ABSTRACT
Previous studies have shown that COP1 (constitutive photomorphogenic 1) protein of Arabidopsis thaliana plays a crucial role in different aspects of photomorphogenesis. Interaction of COP1 with SPA1 (suppressor of phytochrome A) and other regulatory proteins actively affect light regulatory gene expression in diverse directions. Though several studies have explained the function of COP1 protein, method of its interaction with SPA1 and cryptochromes are still not explained in detail. In this study, in silico analysis was followed to predict the tertiary structure, active site residues, functionally important regions and regular expressions of COP1 protein. Its ease of its interaction with SPA1 and seven other regulatory proteins, namely bZIP transcription factor 56 (HY5), transcription factor HY5-like (HYH), serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 7 (AtPP7), protein long hypocotyl in FAR-RED 1 (HFR1), OBP3-responsive protein 1 (OBP3), transcription factor MYC2 (MYC2/ZBF1) and Z-box binding factor 2 protein (GBF1/ZBF2) was measured using protein-protein docking. Interaction with MYC2 was found to be stronger than with others with a global energy value of -22.46. It was also found that COP1 shared three regions of regular expression with SPA1, the last expression also being present in MYC2/ZBF1 and OBP3. Taken together, the insight into structural and functional properties of COP1 protein presented in this study would be helpful in determining the role of COP1 in unknown mechanisms of photomorphogenesis.
Subject(s)
Amino Acid Sequence , Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry , Arabidopsis Proteins/ultrastructure , Binding Sites , Computer Simulation , Enzyme Activation , Models, Chemical , Molecular Docking Simulation/methods , Molecular Sequence Data , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Protein Interaction Mapping/methods , Structure-Activity Relationship , Substrate Specificity , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/chemistry , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/ultrastructureABSTRACT
The expressed sequence tag (EST) is an instrument of gene discovery. When available in large numbers, ESTs may be used to estimate gene expression. We analyzed gene expression by EST sampling, using the KOG database, which includes 24,154 proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana (Ath), 17,101 from Caenorhabditis elegans (Cel), 10,517 from Drosophila melanogaster (Dme), and 26,324 from Homo sapiens (Hsa), and 178,538 ESTs for Ath, 215,200 for Cel, 261,404 for Dme, and 1,941,556 for Hsa. BLAST similarity searches were performed to assign KOG annotation to all ESTs. We determined the amount of gene sampling or expression dedicated to each KOG functional category by each model organism. We found that the 25% most-expressed genes are frequently shared among these organisms. The KOG protein classification allowed the EST sampling calculation throughout the glycolysis pathway. We calculated the KOG cluster coverage and inferred that 50 to 80 K ESTs would efficiently cover 80-85% of the KOG database clusters in a transcriptome project. Since KOG is a database biased towards housekeeping genes, this is probably the number of ESTs needed to include the more commonly expressed genes in these organisms. We also examined a still unaddressed question: what is the minimum number of ESTs that should be produced in a transcriptome project?