ABSTRACT
Resumo O Bisfenol-A (BFA) é uma substância amplamente empregada no cotidiano, principalmente nos materiais plásticos. Este estudo avaliou a exposição de universitários ao disruptor endócrino BFA, o conhecimento dos mesmos acerca dessa substância e dos seus danos à saúde humana. Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo realizado com 500 estudantes de uma Universidade de Curitiba. A amostra foi selecionada de forma proporcional as três grandes áreas do conhecimento, sendo que os cursos entrevistados foram sorteados. Aos estudantes aplicou-se um questionário objetivo composto por três partes: socioeconômica, avaliação da exposição e testes de conhecimento. Dos respondentes, 91,3% consomem alimentos armazenados em embalagens plásticas, 90,06% utilizam bebidas nesse tipo de recipiente e 84,8% consomem bebidas/alimentos enlatados. Entretanto, apenas 19,8% já ouviram falar em BFA e 97,2% não sabem sobre a relação entre a exposição ao BFA e alterações endócrinas. Observou-se uma alta taxa de exposição ao BFA e um baixo nível de conhecimento sobre o assunto. Essa desproporção evidencia a necessidade de pesquisas mais aprofundadas sobre o tema na população brasileira, além da ampliação de medidas informativas.
Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is a substance extensively used in daily life, mainly in plastic materials. This study assessed the exposure of university students to endocrine disruptor BPA, their knowledge about this substance and the damage it causes to human health. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out with 500 students from a University in Curitiba. The sample was selected proportionally to the three major areas of knowledge, and the courses interviewed were drawn at random. Students were asked to fill out an objective questionnaire consisting of three parts: socioeconomic, assessment of exposure and knowledge tests. Of the respondents, 91.3% consume food stored in plastic packaging, 90.06% use drinks in this type of container and 84.8% consume canned food/drinks. However, only 19.8% have heard of BPA and 97.2% do not know about the relationship between exposure to BPA and endocrine changes. A high rate of exposure to BPA and a low level of knowledge on the subject was detected. This disproportion highlights the need for more in-depth research on the topic among the Brazilian population, in addition to broadening dissemination of information measures on the issue.
Subject(s)
Humans , Benzhydryl Compounds/analysis , Benzhydryl Compounds/toxicity , Food Contamination , Phenols , Brazil , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is an emerging contaminant, regularly detected in aquatic ecosystems, considered as an endocrine disrupting compound (EDC). Caffeine is another chemical related to human activity, often found in surface waters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological risk due to BPA and caffeine in water samples from the Sinos River basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Water samples were collected at three sites monthly from May 9 th, 2016 to April 11th, 2017 (n = 36). BPA concentrations in water samples collected were in the range of not detected to 517 ng L-1 and caffeine concentrations in the range of 41.7 to 28,439.6 ng L-1. The concentration of BPA in the analyzed samples had a moderate correlation with caffeine (rs = 0.402). High ecotoxicological risk for BPA was characterized in 77.77% of samples, with 11.11% presenting medium and 11.1% presenting low risk. For caffeine 13.9%, 50% and 36.11% of the samples presented high, medium and low risk, respectively. Caffeine concentrations in water can be used as predictors of BPA concentrations above 10 ng L-1, the lower concentration of ecotoxicological risk, with specificity of 66.7% and sensitivity of 70.4%. The assessment of aquatic risks has shown that both investigated compounds pose risks to organisms in the studied surface waters, mouth of the Pampa stream, mouth of the Luiz Rau stream and catchment point for public supply in Lomba Grande.
Resumo Bisfenol A (BPA) é um contaminante emergente regularmente detectado em ecossistemas aquáticos, é considerado um agente modificador endócrino (EDC). Além disso, outro produto químico relacionado com atividade humana, encontrado com frequência nas águas superficiais, é a cafeína. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de risco ecotoxicológico devido a BPA e cafeína em amostras de água da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Sinos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de água em três locais mensalmente no período de 9 de maio de 2016 a 11 de abril de 2017 (n = 36). As concentrações de BPA em amostras de água coletadas estavam na faixa de não detectada a 517 ng L-1 e concentrações de cafeína na faixa de 41,7 a 28,439,6 ng L-1. A concentração de BPA nas amostras analisadas apresentou correlação moderada com a cafeína (rs = 0,402). Alto risco ecotoxicológico para BPA foi caracterizado em 77,77% das amostras, com 11,11% apresentando médio e 11,1% apresentando baixo risco. Para cafeína 13,9%, 50% e 36,11% das amostras apresentaram risco alto, médio e baixo, respectivamente. Concentrações de cafeína em água podem ser utilizadas como preditoras de concentrações de BPA acima de 10 ng L-1, menor concentração de risco ecotoxicológico, com especificidade de 66,7% e sensibilidade de 70,4%. A avaliação dos riscos aquáticos revelou que ambos os compostos investigados representam risco para os organismos nas águas superficiais estudadas, foz do arroio Pampa, foz do arroio Luiz Rau e ponto de captação para abastecimento público em Lomba Grande.
Subject(s)
Humans , Phenols/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Benzhydryl Compounds/analysis , Caffeine/analysis , Rivers/chemistry , Brazil/epidemiology , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Risk Assessment/methods , Endocrine Disruptors/analysisABSTRACT
The main objective of present study was to develop a RP-HPLC method for estimation of Armodafinil in pharmaceutical dosage forms and characterization of its base hydrolytic product. The method was developed for Armodafinil estimation and base hydrolytic products were characterized. The separation was carried out on C18 column by using mobile phase as mixture of water and methanol [45:55%v/v]. Eluents were detected at 220nm at 1ml/min. Stress studies were performed with milder conditions followed by stronger conditions so as to get sufficient degradation around 20%. A total of five degradation products were detected and separated from analyte. The linearity of the proposed method was investigated in the range of 20-120 micro g/ml for Armodafinil. The detection limit and quantification limit was found to be 0.01183 micro g/ml and 0.035 micro g/ml respectively. The precision % RSD was found to be less than 2% and the recovery was between 98-102%. Armodafinil was found to be more sensitive to the base hydrolysis and yielded its carboxylic acid as degradant. The developed method was stability indicating assay, suitable to quantify Armodafinil in presence of possible degradants. The drug was sensitive to acid, base and photolytic stress and resistant to thermal and oxidation
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds/analysis , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Drug Stability , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/trends , Validation Studies as TopicABSTRACT
Dental sealants and composite filling materials containing bisphenol-A (BPA) derivatives are increasingly used in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between salivary BPA and the number of tooth surfaces filled with dental sealant, and to determine a cutoff BPA level. Salivary BPA concentration and the number of tooth surfaces filled with dental sealant/resin were determined in 124 age and gender matched children: 62 controls had no dental sealant/resin on their tooth surfaces and 62 cases had more than 4 tooth surfaces with dental sealant/resin. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and conditional logistic regression were performed after controlling for age, gender, salivary flow rate, salivary buffer capacity, frequency of snacking, and frequency of tooth brushing. Salivary BPA levels were 0.002 to 8.305 microg/L. The BPA level of control (0.40 microg/L) was significantly lower than that of case (0.92 microg/L) after controlling for confounders (P = 0.026). Although the 90th BPA percentile had an adjusted OR of 4.58 (95% CI 1.04-20.26, P = 0.045), the significance disappeared in the conditional logistic model. There may be a relationship between salivary BPA level and dental sealant/resin.