of view of psychic trauma

Psychoactive substance abuse and dependence and its association with anxiety disorders: a population-based study of young adults in Brazil

Objective: To evaluate the association between abuse of and dependence on different psychoactive substances and the presence of anxiety disorders in a sample of young adults from a city in southern Brazil. Methods: Between 2007 and 2009, we carried out a cross-sectional, population-based study of individuals aged 18-24 years who lived in Pelotas, a city in southern Brazil. We evaluated anxiety disorders using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 (MINI), and use of psychoactive substances with the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST 2.0/0MS). We used Fisher's exact test for univariate analysis, and Poisson regression models with robust variance for multivariable analysis. Results: The sample consisted of 1,560 young adults. The overall prevalence of abuse/dependence was 26.9% for alcohol, 24.9% for tobacco, and 7.3% for illicit substances. Individuals with agoraphobia had a 32% higher prevalence of tobacco abuse/dependence (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.32 [95%CI 1.01-1.74]). Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) had a 2.41-fold (95%CI 1.22-4.77) and 1.76-fold (95%CI 1.00-3.11) higher prevalence of illicit substance abuse/dependence, respectively. Conclusion: In this population-based sample, we found associations between GAD, PTSD, and increased prevalence of illicit substance abuse/dependence. In addition, individuals with agoraphobia seem to have increased tobacco abuse/dependence.

Consumo de bebida alcoólica entre fumicultores: prevalência e fatores associados / Alcohol consumption among tobacco farmers: prevalence and associated factors

Resumo Resultados Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever a prevalência do beber pesado e o consumo de risco de bebida alcoólica e fatores associados em agricultores que cultivam fumo. Foi realizado estudo transversal em 2469 fumicultores, maiores de 18 anos, no ano de 2011. Foi considerado consumo de risco de bebida alcoólica a ingestão de 3 ou mais doses padrão por dia em homens e 2 ou mais em mulheres. O beber pesado foi a ingestão de 15 ou mais doses padrão por semana em homens e 8 ou mais em mulheres. Foi realizada análise multivariada hierarquizada, que examinou a associação com variáveis socioeconômicas, comportamentais e ocupacionais. : A prevalência do consumo de risco e beber pesado foi 4,7% e 1,09% em mulheres e 30,8% e 4,8% em homens, respectivamente. Foram associados com consumo de risco em homens e mulheres: o percentual da renda representado pelo fumo (RP 1,3 e 0,4), ser empregado (RP 1,3 e 3,1) e uso de agrotóxico (RP 1,5 e 2,1), respectivamente. Foi associado a beber pesado em homens: perda da lavoura (RP 1,6), participação em atividades religiosas (RP 0,3) e horas de trabalho agrícola (RP 0,6). Existe associação de fatores ocupacionais com o consumo de risco de bebidas alcoólicas em homens. Os fatores associados variam conforme o padrão de consumo avaliado.

Abstract Results This study aims to describe the prevalence of heavy drinking, high-risk alcohol consumption and associated factors among tobacco farmers. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 2,469 tobacco farmers over 18 years old in 2011. High-risk alcohol consumption was considered the intake of three or more standard doses per day for men or two or more for women. Heavy drinking was considered the intake of four or more standard doses per day for men and three or more for women. Hierarchical multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the association with socioeconomic, behavioral, and occupational variables. : The prevalence of high-risk and heavy drinking was of 4.7% and 1.09% among women and 30.8% and 4.8% among men, respectively. The factors associated with high-risk drinking for men and women were the percentage of income tobacco accounted for (PR 1.3 and 0.4), being an employee (PR 1.3 and 3.1), and use of pesticides (PR 1.5 and 2.1), respectively. Heavy drinking among men was associated with losing the crop (PR 1.6), attending religious activities (PR 0.3), and hours working in agriculture (PR 0.6). Occupational factors were associated wit high-risk alcohol consumption among men. The associated factors vary according to the pattern of consumption assessed.

Uso de sustancias psicoactivas y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes escolarizados / Psychoactive substances use and health-related quality of life among school age adolescents

Background The use of psychoactive substances among adolescents is a major social and public health concern. Aim To analyze association of substance abuse and multiple drug use with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents attending a high school in Valparaiso, Chile. Material and Methods Analytical cross-sectional study conducted in a sample of adolescents attending high school. HRQOL was assessed using KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire and substance use was measured using the Global school-based student health survey. Participants had to complete online, self-administered, anonymous questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate Odd ratios. Results A total of 550 adolescents aged 16 ± 1 years old completed the questionnaires. Thirty nine percent consumed alcohol during the last month, 31% smoked, 33% used marijuana and 33% admitted the use of multiple drugs. High-risk alcohol consumption was associated with a lower perception of psychological well-being, self-perception and school environment. This last dimension was affected in those who admitted marijuana use during the last month. Multiple drug use (three substances) was associated with a lower perception of physical and psychological well-being, self-perception, relationship with parents, family life and school environment. Conclusions High-risk alcohol consumption and multiple drug use (three substances) have a negative impact on the HRQOL of school age adolescents.

Daño a niños y sus familias por el consumo de alcohol: resultados de una encuesta poblacional / Alcohol's impact on children and families: A population survey

Introducción Entre los adultos jóvenes el uso de alcohol es frecuente. Este consumo puede afectar negativamente a los menores que conviven con ellos, lo que constituye el objetivo de este estudio, que forma parte de un estudio colaborativo internacional financiado por Thai Health y la OMS. Sujetos y método Se describen los efectos negativos en niños, mediante un muestreo multietápico, aplicando una entrevista adaptada por los coinvestigadores a 1.500 chilenos de más de 18 años. Resultados Un total de 408 encuestados (27,2%) convivían con niños en el hogar. De ese total, el 10,5% estimó que el uso de alcohol de algún miembro de la familia había afectado negativamente a un niño. Los efectos más comunes fueron la violencia verbal (29,7%), presenciar violencia en el hogar (23,1%), ausencia de supervisión (18,7%), falta de dinero para proveer necesidades básicas (14,3%) y violencia física (7,7%). Casi en la mitad de los casos (46,3%) el bebedor era el padre o la madre, el padrastro/madrastra, o la pareja de la madre/padre, luego venían otros parientes (24,4%), un hermano/a del niño (4,9%) o un tutor del niño (2,4%). Conclusión Estos datos corroboran la observación clínica de que el consumo de alcohol es frecuente en los hogares. El consumo excesivo daña la salud física y mental no solo del bebedor sino también de quienes lo rodean. La violencia verbal y ser testigo de violencia grave en el hogar son frecuentes, así como los problemas económicos al no poder proveer sus necesidades básicas.

Introduction Alcohol is widely used among young families, and leisure time is frequently family time. Heavy alcohol consumption can adversely affect children. The objective of this work is to measure the harm to others in Chile. Subjects and method This descriptive and probabilistic study forms part of a collaborative research funded by Thai Health and WHO. The survey was adapted by co-researchers and applied to a nationally representative sample of 1500 Chileans over 18 years of age. Results A total of 408 respondents (27.2%) lived with children at home. Of this total, 10.5% felt that the use of alcohol by any member of the family had adversely affected a child. The most common adverse effects were verbal violence (29.7%), domestic violence (23.1%), unsupervised homes (18.7%), lack of money to provide basic needs of the child (14.3%), and physical violence (7.7%). Furthermore, in 6.6% of the cases child or family services agencies became involved. In almost half of the cases (46.3%), the drinker was the father, mother or step-parents. This was followed by other relatives (24.4%) and brothers (4.9%), or guardian of the child (2.4%). Conclusion These data support the clinical observation that alcohol is common in Chilean homes. Its consumption not only damages the physical and mental health of the drinker but also those around him. Verbal violence and witnessing serious physical violence are frequent issues, as well as economic problems that end up with the inability to provide the child with its basic needs.

Alcohol use disorders and psychiatric diseases in Colombia / Desórdenes y enfermedad psiquiátrica causada por el uso de alcohol en Colombia

Background: An accurate understanding of co-occurrence and comorbidity of alcohol use disorders (AUD) in Colombia is crucial for public health. Objective: A secondary analysis was conducted, using a 2003/2004 government´s population database to determine the lifetime associations between AUD and other mental and addictive disorders in people of Colombia aged 18-65 years. Methods: Several statistical analysis were performed: testing prevalence difference in mental disorders by whether the individual had an AUD; a stratified analysis by gender and logistic regression analyses accounting for differences in demographic, socio-economic, behavioral and self-reported health status variables. Results: People with AUD comprised 9% of the population, of which 88% were males and on average 37 years old. They were more likely to be males, be working, and be current smokers; and less likely to be at home or retired. The population with AUD had greater chance to comply with criteria for all disorders but minor depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, nicotine dependence, and oppositional defiant disorder. Conclusion:This study demonstrates a high prevalence of mental disorders in the adult population with AUD in Colombia. The findings highlight the importance of comorbidity as a sign of disease severity and impact on public health and supports the need for training of more professionals and developing appropriate interventions and services.

Antecedentes: Una comprensión precisa de la co-ocurrencia y la comorbilidad de los trastornos por consumo de alcohol (AUD) en Colombia es crucial para la salud pública. Objetivo: Se realizó un análisis secundario, utilizando una base de datos gubernamental de población 2003/2004 para determinar las asociaciones de vida entre los trastornos por consumo de alcohol y otros trastornos mentales y adictivos en personas de edades comprendidas entre 18 a 65 años de Colombia. Métodos: Varios análisis estadísticos se realizaron: pruebas de diferencia en la prevalencia de los trastornos mentales en función de si el individuo tenía un AUD; un análisis estratificado por sexo y análisis de regresión logística teniendo en cuenta las diferencias en las variables del estado de salud, demográficas, socioeconómicas, de comportamiento y de auto-reporte. Resultados: las personas con AUD fueron el 9% de la población, de los cuales 88% eran varones y en promedio tenían 37 años. Estas personas tenían trabajo y eran fumadores activos; y tenían menos probabilidad de estar en casa o ser jubilados. La población con AUD tenía mayores posibilidades de cumplir con los criterios de todos los trastornos, excepto el trastorno depresivo menor, el trastorno de estrés posttraumático, la dependencia a la nicotina, y el trastorno oposicional desafiante. Conclusión: Este estudio demuestra una alta prevalencia de trastornos mentales en la población adulta con trastornos por consumo de alcohol en Colombia. Los resultados destacan la importancia de la comorbilidad como un signo de gravedad de la enfermedad e impacto en la salud pública y apoyan la necesidad de formación de más profesionales y el desarrollo de intervenciones y servicios apropiados.

Cost of diseases related to alcohol consumption in the Brazilian unified health system / Custos de doenças relacionadas ao consumo de álcool no sistema único de saúde

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the direct costs associated to outpatient and hospital care of diseases related to alcohol consumption in the Brazilian Unified Health System. METHODS Attributable populational risks were estimated for the selected diseases related to the use of 25 g/day or more of ethanol (risk consumption), considering a relative risk (RR) ≥ 1.20. The RR estimates were obtained from three meta-analysis. The risk consumption rates of the Brazilian population ≥ 18 years old were obtained by a national survey. Data from the Hospital Information System of SUS (HIS-SUS) were used to estimate the annual costs of the health system with the diseases included in the analysis. RESULTS The total estimated costs for a year regarding diseases related to risk consumption were U$8,262,762 (US$4,413,670 and US$3,849,092, for outpatient and hospital care, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Risk consumption of alcohol is an important economic and health problem, impacting significantly the health system and society.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar os custos diretos associados ao atendimento ambulatorial e hospitalar de doenças relacionadas com o consumo de álcool no Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro. MÉTODOS Riscos atribuíveis populacionais foram calculados para doenças selecionadas relacionadas ao uso de 25 g/dia ou mais de etanol (consumo de risco), considerando-se o risco relativo (RR) ≥ 1,.20. As estimativas de RR foram obtidas a partir de três meta-análises e as taxas de consumo de risco em brasileiros ≥ 18 anos obtidos em pesquisa nacional. Os dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH-SUS) e do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS (SIA-SUS) foram utilizados para estimar os custos anuais do SUS com as doenças incluídas na análise. RESULTADOS Os custos totais estimados em um ano com todas as doenças relacionadas com consumo de risco foram US$8.262.762 (US$4.413.670 e US$3.849.092 para pacientes ambulatoriais e internados, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES Consumo de risco de álcool representa importante problema econômico e de saúde, com um impacto significativo para o sistema de saúde e para a sociedade.

Moderators of the association between discrimination and alcohol consumption: findings from a representative sample of Brazilian university students / Moderadores da associação entre padrão de consumo de álcool e discriminação: resultados de uma amostra representativa de universitários brasileiros

Introduction: Few studies about discrimination and patterns of alcohol consumption among youth populations have been conducted outside the United States addressing different types of discriminatory experiences, in addition to racially motivated events. This study investigated moderators of the association between discrimination attributed to single and multiple reasons and patterns of alcohol consumption. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled a representative sample (n = 1,264) of undergraduate students from Florianópolis, southern Brazil, in 2013. Analyses included adjustment of associations for covariates in ordinal logistic regression models and the examination of effect modification by common mental disorders, year of study and age. Results: Discrimination was reported by 65.8% of the students, and alcohol consumption, by 80.0%. Over half of the students reported being discriminated against for two or more reasons. The odds of alcohol-related problems were higher among lastyear students that reported discrimination (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.0-3.4) or multiple reasons for being discriminated against (OR = 2.3, 95%CI 1.3- 4.3), when compared to first-year students that did not report discrimination. For the whole sample, there were no associations between discrimination, discrimination attributed to multiple reasons and patterns of alcohol consumption (OR = 1.0, 95%CI 0.8-1.4; and OR = 0.9, 95%CI 0.5-1.6). Conclusions: The effects of discrimination on the patterns of alcohol consumption are seen at a critical period in university life, specifically during the completion of undergraduate studies. .

Introdução: Há uma escassez de estudos sobre discriminação e consumo de álcool conduzidos fora dos Estados Unidos com populações jovens e abordando outros tipos de discriminação, além da racial. Este estudo investigou a associação entre experiências de discriminação, suas motivações e consumo de álcool, conforme potenciais modificadores de efeito. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com amostra representativa (n = 1.264) de graduandos de uma universidade pública de Florianópolis, sul do Brasil, em 2013. As associações foram ajustadas para covariáveis através de regressão logística ordinal, incluindo modificação de efeito por transtornos mentais comuns, ano de estudo e idade. Resultados: Entre os estudantes, 65,8% relataram ter sofrido discriminação, e 80,0 % referiram consumir álcool. Mais da metade dos estudantes indicou que suas experiências de discriminação foram motivadas por duas ou mais razões. A chance de apresentar problemas relacionados ao consumo de álcool foi maior entre os alunos do último ano da graduação, que referiram discriminação (odds ratio [OR] = 1,9, intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 1,0-3,4) ou múltiplas motivações para terem sido discriminados (OR = 2,3, IC95% 1,3-4,3), quando comparados com os calouros, que não relatam discriminação. Para o conjunto da amostra, não houve associação entre discriminação, suas motivações e o padrão de consumo de álcool (OR = 1,0, IC95% 0,8-1,4 e OR = 0,9, IC95% 0,5-1,6). Conclusões: Os efeitos da discriminação sobre o padrão de consumo de álcool se manifestam em um período crítico da vida universitária, especificamente durante a finalização dos estudos de graduação. .

Sofrimento psíquico em adolescentes associado ao alcoolismo familiar: possíveis fatores de risco / Psychological distress in adolescents associated with family alcoholism: possible risk factors

Objetivou-se identificar fatores de risco preditores para sofrimento psíquico em adolescentes que convivem ou não com familiares alcoolistas. Estudo epidemiológico que selecionou 211 adolescentes em sofrimento psíquico a partir de uma amostra de 715 estudantes da rede estadual de ensino de João Pessoa/PB- Brasil. Os dados foram coletados utilizando-se três instrumentos: CAGE-familiar; Self-Reporting Questionnaire e um questionário estruturado. Para a análise, empregou-se o modelo de regressão logística. Evidenciou-se que adolescentes que conviviam com pais alcoolistas, cujas mães apresentavam maior nível de escolaridade, tiveram menor chance de manifestarem adoecimento psíquico (OR=0,63). Entre os adolescentes que não conviviam com familiares alcoolistas, a maior chance para manifestação do agravo esteve associada ao nível de escolaridade paterna (OR=1,2), ser do sexo feminino (OR=1,8) e pertencer à família de modelo não nuclear. O planejamento de ações/intervenções que favoreçam a construção efetiva de cuidados a esses indivíduos deve considerar as singularidades socioculturais do contexto familiar.

The aim of this study was to identify predictive risk factors for psychological distress in adolescents who live or do not live with alcoholic family members. An epidemiological study was conducted with a selection of 211 adolescents un-der psychological distress from a sample of 715 students from the state education network of João Pessoa, state of Paraíba, Brazil. Data were collected using three instruments: the Family CAGE; the Self-reporting Questionnaire and a structured questionnaire. The logistic regression model was used for analysis. The results evidenced that adolescents who lived with alcoholic family members whose mothers had higher education levels had lower chances of manifest-ing psychological illnesses (OR = 0.63). Among adolescents who did not live with alcoholic family members, the highest chances for manifesting illnesses were associated with the education level of their fathers (OR = 1.2), being female (OR = 1.8), and belonging to a non-nuclear family. The planning of actions/interventions that favor the effective construction of care for these individuals must take into consideration the socio-cultural singularities of the family con-text.

Characteristics and Factors Associated with Problem Drinking in Male Workers

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the characteristics and factors related to problem drinking in male workers. METHODS: This study was conducted using a cross-sectional survey and 232 male workers, who completed self-reported questionnaires addressing alcohol consumption, drinking motives, job stress, supervisor/coworker support, and family support. Multivariate analysis was used to uncover factors associated with problem drinking. RESULTS: As compared with normal alcohol users, problem drinkers were more likely to smoke and had greater family support and coping motivations, and fewer confirmatory motives. Problem drinking was found to be related to perceived health status (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.64, 0.95]), current smoking (adjusted OR = 2.79, 95% CI [1.26, 6.18]), family support (adjusted OR = 2.04, 95% CI [1.23, 3.39]), confirmatory motivation (adjusted OR = 0.60, 95% CI [0.37, 0.96]), and coping (adjusted OR = 1.79, 95% CI [1.04, 3.07]). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that any interventions targeting problem drinking among male workers must address smoking cessation, control of stress, and the improvement of drinking subculture in the workplace.

Who seeks public treatment for substance abuse in Brazil? Results of a multicenter study involving four Brazilian state capitals / Quem procura tratamento para abuso de substância na rede pública no Brasil? Resultados de um estudo multicêntrico envolvendo quatro capitais brasileiras

OBJECTIVE: To assess the characteristics of alcohol and drug users who seek treatment at the Brazilian Unified Health System in Brazil. METHOD: A multicenter cross-sectional study involving five clinical and research centers located in four Brazilian state capitals was conducted with 740 in- and outpatients. The only exclusion criterion was the presence of neurological or severe psychiatric symptoms at the moment of the interview. The Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6) and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) were used to assess the severity of substance use and the problems related. RESULTS: There were significantly more men than women in the sample; mean age was 36 years. The drug most frequently used at all sites was alcohol (78%), followed by cocaine/crack (51%). Alcohol was the drug that most commonly motivated treatment seeking, at all centers. ASI-6 Summary Scores for Recent Functioning (SS-Rs) were quite similar among centers. SS-Rs were compared between users who had never received treatment for psychoactive substance abuse (n = 265, 36.1%) and those who had already been treated at one or more occasions (n = 470, 63.9%). This analysis revealed significant differences between the groups in the drug, psychiatric symptoms, legal, and family/social problems areas (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings confirm previous evidence suggesting that the management of patients seeking drug abuse treatment should take several different aspects into consideration, e.g., education, employment, and family relationships, which often appear as areas of concern for these individuals (AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características dos usuários de álcool e drogas que procuram tratamento no Sistema Único de Saúde. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal multicêntrico envolvendo cinco centros clínicos/de pesquisa localizados em quatro capitais brasileiras foi realizado com 740 pacientes hospitalizados e ambulatoriais. O único critério de exclusão foi a presença de sintomas neurológicos ou psiquiátricos graves no momento da entrevista. A Escala de Gravidade de Dependência (Addiction Severity Index, ASI-6) e o teste ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test) foram utilizados para avaliar a severidade do uso de substância e problemas relacionados. RESULTADOS: Houve significativamente mais homens do que mulheres na amostra; a idade média foi de 36 anos. A droga mais usada em todos os centros foi o álcool (78%), seguido de cocaína/crack (51%). O álcool foi a droga que mais motivou procura por tratamento, em todos os centros. Os Escores Resumidos da ASI-6 para Funcionamento Recente (SS-Rs) foram bastante similares nos centros. SS-Rs foram comparados entre usuários que nunca haviam recebido tratamento para abuso de substâncias (n = 265, 36,1%) e aqueles que já haviam sido tratados uma ou mais vezes (n = 470, 63,9%). Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos nas áreas de droga, sintomas psiquiátricos e problemas legais e familiares/sociais (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos dados confirmam evidências prévias de que o manejo de pacientes que procuram tratamento para abuso de substância deve levar em conta vários aspectos, como educação, emprego e relações familiares, que normalmente geram preocupação nesses indivíduos (AU)

Consumo de alcohol en el adulto mayor chileno que viaja / Alcohol consumption among traveling Chilean older people

Background: Problems associated with alcohol consumption are prevalent in Chile, but little is known about the situation in the elderly. Aim: To perform a screening to detect alcohol-related problems and risks in the Chilean older people who travel. Material and Methods: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire was answered by 1,076 travelers aged 60 to 93 years (66% females), who participated in trips organized by the Chilean National Tourism Service (SERNATUR). Results: Seventy six percent of respondents acknowledged to have ingested an alcoholic drink during the last month. The average AUDIT score was of 2.2 ± 2.6. Only 3.7% of the sample had a score equal or higher than eight, considered as risky use. Within this last group, 60% had symptoms of alcohol dependence. A higher alcohol consumption was associated with male gender (p < 0.01), being younger than 75 years of age (p < 0.01), having a medium-low economic income (p < 0.01) and having a higher education level (p = 0.03). There was no significant association with the respondents´ occupation. Conclusions: In this sample of Chilean traveling older people, there was a high prevalence of alcohol consumption, and nearly 4% of respondents had alcohol related problems.

Nature, prevalence and risk factors of alcohol use in an urban slum of southern India.

Background. There is a paucity of data on the use of alcohol in urban slums of southern India. Methods. We screened 2811 men for alcohol use via a household-level census in an urban slum in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, and interviewed 220 age- and area-matched pairs of men drinkers and non-drinkers to examine factors associated with alcohol use. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), a standard instrument, was used to assess risk levels of drinking of 354 drinkers. Prevalence rates were calculated using ageadjusted direct standardization. Odds ratios (ORs) of drinking status and higher-risk drinking were calculated using conditional logistic regression and ordinal logistic regression, respectively. Results. Among all men, we estimated that 46.1% consumed alcohol and 31.4% were hazardous drinkers (19% increased-risk, 7.7% high-risk and 4.7% dependent drinkers). Factors associated with alcohol use were: manual labour occupations (OR 2.08); presence of a common mental disorder (OR 1.50) and smoking (OR 2.08); while Muslim religion was protective (OR 0.43). Factors associated with higher-risk alcohol use were: being reported as a non-drinker during the census (OR 3.96); presence of a common mental disorder (OR 3.83); smoking (OR 1.78); drinking before legal age of 21 years (OR 2.71); spending more than `100 per day on alcohol (OR 6.17); and mainly drinking Indian-made foreign liquor (OR 5.45). Conclusion. High prevalence of hazardous drinking and the factors associated with it suggest the need for populationwide interventions and further investigations to effectively reduce hazardous alcohol use and its harmful effects.