As falhas no registro de crianças no Censo de 1872: o caso fluminense / Errors in child registration in the Census of 1872: the case of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Errores en los registros infantiles del censo de 1872: el caso de Río de Janeiro, Brasil

O Censo de 1872 apresenta relevantes incoerências demográficas nas idades infantis. Identificamos esses problemas, para as freguesias do Município Neutro e da província do Rio de Janeiro, a partir da aplicação de padrões demográficos gerais: a razão de sexo ao nascer e as proporções entre o número de anos-pessoa vividos nas primeiras idades segundo a tábua de vida Brasil 1870-1890. Ficam claras, nessa faixa etária, as inconsistências nos dados entre os sexos e em cada sexo, nas proporções relativas entre as idades. Mostramos, além disso, a grande diversidade nas formas e intensidades dessas incoerências, freguesia a freguesia. Em consequência, cremos que qualquer análise historiográfica a partir dos dados do Censo de 1872 requer o ajuste prévio dos totais publicados para as idades infantis para se tornar minimamente precisa.

The Census of 1872 contains relevant inconsistencies among young ages. We identified these problems, for the parishes of the Município Neutro and the Province of Rio de Janeiro, through the use of general demographic patterns: the sex ratio at birth and the proportions among the number of person-year lived during the first years of life, according to the life table Brazil 1870-1890. The inconsistencies among the data for each sex, in the young ages, and in the relative proportions among ages, for each sex, are clear. Furthermore, we show the great diversity of forms and intensities of these incoherencies among parishes. As a consequence, we believe that, to be precise, any historiographical analysis based on the data of the Census of 1872 requires previous adjustment of the totals published for young ages.

El Censo de 1872 presenta inconsistencias demográficas relevantes en las edades infantiles. Identificamos estos problemas en las parroquias del municipio Neutro y de la provincia de Río de Janeiro a partir de la aplicación de indicadores demográficos generales: razón de sexo al nacimiento y proporciones entre el número de personas según años vividos en las edades tempranas de acuerdo a la tabla de vida de Brasil para 1870-1890. En este grupo de edad son claras las inconsistencias de los datos sobre sexos y, en cada género, en las proporciones relativas a las edades. Se muestra también la gran diversidad de formas e intensidades de estas inconsistencias, parroquia por parroquia. En consecuencia, se entiende que cualquier análisis historiográfico a partir de los datos del Censo de 1872 requiere un ajuste previo de los totales publicados para las edades infantiles para que sean mínimamente precisas.

Differentials of post-partum amenorrhea: a survival analysis.

Post-partum amenorrhea is an important event for females' reproductive life and their health. It is the time period between the end of pregnancy and the resumption of menstruation after delivery, and it is considered to be the temporary infecundable period of women's reproductive life-span. The main aim of this article is to examine the differentials of post-partum amenorrhea by using current status reporting data according to the characteristics of the mother and her child. The data are utilized from a sample survey of Palpa and Rupandehi districts of western rural Nepal. A life-table based technique of survival analysis has been used. Important summary measures have been computed in order to see the differentials of duration of post-partum amenorrhea. The study revealed that parity of mothers, age of mothers, breast-feeding practices and survival status of the child were found to be the main differentials of the duration of post-partum amenorrhea. Amenorrhea period was found shorter for lower parity and younger mothers. Amenorrheic period was found to be increased with increased birth-interval and duration of breast-feeding practices. A strong positive association was found between the duration of post-partum amenorrhea and breast-feeding. The study also revealed that an inverse association was found between the duration of post-partum amenorrhea and socio-economic status of mothers. The survival status of the child showed a strong effect for the timing of amenorrhea. This study investigated the important differentials of amenorrhea by using current status reporting data according to the characteristics of mother and her child. The estimated values of mean, median and trimean duration of amenorrhea were compared. For instance, trimean of amenorrheic period was found to be 9.6 months while median was 8.4 months and mean was 10.4 months. This finding indicates that the trimean provided the most consistent and best estimates of the duration of amenorrhea than other averages. The trimean is the best measure if the data contain censored and open-ended class interval. Parity, age of mothers, survival status of child, breast-feeding practices and socio-economic status of mothers were found to be the main influencing factors for the timing of amenorrhea among rural Nepalese mothers. Although the coverage of the present study is limited to small areas as well as to a small sample size, it is expected that the findings may help in designing appropriate policies and programs for improving mothers' and children's health as well as for reducing the existing fertility level of a country.

Espaciamiento intergenésico sobre cinco años: características de nacidos en un Hospital Público de Santiago / Child spacing longer than 5 years: main features in children born at a public hospital

Para estudiar variables relacionadas con el intervalo intergenésico se entrevistó a 721 puérperas el año 2000. Se comparó cuatro grupos: primogÚnitos (n = 304); segundos con espaciamientos bajo (espaciamiento corto, n = 145) y sobre 5 años (espaciamiento largo, n = 124), e hijos de orden de nacimiento sobre dos espaciamiento largo (n = 148). Resultados. La edad de los padres se elevó con la paridad y el espaciamiento, pero en las madres el promedio no sobrepasó 33,8 años y el peso al nacer no varió sustancialmente. En el espaciamiento largo la mayoría tuvo mßs de 9 años de intervalo y predominaron los hijos segundos. Los hijos segundos con espaciamiento corto tuvieron més niños con EG < 38 semanas (p = 0,02) que los primogénitos (13,1 por ciento versus 7,2 por ciento). El Apgar de 4-6 puntos fue más frecuente (4,96 por ciento; p = 0,01) en los primogénitos que en los de orden mayor y espaciamiento largo (0,7 por ciento). El uso de anticonceptivos al concebir (MAC) fue mayor en los primogénitos que en los segundos de espaciamiento corto (p = 0,0002); descendió en los segundos con espaciamiento largo (p = 0,008) y volvió a subir (p=0,01) en los de orden mayor. En los segundos de espaciamiento corto, 17,9 por ciento tenía padre diferente al del hermano anterior, cifra que aumentó a 39,5 por ciento en los segundos de espaciamiento largo (p = 0,0002). En los de espaciamiento largo y orden sobre dos tambiÚn la frecuencia de anticonceptivos al concebir fue mayor que en los segundos de espaciamiento corto (p = 0,03). En el espaciamiento largo y el orden sobre dos hubo més enfermos que en los primogénitos (p = 0,034). La patología més frecuente fue ser pequeño para la EG, significativamente mayor en los segundos de espaciamiento corto (14,5 por ciento) que en primogénitos (8,2 por ciento) y segundos de espaciamiento largo (7,2 por ciento). Se postula interpretaciones y consecuencias posibles de estos hallazgos.

Breastfeeding indicators in Dakahlia Governorate

This study was carried out in Dakahlia Governorate to assess current breastfeeding practices using the standardized breastfeeding indicators developed by the World Health Organization and to highlight the impact of some socioeconomic and maternal factors on these indicators. An interview was carried out with mothers of 1200 infants and children < 24 months during a poliomyelitis immunization campaign in urban and rural areas. The findings indicate that 84.6% of infants aged 0-4 months are fully breastfed, with 42.5% and 42.1% of them exclusively and predominantly breastfed respectively. Rural infants are more likely to be exclusively breastfed, to continue breastfeeding for 1 year and to initiate breastfeeding early. Non-working mothers are more likely to breastfeed exclusively and more likely to continue breastfeeding for 1 year

Influência do mês e ano do parto e do grupamento genético sobre a idade ao primeiro parto, intervalo de partos e número de crias de vacas Red Poli x Zebu, no Estado de São Paulo / Effects of month and year of calving and genetic group on age at first calving, calving intervals and number of calving in Red Poli x Zebu cows in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Os dados utilizados referem-se a 884 registros de idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) e de número de crias por vaca (NC) e 4.540 registros de intervalo de partos (IDP) de fêmeas mestiças Red Poli x Zebu, criadas na Fazenda Três Barras em Pitangueiras, Estado de São Paulo, durante o período de 1955 a 1971. As médias gerais das características estudadas foram: 43,7 meses (C.V. = 20,5%) para IPP; 6,1 (C.V. = 47,6%) para NC e 429 dias (C.V.= 25%) para IDP. As análises de variância mostraram influências significativas de mês, ano do parto e grupo genético para IPP e IDP. O NC foi afetado pela IPP e pelo IDP.

The data utilized in this study reter to 884 records of age at first calving and number of calves per cow and 4540 records of calving intervals of crossed Red Poli X Zebu cows raised at Três Barras Farm, Pitangueiras, State of São Paulo, obtained during the period 1955/1971. The overall means were 43,7 months (C.V.= 20.5%) for age at first calving, 6,1 (C.V.= 4.6%) for the number of calves per cow and 429 days (C.V.= 25%) for the calving intervals. The analysis of variance showed the following significant effects: month and year of calving and genetic group for age at first calving and calving intervals; age at first calv-ing and mean calving interval effect for the number of calving per cow.