Farmacopuntura con tramadol como analgesia posoperatoria preventiva en la herniorrafia inguinal / Pharmacopuncture with tramadol as preventive postoperative analgesia in inguinal herniorrhaphy

INTRODUCCIÓN: estudios demuestran que más del 40 % de los pacientes sufren dolor en el posoperatorio inmediato, y tres de cada cuatro lo experimentan los dos primeros días. OBJETIVO: evaluar la efectividad de la farmacopuntura con tramadol en la prevención del dolor posoperatorio en pacientes operados de hernia inguinal. MÉTODOS: estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, aleatorio y controlado a 60 pacientes operados de manera electiva de herniorrafia inguinal en el Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" en el período de septiembre de 2010 a septiembre de 2011. Se conformaron dos grupos de igual cantidad de pacientes: grupo F (estudio) en el que se aplicó farmacopuntura con tramadol 12,5 mg en los puntos del meridiano de estómago (E36, E44) y anestesia regional subaracnoidea, y el grupo C (control) en el que se empleó tramadol 100 mg por vía intramuscular e igual método anestésico. Se evaluó el dolor posoperatorio, según criterios del paciente por ubicación en la escala análoga visual. RESULTADOS: predominó el sexo masculino y el rango de más de 60 años de edad. Los pacientes que recibieron el método de anestesia-analgesia y farmacopuntura presentaron mayor grado de analgesia posoperatoria con ausencia completa de dolor en 60 %, con menor cantidad de náuseas y vómitos posoperatorios y una excelente estabilidad hemodinámica. CONCLUSIONES: la farmacopuntura con tramadol constituye un método terapéutico analgésico en la prevención del dolor posoperatorio.

INTRODUCTION: studies have shown that over 40 % of patients suffer from pain in the immediate postoperative period, and three out of every four during the first two days. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacopuncture with tramadol to prevent postoperative pain in patients undergoing surgery for inguinal hernia. METHODS: a prospective descriptive randomized controlled study was conducted of 60 patients electively operated on for inguinal hernia at Dr. Carlos J. Finlay Central Military Hospital from September 2010 to September 2011. Patients were divided into two equal groups: Group F (study) received pharmacopuncture with tramadol 12.5 mg at stomach meridian acupoints (E36, E44) and regional subarachnoid anaesthesia, and Group C (control) received intramuscular tramadol 100 mg and the same anaesthetic procedure. Postoperative pain was ranked on the visual analog scale based on criteria provided by patients. RESULTS: there was a predominance of the male sex and the over-60 age group. Patients receiving anaesthesia-analgesia and pharmacopuncture showed greater postoperative analgesia, with total absence of pain in 60 %, less postoperative nausea and vomiting, and excellent hemodynamic stability. CONCLUSIONS: pharmacopuncture with tramadol constitutes an analgesic therapeutic method to prevent postoperative pain.

Ropivacaine 0.75% versus a mixture of lidocaine 2% and 0.5% bupivacaine for peribulbar anesthesia for anterior segment eye surgery

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study was to compare ropivacaine and a lidocaine bupivacaine mixture in peribulbar anesthesia. Eighty ASA [American Society of Anaethesiology] physical status group I or II patients scheduled for elective anterior segment surgery [cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation] were randomized to receive a peribulbar block with of either 0.75% ropivacaine [ropivacaine group/ n = 40] or a 1:1 mixture of 2% plain lidocaine and 0.5% plain bupivacaine [lido-bupivacaine group, n = 40]. Pain during injection, time required for onset of surgical anesthesia, quality of postoperative analgesia, akinesia, hemodynamic effect, intraocular pressure and incidence of side effects, were recorded pain is more with lido-bupivacaine group than ropivacaine group. Surgical block was achieved after 8 min in both groups, with no statistical significant differences as regard duration of surgery, hemodynamic effects, perioperative complications and Pao[2] pain at the night of surgery is 50% [20 patients] for lidobupivacaine group and 10% [4 patients] for ropivacaine group. As regard diplopia at 24 hours no statistical differences were found but there is highly significant difference at 6 hours. We concluded that 0.75% ropivacaine may be a suitable choice when performing peribulbar anesthesia for anterior segment surgery. We demonstrated that ropivacaine has an onset similar to that of the lidocaine-bupivacaine mixture and provided a better quality of postoperative analgesia and less diplopia. Regional anaesthesia for intra-ocular surgery has become popular over the last few years. Pribulbar anaesthesia is recognised as a safe regional anaesthesia technique to carry out most ophthalmic surgical procedures[2]. In 1985 Davis and Mandel[1] reported 3 years experience with injection of local anaesthesia outside the cone into the posterior peribulbar space [periocular]. The advantages of peibulbar compared with the retrobulbar technique appear to include a reduced incidence of serious complication such as brain stem anaesthesia, intravascular injection, scleral perforation and retrobulbar haemorrhage. Various additives to the local anaesthetic have been used in an atempt to improve the quality of anaesthesia and operating conditions; mixtures of rapid onset and longer acting local anaesthetics, adrenaline, hyaluronidase and alkalinisation[10]. One disadvantage with peribulbar when compared with retrobulbar blockade is delayed or incomplete akinesia of the eye[12]. Mixture of bupivacain and lidocain is used to obtain a fast onset of both sensory and motor blockade and to prolong postoperative analgesia[8]. Ropivacaine, is a new long-acting amide local anesthetic agent with fewer toxic cardiac and central nervous system effects [provides greater separation of sensory and motor effects. These properties suggest advantages when compared with other for regional anesthesia and post operative analgesia[6]. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of ropavacain in different regonal anesthesia techniques