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1.
Yonsei Medical Journal ; : 671-679, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-14601

ABSTRACT

Leptin, a peptide hormone secreted by adipocytes in proportion of the amount of energy stored in fat, plays a central role in regulating human energy homeostasis. In addition, leptin plays a significant permissive role in the physiological regulation of several neuroendocrine axes, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal, -thyroid, -growth hormone, and -adrenal axes. Decreased levels of leptin, also known as hypoleptinemia, signal to the brain a state of energy deprivation. Hypoleptinemia can be a congenital or acquired condition, and is associated with alterations of the aforementioned axes aimed at promoting survival. More specifically, gonadotropin levels decrease and become less pulsatile under conditions of energy deprivation, and these changes can be at least partially reversed through leptin administration in physiological replacement doses. Similarly, leptin deficiency is associated with thyroid axis abnormalities including abnormal levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and leptin administration may at least partially attenuate this effect. Leptin deficiency results in decreased insulin-like growth factor 1 levels which can be partially ameliorated through leptin administration, and leptin appears to have a much more pronounced effect on the growth of rodents than that of humans. Similarly, adrenal axis function is regulated more tightly by low leptin in rodents than in humans. In addition to congenital leptin deficiency, conditions that may be associated with decreased leptin levels include hypothalamic amenorrhea, anorexia nervosa, and congenital or acquired lipodystrophy syndromes. Accumulating evidence from proof of concept studies suggests that leptin administration, in replacement doses, may ameliorate neuroendocrine abnormalities in individuals who suffer from these conditions.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Amenorrhea/metabolism , Leptin/blood , Neurosecretory Systems/metabolism
2.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 51(1): 11-24, fev. 2007.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-448359

ABSTRACT

O presente manuscrito teve por objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliográfica acerca do papel da leptina no balanço energético, no exercício físico e na incidência da amenorréia do esforço. A leptina é um hormônio secretado pelo tecido adiposo, reconhecido principalmente por sua ação adipostática sobre o sistema nervoso central. Esse hormônio sinaliza o hipotálamo a respeito das reservas energéticas, modulando o funcionamento dos eixos hormonais que envolvam o hipotálamo e a hipófise. A leptina tem ainda ações periféricas importantes, incluindo seu papel sobre o tecido ovariano. Os mecanismos de sinalização intracelular desse hormônio foram identificados no hipotálamo, porém em tecidos periféricos há necessidade de maiores investigações. Existe certo consenso de que quando o exercício e a ingestão alimentar são capazes de promover um balanço energético negativo, as concentrações plasmáticas de leptina diminuem, alterando conseqüentemente: a liberação hipotalâmica de GnRH (fator hipotalâmico de liberação de gonadotrofinas); a liberação hipofisária de LH (hormônio luteinizante) e FSH (hormônio folículo-estimulante). Como resultado, há menor liberação de estrógenos ovarianos. Esse processo pode iniciar a chamada amenorréia hipotalâmica funcional, com repercussões na saúde da mulher. Nessa perspectiva, a avaliação do gasto energético e a elaboração de um plano alimentar adequado em atletas são fundamentais.


The aim of this manuscript was to review the knowledge about leptin, detailing its relationship with energetic intake and physical activity. Leptin is an adipocyte hormone, recognized mainly for its putative role in control of energy expenditure, food intake, body weight and reproductive function. Leptin has still important peripheral actions, including its role on the ovarian tissue. The intracellular signaling mechanisms are recognized in hypothalamus, but in peripheral tissue are not fully understood. The exercise, when practiced by women, if not appropriately planned according to food intake, can modify the leptin release. When energy imbalances induced by exercise and/or deficient food ingestion occurs, low leptin levels are observed, leading to a reduction in GnRH (gonadotropin-release hormone), in LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) in pituitary, and consequently a minor release of ovarian estrogens. This process is named hypothalamic amenorrhea, and has repercussions in the woman's health. In this perspective, it is important to emphasize the need to evaluate the energy expenditure from exercise and to formulate adequate alimentary plans to these individuals.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Amenorrhea/metabolism , Diet , Energy Metabolism/physiology , Exercise/physiology , Leptin/physiology , Sports/physiology , Age Factors , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Body Mass Index , Biomarkers/metabolism , Caloric Restriction , Hypothalamus/metabolism , Obesity/metabolism
3.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 45(4): 343-351, ago. 2001. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-289960

ABSTRACT

O propósito desta revisäo é focalizar o exercício como modulador da reproduçäo humana, resumir e integrar os dados atuais referentes ao eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gonadal na mulher atleta. A prevalência de disfunçäo menstrual, tal como fase lútea deficiente, oligomenorréia, amenorréia e retardo puberal, é maior entre o grupo de mulheres atletas quando comparado à populaçäo geral. Vários fatores podem predispor e contribuir para o desenvolvimento das irregularidades menstruais durante o programa de atividade física, sendo considerados fatores de risco, entre eles, baixo peso, teor de gordura corporal e estados hipoestrogênicos. O hipoestrogenismo pode afetar o pico de massa óssea na puberdade e acarretar perda óssea prematura irreversível. O artigo revisa os efeitos fisiológicos do treinamento físico nos vários sistemas endócrinos e aborda informaçöes clínicas a respeito dos distúrbios hormonais específicos da mulher atleta.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Exercise/physiology , Hormones/metabolism , Amenorrhea/metabolism , Anovulation/metabolism , Corpus Luteum/physiopathology , Puberty, Precocious/metabolism , Reproduction/physiology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism
4.
Rev. ginecol. obstet ; 4(1): 12-23, jan. 1993. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-136583

ABSTRACT

No Setor de Ginecologia Endocrina e Climaterio do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo foram estudadas 353 mulheres portadoras de amenorreia hipergonadotropica com o objetivo de analisar, retrospectivamente, os niveis alterados de gonadotropinas, e, tentar estabelecer correlacao entre possiveis padroes gonadotropicos e a etiopatogenia da amenorreia...


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Amenorrhea/metabolism , Gonadotropins/metabolism , Amenorrhea/etiology , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/analysis , Luteinizing Hormone/analysis
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