Prescription of statins according to the ASCVD estimator at Pablo Arturo Suarez Hospital, March 2021 to February 2022 / Prescripción de estatinas según el estimador ASCVD en el Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez, marzo 2021 a febrero 2022

Worldwide, the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease. The study details the prescription of statins at the Pablo Arturo Suarez Hospital in Ecuador between March 2021 and February 2022 following the ASCVD risk scale of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association. There are 563 people in this cross-sectional and retrospective study: 70% women, 30% men, 93.30% mestizos, 48.10% diabetics, 62.30% hypertensives, and 18.70% smokers. 26.10% of all patients received statins, with simvastatin being the most common (96.60%). The mean cardiovascular risk in the general population was 15.52 ± 14.51%, 44.99% of subjects had a risk lower than 7.50%, and 29% had a risk higher than 20%, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) according to sex. The study determined that 58.60% of the population received a statin or an inadequate dosage.

A nivel mundial, la principal causa de muerte es la enfermedad cardiovascular. El estudio detalla la prescripción de estatinas en el Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez de Ecuador entre marzo de 2021 y febrero de 2022, siguiendo la escala de riesgo ASCVD del Colegio Americano de Cardiología y la Asociación Americana del Corazón. Son 563 personas en este estudio transversal y retrospectivo: 70% mujeres, 30% hombres, 93.30% mestizos, 48.10% diabéticos, 62.30% hipertensos y 18.70% fumadores. El 26.10% de los pacientes recibía estatinas, siendo la simvastatina la más frecuente (96.60%). El riesgo cardiovascular medio en la población general fue de 15.52 ± 14.51%, el 44.99% de los sujetos tenía un riesgo inferior al 7.50%, y el 29% tenía un riesgo superior al 20%, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0.001) según el sexo. El estudio determinó que el 58.60% de la población recibía una estatina o una dosis inadecuada.

Statins and bonehealth: a mini review / Estatinas y salud ósea: una minirevisión

Statins are a widely prescribed class of medications that inhibit similar pathways as the anti-resorptive bisphosphonate drugs. Statins target the mevalonate pathway by blocking HMG-CoA reductase. Several recent meta-analyses concluded statins are osteoprotective in the general population. Here we present current literature exploring the mechanisms underlying the putative osteoprotective effects of statins. We also review recent clinical studies, ranging from observational cohort studies to randomized clinical trials, testing the effect of statins on bone health in various populations. (AU)

Las estatinas son un grupo de drogas prescriptas en forma habitual, con la capacidad de bloquear vías de señalización similares a las inhibidas por los amino-bisfosfonatos. Las estatinas inhiben la vía del mevalonato, a través del bloqueo de diferentes enzimas. Varios metaanálisis recientes llevaron a la conclusión de que las estatinas tienen capacidad osteoprotectora en la población general. En esta revisión presentamos la literatura actual describiendo los mecanismos que subyacen en el potencial efecto osteoprotector de las estatinas, como así también estudios observacionales y clínicos aleatorizados sobre el efecto de estatinas en la salud ósea en diversas poblaciones. (AU)

Atorvastatin-medicated dentifrice significantly inhibits CD4+ T cell proliferation: in vitro pilot study / Pasta dental medicada con atorvastatina inhibe de forma significativa la proliferación de células T CD4+: un estudio piloto in vitro

Reports indicate that statins (cholesterol-lowering drugs), in addition to lowering cholesterol, have an immunomodulatory effect. This effect may be beneficial for the treatment of several diseases, including periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of an atorvastatin-medicated dentifrice on CD4+ T cell proliferation. CD4+ T cell proliferation assays and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) viability assays were conducted on PBMCs from healthy donors cultured under the following conditions: control, atorvastatin solution, atorvastatin-medicated dentifrice, and dentifrice without atorvastatin at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 µM. A Generalized Equation Estimation (GEE) model was used to analyze concentration versus proliferation and concentration versus percentage of dead cells within each group evaluated. Atorvastatin-medicated dentifrice (p-value <0.0001) and atorvastatin solution (p-value <0.0001) significantly inhibited CD4+ T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner compared with the dentifrice without atorvastatin and control conditions. Only the relationship between atorvastatin solution and percentage of dead cells was significant compared to the other conditions (p-value 0.019). The results revealed that atorvastatin-medicated dentifrice at concentrations of 1 to 100 µM had immunomodulatory effects, inhibiting CD4+ T cell proliferation without affecting PBMC viability. The other components of the dentifrice did not affect CD4+ T cell proliferation or cell viability, indicating its utility as a vehicle to achieve the desired effects of atorvastatin in periodontal tissue. Controlled clinical trials are still needed to evaluate the clinical effects of an atorvastatin-medicated dentifrice on the periodontium.

La literatura indica que las estatinas (medicamentos para bajar el colesterol), además de reducir el colesterol, tienen un efecto inmunomodulador. Este efecto puede ser beneficioso para el tratamiento de varias enfermedades, incluyendo la enfermedad periodontal. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el efecto inmunomodulador de una pasta dental medicada con atorvastatina sobre la proliferación celular de linfocitos T CD4+. A partir de células mononucleares de sangre periférica de donantes sanos (PBMC), se realizaron ensayos de proliferación y viabilidad de linfocitos T CD4+ bajo las siguientes condiciones: control, solución de atorvastatina, dentífrico medicado con atorvastatina y dentífrico sin atorvastatina, en concentraciones 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 µM. Se realizó el análisis estadístico utilizando el modelo Generalized Equation Estimation (GEE) a fin de analizar la concentración versus la proliferación y la concentración versus el porcentaje de muerte celular para cada uno de los grupos. El dentífrico medicado con atorvastatina (valor p <0,0001) y solución de atorvastatina (valor p <0,0001) inhibieron significativamente la proliferación de células T CD4 + de una manera dependiente de la dosis en comparación con el dentífrico sin atorvastatina y condiciones de control. Sólo la relación entre la atorvastatina solución y el porcentaje de células muertas fue significativa en comparación con las otras condiciones (vale-p 0,019). Los resultados revelaron que el dentífrico medicado con atorvastatina en concentraciones de 1 a 100 mM tenía efectos inmunomoduladores, inhibiendo la proliferación de células T CD4 + sin afectar la viabilidad de PBMC. Los otros componentes del dentífrico no afectaron la proliferación de células T CD4 + o la viabilidad celular, indicando su utilidad como vehículo para conseguir los efectos deseados de atorvastatina en el tejido periodontal. Todavía se necesitan ensayos clínicos controlados para evaluar los efectos clínicos de un dentífrico medicado con atorvastatina sobre el periodonto.

Simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and ezetimibe from combined pharmaceutical products by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Abstract A rapid and sensitive micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method with UV photodiode-array detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and ezetimibe in fixed dose drug combination. Experimental conditions such as buffer concentration and pH, surfactant concentration, system temperature, applied voltage, injection parameters were optimized in order to improve the efficiency of the separation. The best results were obtained when using fused silica capillary (48 cm length X 50 µm ID) and 25 mM borate buffer electrolyte at pH 9.3 containing 25 mM SDS, + 30 kV applied voltage, 20 ºC system temperature. The separation was achieved in approximately 2 minutes, with a resolution of 7.02, the order of migration being atorvastatin followed by ezetimibe. The analytical performance of the method was verified with regard to linearity, precision, robustness and the limit of detection and quantification were calculated.

Redução de Mortalidade em Longo Prazo Relacionada a Doses Mais Elevadas de Atorvastatina em Pacientes com Síndrome Coronariana Aguda / Reduction of in Long-Term Mortality Related to Higher Doses of Atorvastatin in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes

Fundamento: Diversos estudos experimentais têm mostrado redução de marcadores inflamatórios associados às doses mais elevadas de estatinas em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). No entanto, a implicação clínica da dose de estatina na fase aguda da SCA ainda é incerta. Objetivo: Comparar desfechos em curto e longo prazo entre pacientes com SCA que receberam doses mais elevadas de atorvastatina versus baixas doses de atorvastatina iniciadas nas primeiras 24 horas da admissão hospitalar. Métodos: Para tal, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo I (N = 464): dose de atorvastatina 40 mg/dia. Foram obtidos dados demográficos, exames laboratoriais, medicações utilizadas e tratamento coronário adotado. Análise estatística: O desfecho primário foi mortalidade por todas as causas. A comparação entre grupos foi realizada através de Q-quadrado e teste T. A análise multivariada de desfechos intrahospitalares foi realizada por regressão logística, sendo considerado significativo p < 0,05. Em longo prazo foi avaliada a mortalidade e eventos combinados pelo método Kaplan-Meier com seguimento médio de 8,79 meses. Resultados: Na análise de desfechos intrahospitalares, não se observaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos I e II. Em longo prazo o grupo II apresentou menor mortalidade em relação ao grupo I (3,9% vs. 8,4%, p = 0,013), respectivamente. Conclusão: Diferenças favoráveis e significativas foram observadas em relação à mortalidade em longo prazo em pacientes com SCA que receberam desde a fase aguda doses elevadas de atorvastatina

Background: Recent experimental studies have described reduction in inflammatory markers related to higher doses of statins in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, the clinical implication of the dose of statin in the acute phase of the ACS remains uncertain. Objective: To compare the outcomes in short and long terms among patients with acute coronary syndromes that received higher doses of atorvastatin versus low doses of atorvastatin started in the first 24 hours of hospital admission.Methods: For such, the patients were divided in two groups: group I (N = 464): atorvastatin dose: 40 mg/day. Demographic data, laboratory exams, medications used and coronary treatment adopted were obtained. Statistical analysis: The primary outcome was mortality from all causes. The comparison between groups was made by T-test and Q-square. Multivariative analysis of in-hospital outcomes were determined by logistic regression, considered significant when p < 0.05. In long-term, the mortality and combined events by the Kaplan-Meier method were assessed, with median follow-up of 8.79 months. Results: In the analysis of in-hospital outcomes, no significant differences were observed between groups I and II. In the long-term, group II presented lower mortality in comparison with group 9 (8.4% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.013). Conclusions: Favorable and significant differences were observed in relation to long-term mortality in patients with ACS that received high doses of atorvastatin since the acute phase

Avaliação do impacto das novas diretrizes no uso de estatinas / Assessing the impact of new guidelines on the use of statins

Fundamentos: A doença arterial coronariana é a principal causa de morte no Brasil e possui relação direta com a dislipidemia. Objetivo: Analisar o padrão do uso de estatinas antes e após a publicação das novas diretrizes de dislipidemia em pacientes com doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica prévia. Métodos: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo. Foram avaliados, aleatoriamente, 515 pacientes consecutivos com doença aterosclerótica, atendidos no ambulatório do Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, SC, Brasil , entre2011 e 2015. Destes, apenas 76,9% faziam uso de alguma estatina. Foram coletados dados de história clínica, fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular, dados laboratoriais referentes aos valores de colesterol (HDL-c e LDL-c) e triglicerídeos (TG), tratamento referente à escolha das estatinas e suas doses, antes e depois de outubro de 2013,data de publicação das novas diretrizes. Resultados: Após a publicação das novas diretrizes, 477 pacientes utilizavam estatinas, representando 92,6% da amostra avaliada (p=0,0001). Quanto à escolha da estatina, o uso de sinvastatina diminuiu para 69,2% (p=0,02),o de atorvastatina aumentou para 25,2% (p=0,003) e o de rosuvastatina foi 5,7% (p=ns). Antes da divulgação das novas diretrizes, as doses médias de sinvastatina, atorvastatina e rosuvastatina eram 33,6±9,4mg, 32,1±18,9mg,13,1±7,9mg, respectivamente. Após a publicação, essas doses médias aumentaram para: sinvastatina 36,7±7,9mg(p=0,0001) e atorvastatina 36,8±16,2mg (p=0,0001). Conclusões: As taxas de uso de estatinas na amostra estudada aumentaram após a publicação da nova Diretriz ACC/AHA e da V Diretriz brasileira de dislipidemia, no entanto atingiu um número limitado de pacientes, associado a doses abaixo do preconizado e metas numéricas inadequadas de colesterol, o que pode gerar implicações prognósticas desfavoráveis.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in Brazil and has a direct connection with dyslipidemia. Objective: To analyze the pattern of use of statins before and after the publication of the new guidelines on dyslipidemia in patients with a history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Methods: Cross-sectional retrospective study. In this study, 515 consecutive patients with atherosclerotic were randomly evaluatedat the outpatient facility of Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil, between 2011 and 2015. Of these, only 76.9%were using statins. Data relating to clinical history, risk factors for cardiovascular disease, laboratory data for cholesterol levels (HDL-c and LDL-c) and triglycerides (TG) were collected, as well as treatment concerning the choice of statins and their doses before and after October 2013, when the new guidelines were published. Results: After the publication of the new guidelines, 477 patients used statins, representing 92.6% of the study sample (p=0.0001). As to the choice of statin, the use of simvastatin declined to 69.2% (p=0.02), atorvastatin increased to 25.2% (p=0.003) and rosuvastatin was 5.7% (p=ns). Before the release of the new guidelines, the average doses of simvastatin, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin were 33.6±9.4mg, 32.1±18.9mg, 13.1±7.9mg, respectively. After publication, these average doses increased to: simvastatin 36.7±7.9mg (p=0.0001) and atorvastatin 36.8±16.2mg (p=0.0001). Conclusions: The statin use rates in the study sample increased after the publication of the new ACC/AHA Guidelines and theV Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia. However, they reached a limited number of patients, associated with doses below there commended and improper numerical targets of cholesterol, which can generate unfavorable prognostic implications.