Amelioration potential of Moringa oleifera extracts against sodium arsenate induced embryotoxicity and genotoxicity in mouse (Mus musculus) / Potencial de melhoria de extratos de Moringa oleifera contra embriotoxicidade e genotoxicidade induzida por arseniato de sódio em camundongos (Mus musculus)

Previous studies have suggested that arsenic crosses the placenta and affects the fetus development. The study under consideration aims to show comparative ameliorative effect of Moringa oleifera leaf and flower extracts against sodium arsenate induced fetus toxicity of mice. Pregnant mice (N=44) were kept in lab and divided into eleven group from (A to K) and were orally administered the doses 6 mg/kg, 12 mg/kg for sodium arsenate, 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg for Moringa oleifera leaf extracts (MOLE) and 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg for Moringa oleifera flower extracts (MOFE) comparing with control. The investigation revealed evident reduction in the fetuses weight, hind limb, fore limb, tail and snout length, crown rump and head circumferences well as malformations in tail, feet, arms, legs, skin and eyes in the negative control group (only administered with sodium arsenate). Co-administration of sodium arsenate with MOLE and MOFE ameliorate the reversed effect of sodium arsenate on the shape, length, body weight and DNA damage of fetus significantly at 95% confidence interval. However, Moringa oleifera leaf extract showed more significant results in comparison to Moringa oleifera flower extract. Hence concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf extract ameliorated the embryo toxic effects of sodium arsenate and can be used against environmental teratogens.

Estudos anteriores sugeriram que o arsênio atravessa a placenta e afeta o desenvolvimento do feto. O estudo em consideração visa mostrar o efeito melhorador comparativo de extratos de folhas e flores de Moringa oleifera contra a toxicidade fetal induzida por arseniato de sódio em camundongos. Camundongos grávidas (N = 44) foram mantidos em laboratório e divididos em 11 grupos (de A a K) e foram administrados por via oral nas doses de 6 mg/kg, 12 mg/kg para arseniato de sódio, 150 mg/kg e 300 mg/kg para extratos de folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOLE) e 150 mg/kg e 300 mg/kg para extratos de flores de Moringa oleifera (MOFE) em comparação com o controle. A investigação revelou redução evidente no peso do feto, membro posterior, membro anterior, comprimento da cauda e focinho, coroa, nádega e circunferência da cabeça, bem como malformações na cauda, pés, braços, pernas, pele e olhos no grupo de controle negativo (apenas administrado com arseniato de sódio). A coadministração de arseniato de sódio com MOLE e MOFE melhora significativamente o efeito reverso do arseniato de sódio na forma, comprimento, peso corporal e dano ao DNA do feto, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. No entanto, o extrato da folha da Moringa oleifera apresentou resultados mais significativos em comparação ao extrato da flor da Moringa oleifera. Portanto, concluiu que o extrato da folha de Moringa oleifera melhorou os efeitos tóxicos do arseniato de sódio para o embrião e pode ser usado contra teratógenos ambientais.

Arsenic exposure in northern Mexican women / Exposición a arsénico en mujeres del norte de México

Abstract: Objective: To describe interindividual metabolism variations and sociodemographic characteristics associated to urinary arsenic, and to estimate the arsenic contamination in water from urinary total arsenic (TAs). Materials and methods: Women (n=1 028) from northern Mexico were interviewed about their sociodemographic characteristics and their urinary concentrations of arsenic species were measured by liquid chromatography. Inorganic arsenic (iAs) in water was estimated from urinary TAs. Results: Women were 20-88 years old. TAs in urine ranged from p10=3.41 to p90=56.93 μg/L; 74% of women had levels >6.4 μg/L. iAs in water varied from p10=3.04 to p90=202.12 μg/L; 65% of women had concentrations >10 μg/L, and 41%, concentrations >25 μg/L. Large variations in iAs metabolism were observed. TAs was significantly negatively associated with age and schooling, and positively with the state of residence. Conclusion: Exposure to iAs is an environmental problem in Mexico. Individual variations in metabolism are a challenge to design prevention and control programs.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir las variaciones interindividuales del metabolismo y las características sociodemográficas asociadas con el arsénico urinario, así como estimar su contaminación en el agua. Material y métodos. Se entrevistó a 1 028 mujeres del norte de México; por cromatografía de líquidos se midieron los metabolitos urinarios de arsénico y, a partir de ellos, se estimó la concentración en agua. Resultados: Las mujeres tuvieron 20-88 años. El arsénico urinario varió de p10=3.41 a p90=56.93 μg/L; 74% de las mujeres tuvieron niveles >6.4 μg/L. El arsénico en agua varió de p10=3.04 a p90=202.12 μg/L; 65% de las mujeres tenían concentraciones >10 μg/L, y 41%, >25 μg/L. Se observaron amplias variaciones en el metabolismo del arsénico. El arsénico urinario se asoció negativamente con la edad y escolaridad, y positivamente con el estado de residencia. Conclusión: La exposición a arsénico es un problema ambiental en México. Las variaciones individuales en su metabolismo son un desafío para diseñar programas de prevención y control.

Pharmacokinetics of bacteria bioleaching solution of realgar in rat / 药学学报

The paper is to report the preparation of realgar bioleaching solution (RBS) by bacteria and the comparison of pharmacokinetics of RBS and H3AsO3 (ATO), and the study of its possible change of absorption and distribution of soluble arsenic in rat. The experiment was carried out on Wistar rats given peritoneal injection of RBS at a dose of 0.3 mg x kg(-1) (soluble arsenic content, 0.3 mg x kg(-1)), and rats given ATO at the dose of 0.3 mg x kg(-1) (soluble arsenic content, 0.3 mg x kg(-1)). The arsenic concentrations in many tissues including heart, liver, spleen, lung, renal and brain were determined. The changes of pharmacokinetic parameters and arsenic distribution in different tissues were detected and compared in these two groups of rats. The pharmacokinetic parameters of RBS and ATO are very similar. There is very few distribution of arsenic in the tissues in RBS group, compared with the ATO group. There is significant difference in the content of arsenic between two groups statistically (P < 0.01). It is feasible that we select the bacteria bioleaching solution as a candidate drug, which may be employed for primary change of arsenic compounds including dissolved inorganic arsenic and organic arsenic, in order to improve bioavailability and decrease the amount of arsenic accumulation in animal tissues. In addition, there is significant difference in the change of arsenic compounds between two groups. It can be concluded that, the investigation on application of microbial technology may provide a basis for exploratory research of realgar.

Arsenic induces oxidative stress, sphingolipidosis, depletes proteins and some antioxidants in various regions of rat brain.

OBJECTIVES: To seek an interrelationship, if any, between oxidant stress and neurochemical changes in various rat brain regions after arsenic exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was carried out at the Department of Biochemistry, Al Arab Medical University, Benghazi, Libya. Seventy five male Spraque-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: CONTROL GROUP: Rats were administered 2 ml of normal saline solution/kg body weight (b.wt.) daily for 20 days by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. ARSENIC-TREATED GROUP: Rats received elemental arsenic (as sodium arsenate) 2.0 mg/kg b.wt. daily for 20 days by i.p. route. RECOVERY GROUP: Rats received 2.0 mg/kg b.wt. elemental arsenic daily for 20 days by i.p. route and were allowed to recover for 20 days. Rats were sacrificed and brains were dissected into cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, cerebellum and brain stem. Tissue homogenized in respective mediums. And were analyzed for lipid classes, oxidative stress, concentration of proteins, glutathione and ascorbic acid by utilizing standard colorimetric procedures. RESULTS: Arsenic exposure increased the oxidant stress because lipid peroxidation was enhanced. And decreased the contents of lipid classes, proteins, glutathione and the ascorbic acid in various rat brain regions. However, thins-layer chromatography exhibited regional variations in phospholipids classes. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that arsenic-initiated oxidant stress by increasing lipid peroxidation. The losses of lipid classes, ascorbic acid and glutathione may be attributed to peroxidative damage and binding of arsenic with sulfhydryl groups of enzymes. Recovery of animals showed reversibility in most of studied parameters, but gangliosides and cerebrosides over shooted. And speculated "Sphingolipidosis". It is then likely that repeated exposures of humans to arsenic may result in hampering of cell signalling, apoptosis and mutagenesis.

Granular ferric hydroxide [GFH] as an adsorbent for removal of arsenate and arsenite from drinking water

The pollution of water resources with arsenic [As] is considered as a serious problem and there are several reports about pollution of superficial and underground water with arsenic, in particular arsenate and arsenite in our country specially in some areas of Kurdistan province. There are various methods for removal of arsenic from drinking water which are generally costly. In this study, granular ferric hydroxide [GFH] was used as a synthetic adsorbent for removal of arsenate and arsenite with concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L. The effects of changing contact time, pH and concentrations of competitive anions, concentration of iron added to water during removal of arsenic and the effect of sulfate and chloride ions on removal of arsenic and compatibility of adsorption with Ferundlinch and Langmuir equations were evaluated. Excel soft ware was used for data analysis. According to this study, GFH showed removal efficiencies of 95, 86.5 and 83.75 for arsenate and 91, 83.5 and 80 percent for arsenite [in initial concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/L and at a PH of 7.5]. The dosage of adsorbent for this treatment was 0.5 g/L and 30 minutes was required for contact time. SO[4][2-] and Cl[-] revealed no significant effect on removal of arsenic. Adsorbability of both arsenate and arsenite by GFH followed Ferundlich isotherm with R[2]=0.96, whereas arsenate adsorption [with R[2] value of more than 0.94] complied more with Langmuir isotherm in comparison to arsenite adsorption [with R[2] value of more than 0.92]. Results of our study also indicated that the amount of iron added to water was much more than the standard value of 0.3mg/L used for dinking water. The results of our study showed GFH is highly efficient in removal of arsenate and arsenite after modification of water PH, but it has disadvantages of addition of iron to water, need of import of GFH and high cost. The problem of addition of iron to water can be managed by traditional methods

Combined effect of fluoride and arsenate on gene expression of osteoclast differentiation factor and osteoprotegerin / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the combined effect of fluoride and arsenate on the expression of SD rat osteoblastic osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF) mRNA and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Osteoblasts were obtained by enzymatic isolation from newborn SD rats. A factorial experiment was performed. Osteoblasts were exposed to NaF (0.5 mmolF/L, 4 molF/L) and Na3AsH2 (12.5 micromolAs/L and 200 micromolAs/L) separately or F plus As and cultured for 48 h. The gene expression of osteoblastic ODF and OPG was observed by RT-PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of ODF mRNA increased in F0.5, F4 groups compared with control group and two groups of F0.5As200, F4As200 compared with As200 group, and decreased significantly in groups of F4Asl2.5, F0.5As200, and F4AS200. The expression of OPG mRNA decreased in groups of F4, As200, F4As12.5, F0.5AS200, and F4AS200.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The joint effect of fluoride and arsenate on the gene expression of ODF is antagonistic, while the combined effect on the gene expression of OPG is synergistic. F4, F4As12.5, and F0.5As200 promote bone resorption of rat osteoclasts, whereas F0.5As12.5 inhibits osteolytic effect of rat osteoclasts.</p>

Amelioration of arsenic toxicity by phosphate salts in mungbean seedlings.

Sodium arsenate (Na2HAsO4.7H2O) is a potent inhibitor of mungbean seed germination and seedling growth. Germination is totally stopped at or above 50 microM Na2HAsO4.7H2O. Inhibition of seedling elongation started at a lower concentration of 5 microM As(V) and was drastically reduced at 20 microM As(V). Nutrients like salts of macroelements viz., NaH2PO4.2H2O, KH2PO4, K2SO4, MgSO4.7H2O, CaCl2.2H2O, (NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3 solutions at a concentration of 10mM and microelements viz., ZnSO4, CuSO4.5H2O, Na2MoO4.2H2O, MnCl2.4H2O, CoCl2.6H2O, FeSO4.7H2O solutions at a concentration of 1mM could help to ameliorate the toxic effects of As(V) to different degrees. Amelioration of As(V) toxicity was possible only when the mungbean seeds were pretreated with the above mentioned nutrients for 24 hr and then transferred to sodium arsenate. Simultaneous treatment of nutrients with As(V) or using nutrient solutions following As(V) treatment were of no help to reverse the toxic effects of sodium arsenate.

Study on the difference in DNA damage of human lymphocyte caused by arsenicals / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore whether there is difference in arsenicals-induced DNA damage of human lymphocyte.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Lymphocyte were sterilely collected from healthy donor and exposed to sodium arsenite (AsIII), sodium arsenate(AsV) and methyl sodium arsenate(MAsv) at 1,5,10,20 and 50 mumol/L. After incubation of 24 hours, cells were collected by centrifugation and DNA damage was detected by single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The comet frequency distribution of all groups except 1 mumol/L group of MAsV were significantly different from that of control. The comet length of all groups except 1 mumol/L group of AsV and 1.5 mumol/L groups of MAsV were significantly higher than that of control. There were correlations between the doses of arsenicals and the ratios of comet cell or length of comet(rAsIII = 0.8134, rAsV = 0.8734, rMAsV = 0.8994).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>DNA damage in human lymphocyte were induced by all the three arsenicals. A dose-effect relationship was observed between exposure doses of the same arsenical and DNA damage. With different arsenicals but the same exposure dose, the DNA damage level was as follow: AsIII > AsV > MAsV.</p>

Efeito do antimalático, artesunato de sódio, sobre a funçäo renal / The effects on renal function of sodium artesunate

Introdução. O artesunato de sódio é usado atualmente no tratamento da malária. Os efeitos adversos desta droga não foram descritos, provavelmente porque não podem ser diferenciados dos efeitos relacionados com a malária. Materiais e Métodos. Os efeitos da infusão aguda de artesunato de sódio ( 12 mglkg de peso) sobre a função renal foram estudados em ratos com as técnicas de ciearance. Nós avaliamos também o efeito do artesunato de sódio no fluxo de lúmen-banho de cloreto na porção espessa da alça de Henle (Æb), isolada e perfundida "in vitro". Resultados. A infusão aguda de artesunato ao rato diminuiu o clearance de insulina, apesar de um aumento no fluxo sanguíneo renal. Estes efeitos foram associados com um aumento na excreção urinária de sódio, cloreto, potássio e dos metabólitos do óxido nítrico (NO2/NO3). Nos animais submetidos à sobrecarga de água, o artesunato aumentou o aporte distal de sódio e de água e diminuiu o CH2O corrigido pelo aporte distal de sódio e água. Após uma infusão hipertônica de NaCl, o artesunato diminuiu o TcH2O Corrigido pelo Cosm. Nos experimentos in vitro, o artesunato adicionado à solução do banho de microperfusão nas doses de 10-6 M a 10-3 M diminuiu o fluxo lúmen-banho de cloreto na porção espessa ascendente da alça de Henle do coelho Esta inibição da reabsorção de cloro foi dose dependente, com saturação na dose de 10-4M. Este efeito foi bloqueado completamente por L-NAME 5mM no banho. Quando o artesunato 10-4 M foi adicionado à solução de perfusão não ocorreu alteração do fluxo lúmen-banho de cloreto. Conclusão. Estes resultados sugerem que o artesunato diminui o RFG, aumenta o FSR e a excreção urinaria de Na, C[ e K. Estes achados são devidos, pelo menos em parte, à inibição do transporte de CI através de porção espessa ascendente da alça de Henle corticai e medular. Este efeito é mediado pela produção local do óxido nítrico, uma vez que está associado ao aumento na excreção urinária NO2/NO3 e é bloqueado pelo L-NAME in vitro

Os efeitos da radiaçäo laser arseneto de gálio (AsGa) sobre a regeneraçäo de tendöes em cäes / The effects of lasertherapy AsGa on canine tendon healing

Trinta cäes sem raça definida foram divididos em três grupos e submetidos à tenotomia e tenorrafia do tendäo calcâneo comum direito e esquerdo. No membro esquerdo foi efetuada aplicaçäo laser AsGa (4j/cm ao quadrado) para avaliar o processo cicatricial dos mesmos. Posteriormente, as articulaçöes do tarso foram imobilizadas durante 11 dias nos animais do grupo I (sacrificados nesta data) e 21 dias naqueles do grupo II (sacrificados aos 22 dias) e III (sacrificados aos 40 dias de evoluçäo pós-operatória). Os cäes do grupo III foram submetidos a caminhadas diárias de 30 minutos nas duas semanas seguintes para estimular a mobilidade do tendäo. A avaliaçäo clínica dos efeitos da terapia laser na funcionalidade dos membros foi feita através de exames físicos. Os tendöes foram avaliados à necropsia através de análise macroscópica e pelo estudo microscópico realizado em todos os segmentos aos 11 (grupo I), vinte e dois (grupo II) e quarenta dias (grupo III) de evoluçäo pós-operatória. O desempenho funcional do membro esquerdo nos animais do grupo III, exposto à radiaçäo laser mostrou-se melhor que no membro direito. Macroscopicamente os tendöes irradiados apresentaram melhor vascularizaçäo, menos aderências e cicatrizaçäo com melhor aparência estética que os tendöes testemunhos. Os estudos histológicos revelaram que o laser näo interferiu significativamente na produçäo de fibroblastos e na síntese de fibras colágenas

Potentiometric microdetermination of phosphate, arsenate and sulfide

For mercuri-gravi-potentiometric microdetermination of phosphate, arsenate and sulfide, optimum conditions have been investigated for their precipitation with cations of Th [IV], Fe [III] and Hg [II] respectively. Excess EDTA was then added to react with unreacted cation and the remaining EDTA was finally back titrated with Hg [II] using silver amalgam and SCE combination. For microdetermination of these anions, the standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and percentage recovery were calculated indicating the high accuracy and reliability of the applied procedures. There is a significant correlation between suggested and standard procedures which confirmed by F and t tests