Colangiografía retrógrada realizada con enteroscopia asistida por balón simple en pacientes con anatomía alterada por cirugía en una clínica privada nivel III / Retrograde cholangiography performed with simple balloon-assisted enteroscopy in patients with altered anatomy by surgery in a private level III clinic

RESUMEN Objetivo : Evaluar la utilidad de la colangiografía retrógrada realizada con enteroscopia asistida por balón simple para el manejo de la patología de la via biliar en pacientes con anatomía alterada por cirugía en la Clínica Anglo Americana. Materiales y métodos : El presente es un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo donde se evalúan a todos los pacientes con anatomía alterada que acudieron por problemas de la via biliar para realizarse una colangiografía retrógrada asistida por enteroscopia con balón simple en la Clínica Anglo Americana durante el periodo de enero del 2014 a enero del 2020. Resultados : Realizamos 10 estudios de colangiografía retrógrada asistida por enteroscopia con balón simple. La canulación de la vía biliar fue exitosa en el 80% de nuestros casos, en dos casos no se pudo localizar la via biliar. Los hallazgos de la colangiografía retrógrada fueron litiasis de via biliar en 7 casos, estenosis de la anastomosis biliodigestiva en 5 casos y un ampuloma. Los procedimientos terapeúticos más frecuentes fueron dilatación con balón progresivo CRE de la anastomosis bilioentérica y extracción de litos con canastilla de Dormia. No se presentaron complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento. Conclusión : La colangiografía retrógrada asistida por enteroscopia con balón simple es un método seguro y eficaz para resolver la patología biliar en nuestros pacientes con anatomía alterada.

ABSTRACT Objective : To evaluate the usefulness of retrograde cholangiography performed with simple balloon-assisted enteroscopy for the management of bile duct pathology in patients with altered anatomy by surgery at the Anglo American Clinic. Materials and methods : This is a retrospective descriptive study where all patients with altered anatomy who came for bile duct problems to undergo a retrograde cholangiography assisted by simple balloon enteroscopy at the Anglo American Clinic during the January period from 2014 to January 2020. Results : We performed 10 studies of retrograde cholangiography assisted by simple balloon enteroscopy. Cannulation of the bile duct was successful in 80% of our cases, in two cases the bile duct could not be located. The findings of the retrograde cholangiography were biliary stones in 7 cases, stenosis of the biliodigestive anastomosis in 5 cases, and an ampuloma. The most frequent therapeutic procedures were CRE progressive balloon dilation of the bilioenteric anastomosis and extraction of stones with a Dormia basket. There were no complications associated with the procedure. Conclusion : Retrograde cholangiography assisted by simple balloon enteroscopy is a safe and effective method to resolve biliary pathology in our patients with altered anatomy.

Utilidad de la CPRE en el diagnóstico y manejo de las complicaciones biliares de la enfermedad hidatídica hepática / Endoscopic colangiopancreatography utility in the diagnosis and management of biliary complications of hepatic hydatid disease

Objetivo Presentar la experiencia sobre la utilidad de la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) en el manejo pre- y postoperatorio de pacientes con hidatidosis hepática complicada. Material y método Serie de casos de carácter retrospectivo de 14 pacientes sometidos a CPRE en el Servicio de Cirugía y Endoscopía del Hospital Regional de Coyhaique, desde enero de 2005 a diciembre de 2014. En esta presentación se separan a los pacientes en los cuales la CPRE fue utilizada como diagnóstico de aquellos en los que se utilizó como manejo de la fístula biliar externa. Los pacientes después del alta fueron controlados al mes, 3, 6 meses, para posteriormente realizarlo anualmente. Resultados Hubo 5 pacientes sometidos a CPRE en el preoperatorio. El motivo de consulta fue ictericia y dolor. En todos se encontraron membranas hidatídicas las cuales fueron extraídas. Se realizó esfinterotomía en todos ellos y en solo uno se dejó endoprótesis. Cuatro pacientes fueron estabilizados y operados de manera programada y solo uno no requirió de intervención. En los 9 pacientes con fístula biliar externa, débito > 200 ml, se realizó CPRE en el postoperatorio. El tamaño promedio del quiste fue de 12 cm y 2/3 de ellos eran multivesiculares. La técnica realizada fue quistectomía parcial y en 4/9 se llevó a cabo mediante videolaparoscopía. La indicación de la CPRE se efectúo a los 20 días y el débito promedio fue de 498 ml/día. En todos se realizó esfinterotomía con instalación de endoprótesis. El cierre de la fístula biliar externa aconteció a los 28 días. El seguimiento promedio alcanzó los 6 años y no existió mortalidad en la presente serie. Conclusión Este estudio confirma que la CPRE es un procedimiento útil y seguro en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las complicaciones biliares de la hidatidosis hepática.

Aim To report the experience with endoscopic colangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the pre and postoperative management of complicated liver hydatidosis. Material and methods Case series retrospective of 14 patients who underwent ERCP in the Department of Surgery and Endoscopy Regional Hospital of Coyhaique, from January 2005 to December 2014. In this presentation, patients are separated in whom ERCP was used as diagnosis of those in which was used as handling external biliary fistula. Patients after discharge were monitored per month, 3, 6 months later to realize it annually Results Five patients consulting for jaundice and pain were subjected to ERCP in the preoperative period. Hydatid membranes were found and extracted in all. A sphincterotomy was performed in all and an endoprosthesis was placed in one. Four patients were operated posteriorly and only one did not require surgery. On 9 patients with an external biliary fistula draining more than 200 ml/day, a postoperative ERCP was carried out. The mean sized of the cyst was 12 cm and two thirds were multi-vesicular. The surgical procedure was a partial cystectomy and in four it was laparoscopic. The mean output of fistulae was 498 ml/day. The ERCP was carried out in the twentieth postoperative day, performing a sphincterotomy and placing an endoprosthesis in all. Fistulae closed at 28 days. Patients were followed for six years and none died. Conclusions ERCP is safe and useful for the diagnosis and management of biliary complications of liver hydatidosis.

CHOLANGIOSCOPY IN BILE DUCT DISEASE: a case series / Colangioscopia nas afecções biliares: uma série de casos

Context Direct endoscopic visualization of biliopancreatic duct is certainly one of the greatest advances of therapeutic endoscopy. The use of a single-operator cholangioscopy platform (SpyGlass) is a promising technique in the evaluation of diseases such as indeterminate biliary stricture and giant choledocholitiasis. This is the first Brazilian case series using this technology. Methods We report a case series of 20 patients in whom SpyGlass was used with diagnostic and therapeutic intention. Results Most patients were female (60%) and the median age was 48 years (ranging from 14 to 94). Choledocholitiasis was the most common indication (12/20), and electrohydraulic lithotripsy was applied in eight (66%). Electrohydraulic lithotripsy was successful in seven (87.5%) patients. Partial stone fragmentation occurred in one patient with large stone causing stone-choledochal disproportion, which was conducted with biliary plastic stent placement and a second scheduled endoscopic approach in 3 months. In cases of undefined etiology of biliary strictures, it was possible to exclude malignancy due to direct visualization (7/8) or biopsy (1/8). One complication occurred (duodenal perforation) after papillary balloon dilation. Conclusion The use of SpyGlass demonstrated the benefits, especially in cases of large bile duct stones and indeterminate biliary strictures. Other potencial improvements such as reduction on radiation exposure should be confirmed in prospective studies. .

Contexto A visão endoscópica direta das vias biliopancreáticas é certamente um dos maiores avanços na endoscopia terapêutica. O uso da plataforma de colangioscopia de operador-único (SpyGlass) é uma técnica promissora na avaliação de afecções tais como estenoses de etiologia indefinida e coledocolitíase gigante. Essa é a primeira série de casos brasileira utilizando o método. Métodos Reportamos uma série de casos de 20 pacientes nos quais foi realizado Spyglass com objetivos diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Resultados A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (60%), com idade que variou de 14 a 94 anos (mediana de 48). Coledocolitíase foi a indicação mais comum (12/20) e litotripsia eletrohidráulica foi realizada em oito (66%). Litotripsia eletrohidráulica foi realizada com sucesso em sete (87,5%) pacientes. Fragmentação parcial dos cálculos ocorreu em um paciente com desproporção cálculo-coledociana, sendo conduzido com colocação de prótese plástica e reabordagem endoscópica programada em 3 meses. Nos casos de estenoses biliares de etiologia indeterminada, foi possível a exclusão de malignidade devido a visualização direta (7/8) ou biópsia (1/8). Uma complicação ocorreu (perfuração duodenal) após dilatação balonada da papila. Conclusão Foram demonstrados os benefícios do uso do Spyglass, principalmente nos casos de coledocolitíase gigante e estenoses biliares de etiologia indefinida. Outras potenciais vantagens como a redução da exposição à radiação deve ser confirmada em estudos prospectivos posteriores. .

PCRE: ampulotomía o fistulotomía suprapapilar con needle knife para acceder a la vía biliar en canulación dificil / ERCP: ampulotomy or suprapapillary fistulotomy with needle knife to access bile ductin difficult cannulation

INTRODUCCIÓN: la canulación profunda de la via biliar principal es requisito para una Pancreato-colangiografía Retrograda Endoscópica (PCRE) de carácter terapéutico. El pre corte es una técnica practicada en casos de canulación difícil. Objetivo: Reportar los casos de pacientes con canulación difícil y fistulotomia suprapapilar como un método para la canulación selectiva del colédoco. Reportar la eficacia, hallazgos demográficos, endoscópicos y complicaciones de éste procedimiento. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y observacional de casos. Se ha realizado en 93 pacientes sometidos a PCRE con canulación difícil en quienes se practicó el pre corte tipo Fistulotomia, en un Centro privado de Endoscopia Digestiva del 2000 al 2010 en Lima. RESULTADOS: En 1205 (100%) CPRE se hicieron 1152 (96%) papiloesfinterotomias, de éstos en 93 casos (8%) casos se hizo fistulotomia previa a la papiloesfinterotomia. El grupo atareo más frecuente fue de 61 a 70 años, la relación F:M, 2.4:1. La eficacia fue 96%, los hallazgos endoscópicos más frecuentes fueron Odditis, impactación de cálculo y la presencia de ampuloma, los diagnósticos finales fueron enfermedad litiásica (34%), seguida de la Odditis con o sin litiasis coledociana (29%), en el 75% de casos se realizó terapéutica, el 8.5% de casos presentó complicaciones (pancreatitis y sangrado). No se registró perforaciones ni colangitis. CONCLUSIONES: en esta serie la fistulotomia en casos de canulación difícil es eficaz, es más frecuente en casos de Odditis, cálculo impactado y ampuloma y las complicaciones son bajas. RECOMENDACIONES: el pre corte tipo fistulotomia está dirigida a pacientes que requieren PCRE terapéutica, la decisión de realizarla debe ser precoz, la firma de un consentimiento informado es primordial.

INTRODUCTION: Biliary conducts deep cannulation is a requirement for therapeutic Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP). The pre-cut papillotomy is a technique for difficult cannulation cases. Aims: Report cases of hard cannulation and suprapapilar fistulotomy as a method for selective common bile duct cannulation. Report efficacy, demographic and endoscopic findings and complications of this procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive and prospective study of cases. Sample of 93 patients who had a difficult cannulation ERCP, in which suprapapilar fistulotomy pre-cut type was done, in a private digestive endoscopic center between 2000 and 2010 in Lima, Peru. RESULTS: 1205 (100%) ERCP were made 1152 (96%) papillosphincterotomies. Fistulotomy was done in 93 cases (8%) of these papillosphincterotomies. The most prevalent age group was 61 to 70 years old, the female-male proportion was 2.4:1. The efficacy was 96%. The most prevalent endoscopy findings were odditis, gallstone impactation and ampulloma presence, final diagnosis were lithiasic disease (34%), Odditis with or without common bile duct lithiasis (29%). Therapeutic ERCP was done in 75% of the cases, 8.5% showed complications (pancreatitis and bleeding). No perforation or cholangitis were registered. CONCLUSIONS: In this case series, fistulotomy in difficult cannulation procedures had good efficacy. Is most prevalent in cases with odditis, gallstone impactation and ampulloma. Complications of the procedure are low. RECOMMENDATIONS: The fistulotomy type of pre-cut is leaded for patients who require therapeutic ERCP. The decision for doing the procedure must be precocious and informed consent is primordial.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate a comprehensive review of published articles regarding endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biliary drainage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Review of studies regarding EUS-guided biliary drainage including case reports, case series and previous reviews. RESULTS: EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy, coledochoduodenostomy and choledoantrostomy are advanced biliary and pancreatic endoscopy procedures, and together make up the echo-guided biliary drainage. Hepaticogastrostomy is indicated in cases of hilar obstruction, while the procedure of choice is the coledochoduodenostomy or choledochoantrostomy in distal lesions. Both procedures must be performed only after unsuccessful ERCPs. The indication of these procedures must be made under a multidisciplinary view while sharing information with the patient or legal guardian. CONCLUSION: Hepaticogastrostomy and coledochoduodenostomy or choledochoantrostomy are feasible when performed by endoscopists with expertise in biliopancreatic endoscopy. Advanced echo-endoscopy should currently be performed under a rigorous protocol in educational institutions.

Tratamento endoscópico das lesões biliares / Endoscopic treatment of the biliary injuries

As técnicas cirúrgicas convencionais ofertam uma apropriada condição de cura na maioria dos pacientes com estreitamento biliar benigno. Nesta condição, no entanto, o reparo cirúrgico está associado com recorrência tardia da re-estenose em 10 por cento a 30 por cento dos pacientes. Neste contexto, os avanços tecnológicos na endoscopia terapêutica promoveram a possibilidade alternativa do tratamento efetivo destas obstruções benignas. Considerações em relação ao tempo de reospitalização e de procedimentos devem ser averiguados em detalhes e ponderados em relação á cirurgia. Estenoses malignas estão relacionadas á colangite, icterícia e dor e, consequentemente, com as alterações sistêmicas relacionadas com a sepsis biliar. A conduta endoscópica cria uma derivação do suco biliar para o duodeno, sendo uma verdadeira derivação biliodigestiva endoscópica e utilizando-se próteses plásticas ou metálicas. O propósito desta revisão é ofertar aos leitores a eficácia do tratamento endoscópico na estenose benigna e maligna biliopancreática.

Standard surgical techniques offer a good chance of cure forthe majority of patients affected by extrahepatic benign biliarystricture. Nevertheless, operative repair has a long-termrecurrence rate of stricture in 10 percent to 30 percent of patients. Advancesin endoscopic procedures have provided alternative options ofrelieving biliary obstructions, but prolonged length of treatmentand rehospitalization have to be considered if endoscopy isperformed. Malignant stenoses are an important factor determining cholangitis, jaundice and pain and it's each systemic consequences. The endoscopic approach intends to create a deviation of bile juice to duodenum by means of metal or plastic stents aiming a safe palliation. The purpose of this review is to show to the readerseffectiveness of endoscopic treatments of benign and malignat stenosis of the bile duct and pancreatic.

Endoscopic management of postoperative bile duct injuries: a single center experience

Biliary endoscopic procedures may be less invasive than surgery for management of postoperative bile duct injuries [POBDI]. This retrospective work presents the experience of a single referral center during a period of 14 years in endoscopic management of POBDI. Between 1994 [March] and 2008 [May], ERCP had been performed on 277 patients suspected to have POBDI. Patients shown to have complete transaction of bile duct were prepared for definitive surgery. For patients with simple biliary leak, sphincterotomy was performed with stenting. Pneumatic dilatation and stenting were done on patients with biliary stricture and preserved ductal continuity. ERCP was repeated every 3 months till the site of narrowing disappeared. The mean age was 45.3 years, 162 [58.5%] were females. The most common previous surgery was cholecystectomy [open, [N=119] 44%, and laparoscopic, [N=77] 28%]. ERCP failed in 17 patients [6.1%]. For successfully cannulated cases [N=260, 93.9%], the type of bile duct injury diagnosed at ERCP was completely ligated CBD [N=31/260, 11.9%]. Bile leakage was detected in [N=167/260, 64.2%] all patients with endoscopic sphincterotomy and stent insertion, the leak stopped in all of them. Biliary stricture was diagnosed in 33/260 patients [12.7%] and 17 of them had repeated balloon dilatation with stenting while the remaining had surgical correction. The success rate of endoscopic therapy for biliary strictures was 82%. Cholangiogram was normal in 29 patients [11.2%]. Endoscopic therapy is safe and effective in the management of postoperative bile duct leak. For postoperative bile ductal strictures, ERCP is a less favorable option

Management and outcome of residual bile duct stones following cholecystectomy at a tertiary referral centre in Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the advent of pre- and per-operative imaging techniques, the problem of residual bile duct stones following laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy still exists with a reported frequency of 2-10%. Endoscopic stone extraction is a minimally invasive technique which is fast becoming popular in the management of residual ductal stones. OBJECTIVE: To review the experience in our unit with regard to clinical presentation and the outcome following endoscopic management of residual bile duct stones. DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study. SETTING: Patients referred to a tertiary referral centre with suspected residual bile duct stones following open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy from 5 March 2002 to 31 December 2006. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 56 patients with suspected residual bile duct stones were reviewed with regard to clinical presentation, stone profile, success rate and outcome. RESULTS: Mean age of the sample was 43.2 years. Female to male ratio was 34/22. 4 (73.3%). Main presenting symptom was epigastric or right hypochondrial pain (39.2%). Presence of residual stones or gravel noted in 91% (51) during ERCP. Complete stone extraction was achieved in 83.9% (47). All these patients became completely asymptomatic. Four patients had ERCP related morbidity. There were no deaths. Longest follow up was 38 months and the shortest 1.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic approach is a safe and effective method in the diagnosis and treatment of residual bile duct stones.

Benign biliary stricture--should they be dilated or treated surgically?

Management of benign biliary stricture remains a challenge for both surgeons and therapeutic endoscopists. Traditionally, surgery is considered the mainstay of treatment, but it is associated with significant morbidity and variable long-term outcome. With advances in endoscopic techniques and accessories, endoscopic management is emerging as an effective option. Outcome of endoscopic management depends on both the etiology and location of stricture. Current data suggest that long-term results with multiple plastic stents are superior to those with single plastic stent. Removable covered metal stents are a good alternative. The role of bio-absorbable self-expanding stents needs to be evaluated further.

Incidência e resultado do tratamento das lesões da via biliar em colescistectomia por laparotomia / Biliary lesions in open cholecystectomy: incidence and treatment

Racional - As lesões da via biliar são complicações graves tanto na era atual da videolaparoscopia como na cirurgia por via aberta ou por laparotomia. Objetivo - Estabelecer a frequência de lesões iatrogênicas da via biliar em um hospital de ensino no Brasil, e analisar os resultados imediatos e tardios do seu tratamento...

Transduodenal sphincteroplasty - reappraisal of an effective biliary drainage procedure in the endoscopic and laparoscopic era

With the advent of interventional endoscopic procedures and with growing experience with laparoscopic surgery, the indications for open biliary procedures have become limited. This prospective study reviews the changing trends in the indications of transduodenal sphincteroplasty and presents the short-term and long-term outcomes of this procedure in the present minimally invasive surgical era. Transduodenal sphincteroplasty was performed for various benign obstructive biliary pathologies. Various parameters recorded were the demographic data, indications for surgery, early and late complications and longterm outcome of the procedure. The changing trend in the current indications of the procedure was reviewed. Results of transduodenal sphincteroplasty on 67 consecutive patients over a 7 year period are presented. Mean age was 48.7 years with male to female ratio of 1:2.7. Thirty-nine [58.2%] patients presented with obstructive jaundice and 40.3% had cholangitis. Common indications of surgery included multiple common duct calculi [46.3%], impacted ampullary stones [37.3%] and ampullary stenosis [11.9%]. Overall hospital morbidity was 13.4% with zero mortality. After a mean follow up of 7.2 years, 95.4% patients had "good" or "fair" and 4.5% reported "poor" results. Most of the biliary pathologies may be dealt with by laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures; open drainage procedures may still be indicated in selected patients. Transduodenal sphincteroplasty remains an effective biliary drainage procedure with acceptable morbidity and mortality. The procedure should be regarded as essential in the general surgical knowledge and training

Colecistectomia laparoscópica no terceiro trimestre da gravidez / Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the third trimester of pregnancy

Duas pacientes no terceiro trimestre de gestação foram submetidas a colecistectomia videolaparoscópica para o tratamento da colecistite calculosa sintomática. As indicações para os procedimentos foram a colecistite aguda no primeiro caso e pancreatite biliar, associada a episódios recorrentes de dor, no segundo. As intervenções cirúrgicas foram realizadas sem intercorrências de ordem anestésica ou hemodinâmica, tanto para gestante como para o feto, com um tempo médio de duração de 22 minutos. No primeiro caso, observou-se uma vesícula de aspecto inflamatório, apresentando ader6encias em fundo, edema de parede, sugerindo o diagnóstico de colecistite aguda. No segundo caso, não foram observados sinais de colecistite aguda, no entanto a vesícula apresentava aspecto escleroatrófico. Não houve dificuldade, em nenhum dos casos, para a observação das estruturas anatômicas do abdome superior. As pacientes receberam alta 24 horas após a cirurgia e permanecem, até a presente data, com a gestação em andamento e sem aplicações. A colecistectomia laparoscópica, quando necessária, pode ser efetuada com segurança e constitui-se num tratamento eficaz para a litíase biliar sintomática durante o terceiro trimestre de gestação, possuindo um baixo índice de complicações.

Lesäo iatrogênica das vias biliares: estudo de 11 casos / Iatrogenic injury of the bile ducts: study of 11 cases

Foram estudados 11 pacientes com lesao iatrogênica de via biliar. Em todos os casos a lesao ocorreu após uma colecistectomia com ou sem exploraçao das vias biliares. Dos 11 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia das vias biliares, nove (81,81 por cento) foram operados eletivamente e somente dois (18,18 por cento) em caráter de urgência. Considerando-se o local da lesao no trato biliar, os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com a classificaçao de Bismuth. Dez dos 11 pacientes foram operados na tentativa de se corrigir a lesao da via biliar. O tratamento cirúrgico mais freqüentemente empregado foi a derivaçao jejunal em alça exclusa em y de Roux (nove pacientes). Um paciente foi tratado sem reintervençao cirúrgica. O resultado foi considerado bom em oito (72,72 por cento) dos 11 pacientes, estando relacionado ao número de reoperaçoes, ao local da lesao e da ocorrência de fístulas pós-operatórias.

Ducto cístico duplo: relato de caso e revisäo de anomalias da árvore biliar / Double cystic duct: case report and review of biliary tree anomalies

Atualmente, a viodelaparoscopia é a técnica de escolha para operaçoes das vias biliares, principalmente para colecistectomia, mas o cirurgiao deve estar sempre atento às inúmeras variaçoes existentes no sistema biliar extra-hepático. Diversas variaçoes anatômicas da vesícula biliar, do ducto cístico e da artéria cística sao descritas na literatura, mas é escassa a experiência relatada de ducto cístico duplo com uma única vesícula biliar. Este trabalho tem por objetivo relatar o caso de uma mulher de 57 anos de idade com colecistolitíase que foi submetida à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica. Constatou-se a presença de ducto cístico duplo, optando-se, entao, pela conversao para cirurgia aberta convencional devido às dúvidas quanto a lesao da via biliar principal.

Reoperaçöes sobre as vias biliares / Reoperation in the biliary tract

Foram analisados 38 doentes submetidos a 40 reintervençoes sobre as vias biliares, 18 com calculose residual, múltipla ou intra-hepática, 18 com estenose cicatricial e dois portadores de "Sump síndrome". Dos reoperados por calculose, 14 (78 por cento) haviam sido submetidos a uma e os demais a duas operaçoes anteriores, enquanto nos com estenose cicatricial, sete (39 por cento) tinham derivaçao biliodigestiva prévia visando a correçao da estenose. Na doença calculosa, dez foram tratados por anastomose coledocoduodenal, um por hepaticojejunal e drenagem trans-hepática, um por coledocojejunal, três papilotomias e três coledocotomias. Nos portadores de estenose cicatricial, a anastomose hepaticojejunal foi realizada em 14, dos quais oito com drenagem trans-hepática e nos demais (quatro doentes), anastomose coledocojejunal. Nao houve mortalidade em ambos os grupos.

Papilotomía endoscópica y extracción de cálculos de la vía biliar en pacientes con vesícula in situ y colelitiasis / Endoscopic papillotomy and extraction of bile ducts calculi in patients with gallbladder in situ and cholelithiasis

La colecistectomía con papilotomía quirúrgica es una operación prolongada y con una morbi-mortalidad a veces importante. La estadía hospitalaria es generalmente prolongada. En ocasiones el mal estado general y la edad avanzada de los enfermos contraindica la operación. Eventualmente el drenaje de la vía biliar es imperioso. Por esta razón desde 1.980 preconizamos realizar en aquellos enfermos con colelitiasis y coledocolitiasis una papilotomía endoscópica y extracción de la litiasis coledociana y colecistectomía. Hemos realizado este procedimiento en 91 pacientes, 26 hombres y 65 mujeres, cuya edad osciló entre los 25 y 82 años. 73 tenían ictericia y 18 no. En 52 práctico colecostectomía entre las 24 y 72 hs post-papilotomía. 12 fueron operados luego de un lapso de 2 meses a 2 años por presentar una colecistitis aguda. 27 no han sido colecistectomizados y permanecen asintomáticos. No hubo mortalidad inherente al procedimiento

Endoscopic sphincterotomy: preliminary experience at a university hospital.

Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) was attempted in 38 patients with biliary calculi. There were 21 patients (55.3%) with common bile duct (CBD) stones following cholecystectomy, 14 patients (36.8%) with intact gall bladder and 3 patients with retained CBD stones along with T tube in the early post-operative period. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was possible in all but one patient and duct clearance was attained in 34 (89.4%) patients. Spontaneous clearance of calculi occurred in 31 (81.6%) patients while 3 patients required instrumental extraction. Four patients failed to clear stones and required surgical intervention. Complications occurred in 4 (10.5%) patients--haemorrhage in two, pancreatitis and cholangitis in one each. One patient died of bleeding on the 4th day following ES while hemostasis was achieved in other after two units of blood. Other complications were managed conservatively without any mortality. Endoscopic sphincterotomy appears to be a simple, effective and safe therapeutic modality for the management of biliary calculi.