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1.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 112(1): 91-103, Jan. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-973829

ABSTRACT

Abstract Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) was initially recognized as a clinical entity by Fontaine and Marcus, who evaluated a group of patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmia from a structurally impaired right ventricle (RV). Since then, there have been significant advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology, manifestation and clinical progression, and prognosis of the pathology. The identification of genetic mutations impairing cardiac desmosomes led to the inclusion of this entity in the classification of cardiomyopathies. Classically, ARVC/D is an inherited disease characterized by ventricular arrhythmias, right and / or left ventricular dysfunction; and fibro-fatty substitution of cardiomyocytes; its identification can often be challenging, due to heterogeneous clinical presentation, highly variable intra- and inter-family expressiveness, and incomplete penetrance. In the absence of a gold standard that allows the diagnosis of ARVC/D, several diagnostic categories were combined and recently reviewed for a higher diagnostic sensitivity, without compromising the specificity. The finding that electrical abnormalities, particularly ventricular arrhythmias, usually precede structural abnormalities is extremely important for risk stratification in positive genetic members. Among the complementary exams, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) allows the early diagnosis of left ventricular impairment, even before morpho-functional abnormalities. Risk stratification remains a major clinical challenge, and antiarrhythmic drugs, catheter ablation and implantable cardioverter defibrillator are the currently available therapeutic tools. The disqualification of the sport prevents cases of sudden death because the effort can trigger not only the electrical instability, but also the onset and progression of the disease.


Resumo A cardiomiopatia/displasia arritmogênica do ventrículo direito (C/DAVD) foi inicialmente reconhecida como uma entidade clínica por Fontaine e Marcus que avaliaram um grupo de pacientes com taquiarritmia ventricular proveniente de um ventrículo direito (VD) estruturalmente comprometido. Desde então, houve avanços significativos na compreensão da fisiopatologia, manifestação e evolução clínica e prognóstico da patologia. A identificação de mutações genéticas comprometendo os desmossomos cardíacos levou a inclusão desta entidade na classificação das cardiomiopatias. Classicamente, a C/DAVD é uma doença hereditária que se caracteriza por arritmias ventriculares, disfunção ventricular direita e/ou esquerda; e substituição fibro-gordurosa dos cardiomiócitos; cuja identificação pode ser muitas vezes desafiadora, devido à apresentação clínica heterogênea, expressividade intra- e inter-familiar altamente variável e penetrância incompleta. Na falta de um padrão-ouro que permita o diagnóstico da C/DAVD, várias categorias diagnósticas foram combinadas e, recentemente revisadas buscando uma maior sensibilidade diagnóstica, sem comprometer a especificidade. A descoberta de que as anormalidades elétricas, particularmente as arritmias ventriculares, geralmente precedem anormalidades estruturais é extremamente importante para a estratificação de risco em membros genéticos positivos. Entre os exames complementares, a ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) possibilita o diagnóstico precoce de comprometimento ventricular esquerdo, mesmo antes das anormalidades morfofuncionais. A estratificação de risco continua a ser um grande desafio clínico e medicamentos antiarrítmicos, ablação de cateter e desfibrilador cardioversor implantável são as ferramentas terapêuticas atualmente disponíveis. A desqualificação do esporte previne casos de morte súbita uma vez que o esforço pode desencadear não só a instabilidade elétrica, mas também deflagrar o início e a progressão da doença.


Subject(s)
Humans , Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/diagnosis , Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/therapy , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Risk Factors , Defibrillators, Implantable , Risk Assessment , Body Surface Potential Mapping/methods , Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/physiopathology , Electrocardiography
2.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 101(3): 226-232, set. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-686538

ABSTRACT

FUNDAMENTO: A ablação por cateter possibilita tratamento curativo para diversas arritmias cardíacas. A fluoroscopia é utilizada para localizar e direcionar os cateteres aos pontos causadores de arritmias. Contudo, a fluoroscopia apresenta diversos riscos. O mapeamento eletroanatômico (MEA) apresenta imagem tridimensional sem utilizar raios X, reduzindo os riscos da fluoroscopia. OBJETIVO: Descrevemos uma série de pacientes nos quais foi realizada ablação de arritmias cardíacas com o uso exclusivo de MEA. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados prospectivamente, de março de 2011 a março de 2012, pacientes com arritmias cardíacas refratárias ao tratamento farmacológico para realização de ablação de arritmias com o uso exclusivo de MEA. Não participaram aqueles com indicação de estudo eletrofisiológico diagnóstico e ablação de fibrilação atrial, taquiarritmias de átrio esquerdo e arritmia ventricular hemodinamicamente instável. Observamos tempo total de procedimento, taxa de sucesso, complicações e se ocorreu necessidade de uso de fluoroscopia durante o procedimento. RESULTADOS: Participaram 11 pacientes, sendo sete do sexo feminino (63%), com idade média de 50 anos (DP ± 16,5). As indicações dos procedimentos foram quatro casos (35%) de flutter atrial, três casos (27%) de síndrome de pré-excitação, dois casos (19%) de taquicardia supraventricular paroxística e dois casos (19%) de extrassístoles ventriculares. A média de duração do procedimento foi de 86,6 min (DP ± 26 min). O sucesso imediato (na alta hospitalar) do procedimento ocorreu em nove pacientes (81%). Não houve complicações durante os procedimentos. CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo, foi demonstrado que é viável a realização de ablação de arritmias apenas com o uso do MEA, com resultados satisfatórios.


BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation is a treatment that can cure various cardiac arrhythmias. Fluoroscopy is used to locate and direct catheters to areas that cause arrhythmias. However, fluoroscopy has several risks. Electroanatomic mapping (EAM) facilitates three-dimensional imaging without X-rays, which reduces risks associated with fluoroscopy. OBJECTIVE: We describe a series of patient cases wherein cardiac arrhythmia ablation was exclusively performed using EAM. METHODS: Patients who presented with cardiac arrhythmias that were unresponsive to pharmacological therapy were prospectively selected between March 2011 and March 2012 for arrhythmia ablation exclusively through EAM. Patients with indications for a diagnostic electrophysiology study and ablation of atrial fibrillation, left atrial tachyarrhythmias as well as hemodynamically unstable ventricular arrhythmia were excluded. We documented the procedure time, success rate and complications as well as whether fluoroscopy was necessary during the procedure. RESULTS: In total, 11 patients were enrolled in the study, including seven female patients (63%). The mean age of the patients was 50years (SD ±16.5). Indications for the investigated procedures included four cases (35%) of atrial flutter, three cases (27%) of pre-excitation syndrome, two cases (19%) of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and two cases (19%) of ventricular extrasystoles. The mean procedure duration was 86.6 min (SD ± 26 min). Immediate success (at discharge) of the procedure was evident for nine patients (81%). There were no complications during the procedures. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the feasibility of performing an arrhythmia ablation exclusively using EAM with satisfactory results.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/surgery , Catheter Ablation/methods , Body Surface Potential Mapping/methods , Fluoroscopy , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Prospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
3.
Clinics ; 68(7): 986-991, jul. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-680714

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Few studies have evaluated cardiac electrical activation dynamics after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Although this procedure reduces morbidity and mortality in heart failure patients, many approaches attempting to identify the responders have shown that 30% of patients do not attain clinical or functional improvement. This study sought to quantify and characterize the effect of resynchronization therapy on the ventricular electrical activation of patients using body surface potential mapping, a noninvasive tool. METHODS: This retrospective study included 91 resynchronization patients with a mean age of 61 years, left ventricle ejection fraction of 28%, mean QRS duration of 182 ms, and functional class III/IV (78%/22%); the patients underwent 87-lead body surface mapping with the resynchronization device on and off. Thirty-six patients were excluded. Body surface isochronal maps produced 87 maximal/mean global ventricular activation times with three regions identified. The regional activation times for right and left ventricles and their inter-regional right-to-left ventricle gradients were calculated from these results and analyzed. The Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskall-Wallis test were used for comparisons, with the level of significance set at p≤0.05. RESULTS: During intrinsic rhythms, regional ventricular activation times were significantly different (54.5 ms vs. 95.9 ms in the right and left ventricle regions, respectively). Regarding cardiac resynchronization, the maximal global value was significantly reduced (138 ms to 131 ms), and a downward variation of 19.4% in regional-left and an upward variation of 44.8% in regional-right ventricular activation times resulted in a significantly reduced inter-regional gradient (43.8 ms to 17 ms). CONCLUSIONS: Body surface potential mapping in resynchronization patients yielded electrical ventricular ...


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Body Surface Potential Mapping/methods , Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy/methods , Heart Failure/therapy , Bundle-Branch Block/physiopathology , Electric Stimulation Therapy , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Reference Values , Retrospective Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Ventricular Function, Left/physiology , Ventricular Function, Right/physiology
4.
Salud(i)ciencia (Impresa) ; 17(4): 352-356, mar. 2010. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-583672

ABSTRACT

En un estudio de prevención primaria de la enfermedad coronaria (EC), 164 varones con factores de riesgo (FR) al inicio del ensayo (1975 a 1979) se evaluaron durante el período comprendido entre 1996 y 2002 mediante un mapeo de superficie corporal (MSC). Los resultados se dividieron en dos grupos, uno con 71 varones (43.3%) con buen pronóstico (MSC normal y síndrome X) y el otro grupo con 93 sujetos (56.7%) con pronóstico desfavorable (MSC avanzado con EC moderada). Esta división hizo posible el análisis estadístico, ya que de otro modo los grupos hubieran resultado pequeños. En el análisis univariado, entre los fumadores se observó un efecto significativo del patrón de MSC sobre la EC, en comparación con los no fumadores (p = 0.002). La hipertensión sistólica (HTS) y el colesterol total no influyeron significativamente sobre el MSC. En el análisis multivariado, la probabilidad de que los fumadores presentaran un patrón de EC en el MSC fue 2.6 veces mayor en comparación con los no fumadores (p = 0.007). Los resultados del MSC se relacionaron parcialmente con la HTS (p = 0.074). Las probabilidades fueron 1.9 veces mayores en los varones con HTS > 140 mm Hg en comparación con los sujetos con presión arterial sistólica normal. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para el colesterol total. Los motivos de estos resultados se discuten en relación con los datos del estudio a largo plazo. Se comparan los resultados del MSC con los obtenidos en 2 pequeños ensayos sobre angina de pecho (AP) en los cuales se utilizaron electrocardiogramas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Coronary Disease/diagnosis , Coronary Disease/prevention & control , Body Surface Potential Mapping/instrumentation , Body Surface Potential Mapping/methods , Body Surface Potential Mapping , Primary Prevention/instrumentation , Primary Prevention/methods
7.
São Paulo; s.n; 2004; 2004. [84] p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-403686

ABSTRACT

MES de 87 derivações comparou duração média de ativação (XQRS) pré e pós-implante de MPBIV no VD, ântero-septal(AS) e VE de 28 pacientes,X =61anos, CF III-IV, FE<40, BRE/QRS=180,17ms e ICC, e grupo normal, em (1)BRE nativo, (2)BRE induzido-MP(VD); (3)MPBIV. (1): VD  AS (40,99msx43,62ms), VE=80,99ms (p<0,001). (2):VD > GNL (86,82ms,p<0,001), maior  AS/VE (63,41ms x 102.7ms, p<0,001). (3):VD > GNL e (1) (71,58ms X 35,1ms/40,99ms, p<0,001), AS  GNL e (1) (51,28msX50,14ms/43,62ms), VE=71,99ms  VD=71,58ms. Em pacientes com IC/BRE, pós-MPBIV, XQRS-VD  VE, próximos da AS, sugerem sincronismo ventricular. Ativação > de VD pode ser marcador na seleção de candidatos à ressincronização com MPBIV / 87-lead BSPM compared mean activation duration (XQRS) in RV, Anterior-Septum(AS) and LV of 28 patients, mean 61 years, CHF class III/IV, EF<40, LBBB QRS=180.17ms, and control group, in (1)baseline LBBB; (2)Induced- LBBB-PM(RV); (3)BIV-PM, pre- and post-BIV-PM implantation. (1): RV  AS (40.99msx43.62ms), LV=80.99ms,p<0.001). (2): RV > GNL (86.82ms,p<0.001), AS=63.41ms x LV=102.7ms, p<0.001). (3): RV=71.58ms > GNL and (1) (35.1ms/40.99ms,p<0.001), AS  GNL and (1) (51.28msX50.14ms/43.62ms), LV=71.99ms  RV=71.58ms. In patients with CHF/LBBB, post-BIV-PM, similar RV and LV XQRS, close to AS, indicate ventricular synchronism. Longer RV XQRS can be a marker to select candidates for CRT through BIV-PM...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Heart Failure/surgery , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Body Surface Potential Mapping/methods , Heart Block/physiopathology , Electrocardiography/methods , Cardiac Pacing, Artificial/methods
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