ABSTRACT
O crescimento tumoral está diretamente relacionado com a neovascularização, a qual decorre do desequilíbrio entre os fatores pró-angiogênicos e antiangiogênicos, secretados pelas células neoplásicas. O fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) desempenha papel chave na angiogênese tumoral, estimulando a proliferação, migração e sobrevivência das células endoteliais. Atua através da ligação a receptores tirosina quinase específicos: VEGFR-1/Flt-1, VEGFR-2/KDR e VEGFR-3. O aumento da expressão do VEGF e de seus receptores tem sido associado à progressão, metastatização e pior prognóstico em diversos tumores malignos. A compreensão das vias moleculares que envolvem o mecanismo de indução da angiogênese tumoral por fatores de crescimento como o VEGF aumentam as possibilidades de novas terapêuticas a serem utilizadas no tratamento de tumores malignos humanos. Evidências indicam um importante papel do VEGF nas neoplasias da tireóide e a utilização de inibidores do VEGF ou de seus receptores pode constituir um importante recurso terapêutico, já tendo sido utilizado em determinados tipos de tumores humanos. O presente artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma revisão da atuação do VEGF no crescimento tumoral com enfoque nas neoplasias malignas da tireóide.
The neoplasic process is directly related to neovascularization, an imbalance between pro-angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis, stimulating proliferation, migration and survival of endothelial cells. VEGF acts through binding to specific tyrosine kinase receptor: VEGFR-1/Flt-1, VEGFR-2/KDR and VEGFR-3. Increased expression of VEGF and its receptors have been associated with progression, metastasis and worse prognosis in human malignant tumors. Understanding molecular pathways of tumor angiogenesis related to growth factors such as VEGF is a crucial step on developing new treatment options. Evidence indicates an important role of VEGF in thyroid cancer and inhibition of VEGF or its receptors may constitute an important therapeutic resource, particularly for those patients with metastatic diseases. This aim of this article is to review the role of VEGF in tumor growth, focusing on thyroid malignancies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Antigens, Neoplasm , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/history , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/therapeutic use , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/antagonists & inhibitors , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/toxicity , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Thyroid Neoplasms/complications , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/therapy , Receptor Protein-Tyrosine KinasesABSTRACT
Recent developments may provide an opportunity to improve outcome in individuals who develop neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Several therapies have been introduced that show promise for halting the progression of this disorder. However, data from controlled clinical trials to test the relative efficacy of different management strategies across the subtypes of disease remain limited. New treatment modalities that target the neovascularization process, including leakage from choroidal neovascularization (CNV), are currently being developed. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been implicated as a key mediator in the pathogenesis of ARMD-related CNV. Anti-VEGF strategies show promise as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of CNV and are currently undergoing active clinical investigation. Such strategies include anti-VEGF antibodies, anti-VEGF aptamer, gene therapy and protein kinase C inhibition. This article reviews the mechanism of action and rationale for anti-VEGF drugs in ARMD.
Subject(s)
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Humans , Macular Degeneration/drug therapy , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Treatment Outcome , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitorsABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine whether rapamycin could inhibit corneal angiogenesis induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Using human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs), we examined the effect of rapamycin on cell proliferation and migration, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The rabbit's eye was implanted intrastromally into the superior cornea with pellet containing bFGF for the control group and pellet containing bFGF and rapamycin for the rapamycin group. Biomicrographically, corneal angiogenesis was evaluated for 10 days after pellet implantation. The neovascularized cornea also was examined histologically. bFGF induced corneal neovascularization was significantly reduced by treatment with rapamycin. Using in vitro model, rapamycin strongly inhibited bFGF induced proliferation, migration, and VEGF secretion of HDMECs. We could observe that the bFGF induced corneal angiogenesis was inhibited by rapamycin in a micropocket rabbit model. The score of neovascularization was significantly decreased in the rapamycin group than in the control group at 10 days after pellet implantation. Histologically, the cornea of rapamycin group also showed much less new vessels than that of control group. Collectively, rapamycin appears to inhibit bFGF induced angiogenesis in a rabbit corneal micropocket assay and may have therapeutic potential as an antiangiogenic agent.