Evaluación económica en salud: costo-utilidad de la incorporación del reemplazo total de rodilla en la cobertura del régimen de Garantías Explícitas en Salud en Chile / Economic evaluation in health: Cost-utility of the incorporation of total knee replacement to the Chilean Explicit Health-Guarantees regime

Antecedentes La osteoartritis destaca por su alta prevalencia y deterioro funcional, siendo la causa más común de incapacidad en mayores de 65 años. El régimen de Garantías Explícitas en Salud chileno otorga cobertura a tratamiento médico a las presentaciones leves y moderadas, excluyendo el manejo quirúrgico en la presentación severa. Objetivos Evaluar el costo-utilidad de incorporar el reemplazo total de rodilla al régimen de Garantías Explícitas en Salud para asegurados del seguro público sobre 65 años en Chile, versus la mantención con manejo farmacológico. Métodos Revisión sistemática explortaria para identificar los parámetros del modelo y evaluaciones económicas basadas en un modelo de Markov de seis estados de salud, desde la perspectiva del pagador público y horizonte lifetime. Se calculó la razón de costo-utilidad incremental que condujo al análisis de incertidumbre determinístico y probabilístico. Resultados Se seleccionaron 22 artículos como fuentes de referencia. Incorporar el procedimiento al alero del régimen, implicaría beneficiarse de 9,8 años de vida ajustados por calidad versus 2,4 en el escenario sin acceso a cirugía. La razón de costo-utilidad incremental es menos $445 689 pesos chilenos por años de vida ajustados por calidad (menos 633,8 dólares americanos por años de vida ajustados por calidad), siendo la incorporación de cirugía de reemplazo al régimen una alternativa dominante, versus el escenario de acceso insuficiente en otros regímenes de cobertura. Cada año de vida ajustado por calidad gracias a la cirugía ahorrará $445 689 pesos chilenos. A una voluntad de pago de $502 596 pesos chilenos por años de vida ajustados por calidad (714,7 dólares americanos por años de vida ajustados por calidad), la alternativa de acceso a reemplazo es costo-útil con 99,9% de certeza. Conclusión El reemplazo total de rodilla en mayores de 65 años es una alternativa dominante. El acceso a cirugía en el régimen de Garantías Explícitas en Salud para el sistema público es costo-útil a un umbral de un producto interno bruto per cápita.

Background Osteoarthritis is an important health condition due to its prevalence and functional deterioration, being the most common cause of disability in people over 65 years of age. The Chilean Explicit Health-Guarantees regime provides coverage for medical treatment in mild and moderate presentations, excluding surgical treatment in end-stage knee osteoarthritis. Objectives To evaluate the cost-utility of incorporating total knee replacement to the Explicit Health-Guarantees regime for over-65-years beneficiaries of the public insurance system, versus maintenance with medical treatment. Methods A Scoping review was coducted to identify model parameters and economic evaluation based in a 6 health states Markov Model, from the perspective of the public payer and lifetime horizon. The Incremental Cost-Utility Ratio (ICUR) was calculated, and deterministic and probabilistic uncertainty analysis were performed. Results Twenty-two articles were selected as reference sources. If the regime were to adopt the procedure, the implication would be a benefit of 9.8 Years of Life Adjusted by Quality (QALY) versus 2.4 QALY in the scenario without access to total knee replacement. The ICUR was $ -445 689 CLP/QALY (U$D -633.8/QALY), wherein the inclusion of total knee replacement to the regime becomes a dominant alternative versus the current scenario. Each quality-adjusted life-year gained by the surgery will save CLP 445 689. At a willingness to pay of CLP 502,596/QALY (U$D 714.7/QALY), access to surgery is cost-useful with a 99.9% certainty. Conclusion Total knee replacement in patients older than 65 years is a dominant alternative. Access to this procedure in the Chilean Explicit Health-Guarantees regime in the public system is cost-useful at a threshold of 1 GDP per capita.

Analgesia endovenosa continua versus analgesia endovenosa intermitente para reemplazo total de rodilla primario: análisis de la calidad analgésica, tiempo de hospitalización y costos económicos / Continuous versus intermittent intravenous analgesia for primary total knee replacement: analysis of the quality of the pain control, hospital stay and costs

Resumen: Introducción: La Asociación Internacional para el Estudio del Dolor (IASP, por sus siglas en inglés) define el dolor como una experiencia sensorial y emocional desagradable asociada a un daño tisular real o potencial. La artroplastía total de rodilla es una de las cirugías ortopédicas que cursa con más dolor en las primeras 24-48 horas, por lo que precisa de una terapia multimodal de analgesia. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar dos modos analgésicos endovenosos diferentes aplicados a pacientes sometidos a cirugía de artroplastía total de rodilla primaria, analizando la calidad analgésica, el tiempo de hospitalización y los costos económicos. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, comparativo y simple ciego conformado por 42 pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente de artroplastía total de rodilla secundaria a artrosis degenerativa en el período comprendido entre Mayo de 2016 y Mayo de 2017. Resultados: La distribución del dolor mostró diferencias significativas (p < 0.0401) entre ambos grupos, indicando que la aplicación de analgesia mediante bomba continua controla este síntoma de manera temprana. El tiempo de hospitalización promedio fue diferente en los grupos (p = 0.001); se estimaron alrededor de 15 horas menos siguiendo el protocolo de bomba continua. Además, esta estrategia es globalmente más económica. Conclusión: La bomba de infusión continua de analgesia comparada con la analgesia endovenosa reglada intermitente logró un mejor control del dolor, disminuyendo la percepción del mismo por parte del paciente, con una mejor tolerancia a la fisioterapia y reduciendo, en promedio, 15 horas de hospitalización y, por ende, los costos finales aproximados de la cirugía.

Abstract: Background: The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Total knee arthroplasty is one of the orthopedic surgeries that manifests more pain in the first 24-48 hours, needing a multimodal analgesic therapy. The objective of this work is to compare two different intravenous analgesic modes applied to patients undergoing a primary total knee arthroplasty, analyzing the quality of pain control, hospital stay and costs. Material and methods: Simple blind, comparative and prospective study comprised of 42 patients operated of total knee arthroplasty secondary to degenerative arthritis in the period between May 2016 and May 2017. Results: The distribution of pain showed significant differences (p < 0.0401) between both groups, indicating that the application of continuous pump for analgesia controls this symptom early. The hospital stay, on average, was different in the groups (p = 0.001), estimating about 15 hours less following the use of continuous pump. This strategy is globally more economic. Discussion: The continuous infusion pump of analgesia compared with intermittent formal intravenous regimen showed better control of pain, decreasing the perception of pain by the patient, bettering the tolerance to physical therapy and reducing, on average, 15 hours of hospital stay, and thus, the final costs of the surgery.

Comparison of thromboprophylaxis patterns in arthroplasty in public and private hospitals / Comparação entre padrões de tromboprofilaxia na artroplastia em hospitais público e privado

Objective To compare therapy for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism and costs related to hospitalization of patients undergoing total knee and hip replacement within the context of the Brazilian health system.Methods A retrospective study of patients undergoing arthroplasty in 2010 in a public hospital and two private hospitals in the state of São Paulo, conducted by means of medical record review. Costs were estimated based on the use of health care resources during hospitalization. A descriptive analysis was performed using frequency and mean (standard deviation) according to the type of care delivered (by public or private organization).Results A total of 215 patients were evaluated, and 56.3% were submitted to knee surgery and 43.7%, to hip replacement. Approximately 88% and 98% of patients from public and private health services, respectively, received some form of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, and enoxaparin was the drug most widely used in both systems. The total cost of prophylaxis was R$ 1,873.01 (R$ 26.38 per patient) in the public service and R$ 21,559.73 (R$ 163.33 per patient) in the private service. For the individuals who presented with thromboembolism, the average cost of hospitalization was R$ 6,210.80 and R$ 43,792.59 per patient in public and private health services, respectively.Conclusion Thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients undergoing arthroplasty is most commonly used in the private health services than public organizations, despite its high costs in both services. The cost per patient with thrombosis during hospitalization was higher than the total cost of prophylaxis, suggesting that prevention is associated to better cost-benefit ratio.

Objetivo Comparar a terapia para profilaxia de tromboembolismo venoso e os custos de pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total de joelho e de quadril dentro do sistema de saúde brasileiro.Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes submetidos à artroplastia no ano de 2010, em um hospital público e dois hospitais privados no Estado de São Paulo, por meio da revisão de prontuários. Os custos foram estimados com base na utilização de recursos em saúde durante a hospitalização. Análise descritiva de frequência e média (desvio padrão), de acordo com o tipo de atendimento em saúde (público ou privado).Resultados Um total de 215 pacientes foram avaliados, sendo 56,3% submetidos à cirurgia de joelho e 43,7% à cirurgia de quadril. Cerca de 88% e 98% dos pacientes provenientes do serviço público e privado de saúde, respectivamente, receberam algum tipo de profilaxia para tromboembolismo, sendo a enoxaparina o medicamento mais utilizado em ambos sistemas. O custo total da profilaxia foi de R$ 1.873,01 (R$ 26,38 por paciente) no serviço público e R$ 21.559,73 (R$ 163,33 por paciente) no serviço privado. Para os indivíduos com tromboembolismo, o custo médio da internação foi de R$ 6.210,80 e R$ 43.792,59 por paciente atendido nos serviços de saúde público e privado, respectivamente.Conclusão A profilaxia em pacientes submetidos à artroplastia é mais utilizada em pacientes do serviço de saúde privado do que público, apesar dos altos custos em ambos os serviços. Os pacientes com tromboembolismo tiveram um custo maior do que aqueles apenas com profilaxia, mostrando que a prevenção está associada a um maior custo-benefício.

Macular dystrophy associated with Kjellin’s syndrome: a case report / Distrofia macular associada à síndrome de Kjellin: um relato de caso

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is characterized by weakness and spasticity of the lower extremities. Kjellin’s syndrome is a rare syndrome associated with HSP. The syndrome is characterized by the presence of bilateral retinal flecks, similar to the findings in Stargardt disease and fundus flavimaculatus. We report the case of a 34-year-old male who presented with complete features of Kjellin’s syndrome, with typical retinal findings observed on multimodal imaging (spectral domain optical coherence tomography [SD-OCT], near-infrared reflectance and autofluorescence imaging). The ophthalmological changes at early stages of the disease may not impair visual acuity. Therefore, the detection of central retinal degeneration requires thorough fundus examination.

A paralisia espástica hereditária (HSP) é caracterizada por fraqueza e espasticidade das extremidades inferiores. A síndrome de Kjellin é uma rara associação de HSP com a presença de flecks retinianos similares aos encontrados em pacientes com doença de Stargardt ou fundus flavimaculatus. Descrevemos os achados em imagens multimodais da retina (tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral [SD-OCT], reflectância próxima ao infravermelho e autofluorescência) em um paciente de 34 anos que apresenta conjunto completo de sinais e sintomas da síndrome de Kjellin. As alterações retinianas em estágios iniciais da doença podem aparecer, mesmo sem redução da acuidade visual, e por isso, para detecção da degeneração central da retina, é necessário exame minucioso do fundo de olho.

Economic impact of treatment for surgical site infections in cases of total knee arthroplasty in a tertiary public hospital in Brazil

The aim of this study was to estimate the additional cost of treatment of a group of nosocomial infections in a tertiary public hospital. A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted by means of analyzing the medical records of 34 patients with infection after total knee arthroplasty, diagnosed in 2006 and 2007, who met the criteria for nosocomial infection according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To estimate the direct costs of treatment for these patients, the following data were gathered: length of hospital stay, laboratory tests, imaging examinations, and surgical procedures performed. Their costs were estimated from the minimum values according to the Brazilian Medical Association. The estimated cost of the antibiotics used was also obtained. The total length of stay in the ward was 976 days, at a cost of US$ 18,994.63, and, in the intensive care unit, it was 34 days at a cost of US$ 5,031.37. Forty-two debridement procedures were performed, at a cost of US$ 5,798.06, and 1965 tests (laboratory and imaging) were also performed, at a cost of US$ 15,359.25. US$ 20,845.01 was spent on antibiotics and US$ 1,735.16 on vacuum assisted closure therapy, microsurgical flaps, implant removal, spacer use, and surgical revision. The total additional cost of these cases of hospital infection in 2006 and 2007 was of US$ 91,843.75. Based on that, we demonstrate that the high cost of treatment for hospital infections emphasizes the importance of taking measures to prevent and control hospital infection.

Reemplazo total de rodilla bilateral: analisis de costos entre uno y dos tiempos / Bilateral total knee replacement: one and two stages, cost analysis

Introduccion: Un tercio de todos los pacientes que reciben un reemplazo unilateral de cadera o rodilla padecen enfermedad sintomática bilateral. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar y comparar el costo para el paciente o el sistema de salud asociado con un reemplazo total de rodilla bilateral, en uno o en dos tiempos. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron en el trabajo pacientes operados de reemplazo total de rodilla bilateral simultáneo entre 2004 y 2008. También fueron incluidos 12 pacientes operados de reemplazo total de rodilla bilateral en dos tiempos en forma aleatoria. Se tuvieron en cuenta: edad, sexo, diagnóstico, tipo de cirugía, tipo de anestesia, tiempo de cirugía, tipo de prótesis, días de internación, días de rehabilitación, número de transfusiones y uso de medicación. Además, se registró en cada caso: necesidad de retorno a la sala de cirugía, estadía en la sala de cuidados intensivos, egreso a centro de rehabilitación, readmisión hospitalaria dentro de los primeros 7 días del egreso y muerte dentro de los 30 días de la cirugía. Se confeccionó, con los datos recolectados, un presupuesto de cada paciente. Se obtuvieron así los costos finales exactos de cada procedimiento realizado en cada caso. El grupo A quedó constituido por 13 pacientes (26 rodillas), con una edad promedio de 68,8 años (56 a 78 años). Diagnósticos: genu varo artrósico (25 rodillas) y genu valgo artrósico (1 rodilla). El grupo B estuvo formado por 12 pacientes (24 rodillas), con una edad promedio de 68,2 años (23 a 94 años).Diagnósticos: genu varo artrósico (19 rodillas), artritis reumatoide (4 rodillas) y genu valgo artrósico (1 rodilla). Resultados: El costo de los implantes para cada grupo fue el mismo: 18.000 pesos en prótesis (9.000 pesos cada una). El costo de las transfusiones fue en total de 3.560 pesos (1.235-5.815) en el primer grupo y de 3.860 pesos (1.055-6.880) en el segundo. El costo de uso de quirófano fue para el primer grupo de 2.875 pesos (1.680-3.360) contra...