Amenaza del virus Chikungunya: la globalización de las enfermedades transmitidas por insecto vector / The Chikungunya threat: the globalization of vectorborne diseases

El brote de infección Chikungunya (CHIKV) que se produjo en el verano de 2007 en una zona templada del norte de Italia, constituye un nuevo modelo para la difusión de una enfermedad tropical fuera de los lugares convencionales, esta situación ha sido causada principalmente, por la peligrosa mezcla de la gran población de un competente vector, el mosquito tigre de Asia, y la posibilidad de que una persona regrese de la zona de la difusión normal de CHIKV durante la fase de viremia asintomática. Teniendo en cuenta las dificultades para controlar la propagación de Aedes albopictus y el gran número de personas que viajan hacia y desde los ámbitos de la difusión normal de las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores tropicales, pensamos que la epidemia de 2007 podría ser sólo la primera de una serie de posibles brotes. En conclusión, esta epidemia urbana de la infección CHIKV en un país templado, determina una nueva perspectiva en la preparación para las inesperadas infecciones emergentes por el virus, las que deben ser afrontadas mediante una estrategia combinada de difusión de vigilancia de vectores, y el diagnóstico inmediato de cualquier caso sospechoso de importación transmitido por vectores de enfermedades exóticas.

The outbreak of CHIKV infection that occurred in summer 2007 in a temperate area of northern Italy constitues a new model for the diffusion of a tropical disease outside the conventional locations; this situation has been caused mainly by the dangerous mixture of the large population of a highly competent vector, the Asian tiger mosquito, and the possibility that an individual comes back from the area of normal diffusion of CHIKV during the asymptomatic viremic stage. Considering the difficulties in controlling the spread of Aedes albopictus and the large number of people travelling to and from the areas of normal diffusion of vector-borne tropical diseases, we think that the 2007 epidemic could be only the first of a possible series of these aoutbreaks. In conclusion, this urban epidemic of CHIKV infection in a temperate country determines a new perspective in the preparedness to unexpected emerging virus infections that must be faced by using a combined strategy of vector diffusion monitoring and immediate diagnosis of any suspected cases of imported vector-borne exotic disease.

Clinical profile of Chikungunya in infants.

OBJECTIVE: To define the clinical manifestations of Chikungunya infection in infants. METHODS: The inclusion criteria was fever (defined as axillary temperature > 99.6 degrees F) with any one of the following features; seizure, loose stools, peripheral cyanosis, skin manifestations or pedal edema in children less than one year. Details of disease from onset of illness till admission were noted and a thorough clinical examination was done at the time of admission. Daily follow-up was performed and the serial order of appearance of clinical features was noted till complete recovery. The sera collected from patients after the 7th day of onset of fever was analyzed for specific chikungunya antibody by IgM antibody capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Fifty six (56) infants were laboratory confirmed for chikungunya, consisting of 34 (60.71%) males and 22 (39.29%) females. 4 (7.14%) infants were less than 1 month of age, 39 (69.64%) 2-6 months old and 13 (23.21%) 7-12 months old. Fever was invariably present, but associated constitutional symptoms in infants consisted of lethargy or irritability and excessive cry. The most characteristic feature of the infection in infants was acrocyanosis and symmetrical superficial vesicobullous lesions were noted in most infants. Erythematous asymmetrical macules and patches were observed which later progressed to morbiliform rashes. The face and oral cavity was spared in all observed patients. CONCLUSION: An entirely different spectrum of disease is seen in infants with chikungunya as compared to older children who need to be carefully observed for. The morbidity and mortality of the disease may be avoided by the rational use of drugs and close monitoring of all infants.