Urine D/R screening in a community

Urine D/R screening in a community Subjects and The type of study was cross-sectional. It was carried out at 'Arafat Town, Karachi' having population of approximately 15,000 individuals. The sample size was 500. It was random sampling which included apparently healthy individuals of both sexes and of all ages. Menstruating females, bed ridden patients and individuals having gross urinary complaints were excluded. Out of 500 individuals, 324 were females and 176 were males, 273 individuals were below and equal to 18 years and 227 were above 18 years. In first visit, individuals were carefully examined and asked different questions. Then in second visit on the very next day, dipstick test was performed in fresh morning urine samples. Each dipstick had 10 parameters with their specific reading time of testing for accuracy of results. Out of 500 individuals, 25% had haematuria and 15% had proteinuria. There were 5.4% individuals who had both haematuria and proteinuria. Twenty% individuals had bilirubinuria, 5.6% had glucosuria, 14% had ketonuria and 6.2% had pyuria. Urine D/R by dipstick method is a simple and cost effective test and can be used for screening urinary diseases. In this study, significant hematuria and proteinuria were detected in apparently healthy individuals therefore these individuals must be further investigated for kidney and urinary tract diseases

A modified qualitative test for bilirubin in the urine.

A new technique for determination of urinary bilirubin has been described. Evaluation of the new test by simultaneous testing with Harrison's test on 76 urine samples has assured the validity of the new technique. The advantages of the new test include low cost, its simple procedure, and the great convenience of transportation to any working sites.