Costo-efectividad de un tratamiento antituberculoso alternativo: seguimiento a convivientes residenciales de los pacientes / Cost-effectiveness of an alternative tuberculosis treatment: home-based guardian monitoring of patients

Objetivo. Estimar la relación de costo-efectividad del tratamiento de corta duración bajoobservación directa (DOTS), comparándolo con una variación de dicho tratamiento, que incluyeun mayor seguimiento a los convivientes residenciales de los pacientes (DOTS-R) parael tratamiento de tuberculosis (TB).Métodos. Tomando una perspectiva social que incluye los costos para las institucionesde salud, para los pacientes y sus familiares, y para otras entidades que contribuyen a hacerefectiva la operación del programa, se evaluaron los costos incurridos con cada una de las dosestrategias y se estimaron razones costo-efectividad adoptando las medidas de efecto usadas porlos programas de control. La estimación de los costos de cada una de las dos estrategias incluyelos correspondientes a las instituciones de salud que administran el tratamiento, los pacientesy sus familiares, y los de la secretaría de salud que gestiona los programas de salud pública anivel municipal. Con base en estos costos y el número de casos curados y tratamientos terminadoscomo medidas de resultado de cada una de las estrategias evaluadas, se calcularon lasrazones costo-efectividad y costo incremental.Resultados. El DOTS-R se halló más costo-efectivo para lograr tratamientos exitosos queel DOTS. El DOTS-R registró costos de entre US$ 1 122,4 y US$ 1 152,7 por caso curado,comparados con valores de entre US$ 1 137,0 y US$ 1 494,3 correspondientes al DOTS. Laproporción de casos tratados con éxito fue mayor con DOTS-R que con DOTS.Conclusiones. El DOTS-R es una alternativa costo-efectiva promisoria para mejorar elcontrol de la TB en sitios endémicos. Se recomienda a las autoridades del sector salud incorporaren su gestión institucional del programa contra la TB, acciones de seguimiento de losconvivientes de pacientes, con la participación del personal de salud y los recursos físicos yfinancieros que apoyan actualmente dicho programa.

Objective. Estimate the cost-effectiveness ratio of the directly observed treatmentshort course (DOTS) for treatment of tuberculosis (TB), comparing it to a variation ofthis treatment that includes increased home-based guardian monitoring of patients(DOTS-R).Methods. Taking a social perspective that includes the costs for the healthinstitutions, the patients, and their family members, and for other entities thatcontribute to making operation of the program effective, the costs incurred with eachof the two strategies were evaluated and the cost-effectiveness ratios were estimatedadopting the measures of effect used by the control programs. The estimate of the costof each of the two strategies includes the cost to the health institutions that administertreatment, the patients and their family members, and the cost to the Ministry ofHealth that manages public health programs on the municipal level. Based on thesecosts and the number of cases cured and treatments completed as outcome measuresof each of the strategies evaluated, the cost-effectiveness ratio and incremental costwere calculated.Results. The DOTS-R was found to be more cost-effective for achievement ofsuccessful treatments than the DOTS. The DOTS-R recorded costs of US$ 1 122.40 toUS$ 1 152.70 for each case cured compared to values of US$ 1 137.00 to US$ 1 494.30for the DOTS. The percentage of cases treated successfully was higher with DOTS-Rthan with DOTS.Conclusions. The DOTS-R is a promising cost-effective alternative for improvedcontrol of TB in endemic areas. It is recommended that the health authorities includehome-based guardian monitoring of patients in their institutional management of theTB program, with the participation of health workers and the physical and financialresources that currently support this program.

Manejo de los casos en retratamiento de tuberculosis con sospecha de resistencia a fármacos

El manejo de los casos de tuberculosis con sospecha de resistencia a fármacos es bastante complejo por lo que sólo debería realizarse por médicos especialistas expertos. Los más preocupantes son los enfermos en retratamiento, entre cuyas posibilidades se encuentran entidades microbiológicas y operativas tan diferentes como la recaída bacteriológica, el fracaso farmacológico, el abandono y la mala adherencia al tratamiento. Lo auténticamente preocupante es que se puedan dar las condiciones para que se seleccionen resistencias, hecho que ocurre, casi invariablemente, en los fracasos y abandonos parciales de la medicación. Para el manejo de estos enfermos debe tenerse en cuenta el valor limitado de las pruebas de susceptibilidad a fármacos y la importancia de la detallada y dirigida historia de fármacos tomados en el pasado para elaborar una pauta de retratamiento. Con esto y con el conocimiento perfecto de todos los fármacos con acción frente a la tuberculosis, se puede diseñar un esquema de retratamiento que incluya un mínimo de 3-4 fármacos nunca utilizados en el enfermo. Una vez asegurado el buen manejo de los enfermos iniciales, los países con recursos económicos suficientes quizá deberían pensar en adquirir un banco de fármacos de segunda línea para poder ofrecer un esquema de retratamiento estandarizado (3-6 Z-Kn-Eth-Of/15-18 Z-Eth-Of) a los fracasos de los esquemas de primera línea. La posibilidad de un retratamiento individualizado quizá sólo se debería recomendar en los países con altos recursos económicos y, solo excepcionalmente, como última posibilidad en algunos países con recursos económicos medios.

Management of TB suspected cases of drug resistant tuberculosis requiring a second treatment The management of patients with resistance to anti tuberculous drugs is complex and therefore must be managed by physician specialists. The most difficult patients are the cases in retreatment, where some very different possibilities are possible, as abandonment, failures and relapses. Patients with multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis are the most difficult to treat; MDR appears in all the failures or non-adherences to the treatment regime. To elaborate a scheme of retreatment for these patients, two guidelines must be followed: (1) do not rely on outcomes of drug susceptibility tests and (2) a detailed history of drug treatment must be considered of paramount importance. With this information, a retreatment scheme can be formulated that involves the use of at least three drugs not previously taken by the patient. For a successful control of tuberculosis, the national tuberculosis programs in Latin American countries must assure careful management of newly diagnosed patients. Secondly, if resources are available, a bank of second-line drugs must be ready for managing retreatment situations (e.g., 3 Z-Kn-Eth-Of / 15 Z-Eth-Of) if first line drug treatments fail. Using individualized retreatment with second line drugs is recommended only in industrialized countries, and for a few middle income countries as a last resort.

Cost analysis of different types of tuberculosis patient at tuberculosis centers in Thailand.

Tuberculosis (TB) has recently re-emerged as a major public health problem in Thailand. As a consequence of the HIV epidemic in the country, the TB burden has been rising in terms of both morbidity, and mortality which have tremendous socioeconomic impact. However, a study of the cost of various anti-TB drugs in Thailand has never been conducted. A specific aim of this study was to compare the total provider costs of delivering services to different types of TB patient in four zonal TB centers located in the east, northeast, north, and south of Thailand. This aim was accomplished by calculating the unit costs of TB treatment services at these TB centers during the year 1996-1997. All units of the zonal TB centers were classified into 5 cost-center categories: treatment units, laboratory units, radiology units, pharmaceutical units, and administrative/supportive units. The results showed that the average total provider cost of multidrug resistant TB (MDR TB) patients was 89,735.49 baht which was the highest of any type of patient and was 17 times higher than the cost of smear-negative TB cases; this finding was attributed to the high cost of anti-TB drugs for MDR TB cases (65,870 baht), some 95 times higher than the cost for smear-negative cases. Total provider costs were highest in the northeastern region TB centers and lowest in the southern centers for every type of TB patient: smear-negative TB cases (7.727 baht vs 3.916 baht). newly smear positive TB cases (12,539 baht vs 7.020 baht), TB with AIDS cases (15,108 baht vs 8,369 baht). re-treatment TB cases (16,679 baht vs 9,696 baht), and MDR TB cases (102.330 baht vs 82,933 baht). The information from this study may be useful when reviewing the role, function, and cost structure of each TB center in Thailand in order to establish a strategic plan for effective TB control.

Coping with ill health in a rickshaw puller's household in Chittagong, Bangladesh.

The correlation between poverty and ill-health is undeniably strong. Ill-health reduces the earning capacity, and increases the risk of families with ill members to drift down the social and economic ladder. In this article, we present a simulation model of how a poor rickshaw puller in Bangladesh copes with illness, in particular tuberculosis (TB). We first analyze the various coping mechanisms that are set in motion when he starts to suffer from tuberculosis; the impact on household assets, income and food intake will be studied. The simulation model is then used to analyse the effects on his household of a specific health intervention, namely the Directly Observer Treatment Short Course (DOTS) treatment. It shows that DOTS offers positive improvements of the overall well-being of the household by restoring the working capacity of the rickshaw puller in one treatment course and minimizing lost income. Assets and food consumption would be preserved significantly more in the presence of DOTS, rendering the household both financially and physically less vulnerable. The probability of death of the sick rickshaw puller is also significantly reduced, improving household's welfare over the long run.