Reconstrucción por técnica de Chevron reverso y transferencia tendinosa con técnica no convencional en Hallux Varus Iatrogénico Severo / Reconstruction by reverse Chevron technique and tendon transfer with unconventional technique in severe iatrogenic Hallux Varus

El Hallux Varus Iatrogénico es una complicación de la cirugía correctiva del Hallux Valgus muy poco frecuente. El tratamiento incluye la intervención de los tejidos blandos, y óseos. El propósito de este trabajo es mostrar los resultados clínico-radiológicos del tratamiento quirúrgico del Hallux Varus Iatrogénico Flexible Severo empleando la combinación de técnicas de reconstrucción alternativas en una paciente femenina de 59 años de edad. Se realizó liberación medial de la capsula articular MTF y abductor, osteotomía de Chevron reverso, artrodesis interfalángica izquierda, transferencia tendinosa del extensor largo de Hallux hacia plantar con botón artesanal. De acuerdo a la Escala AOFAS aumentó de 30 a 90 puntos. Se logró la corrección estable de la deformidad en varo y la consolidación de la osteotomía. El Hallux Varus Iatrogénico es una complicación poco frecuente considerada una deformidad mal tolerada, con pocos casos reportados y pocos reportes. Se debe hacer un enfoque de tratamiento paso a paso para abordar todos los elementos involucrados en el Hallux Varus iatrogénico. La corrección quirúrgica del Hallux Varus iatrogénico severo con técnicas de reconstrucción no convencionales tipo Chevron reverso y transferencia tendinosa con botón plantar, es una excelente opción terapéutica de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en este caso(AU)

Iatrogenic Hallux Varus is a very rare complication of Hallux Valgus corrective surgery. The treatment includes the intervention of soft tissues and bones. The purpose of this paper is to show the clinical-radiological results of the surgical treatment of Severe Flexible Iatrogenic Hallux Varus using the combination of alternative reconstruction techniques in a 59-year-old female patient. Medial release of the MTF and abductor joint capsule, reverse Chevron osteotomy, left interphalangeal arthrodesis, tendon transfer of the long extensor of Hallux to plantar with artisanal button was performed. According to the AOFAS Scale, it increased from 30 to 90 points. Stable correction of the varus deformity and consolidation of the osteotomy were achieved. Iatrogenic Hallux Varus is a rare complication considered a poorly tolerated deformity, with few reported cases and few reports. A step-by-step treatment approach must be taken to address all the elements involved in iatrogenic Hallux Varus. Surgical correction of severe iatrogenic Hallux Varus with unconventional reconstruction techniques such as reverse Chevron and plantar button tendon transfer is an excellent therapeutic option according to the results obtained in this case(AU)

Enclavado endomedular en fracturas de tibia. ¿Existe una relación entre el punto de entrada para la inserción del clavo y su alineación final? / Intramedullary nailing of tibial fractures. Is there a relationship between the entry point and its final alignment?

Introducción: Las fracturas de tibia representan aproximadamente el 2% de las fracturas del adulto. El enclavado endomedular es hoy el procedimiento de elección para tratar fracturas diafisarias de tibia; sin embargo, esta técnica no está exenta de complicaciones, la desalineación en el plano coronal es una de las más frecuentes y temidas por los cirujanos. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la relación entre el punto de entrada del clavo y la desalineación en el plano coronal después de la cirugía. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, observacional, entre enero de 2015 y enero de 2019, de pacientes con fracturas diafisarias de tibia, tratadas con clavo endomedular. Se obtuvieron radiografías en el posquirúrgico inmediato y luego cada dos meses, se tuvo en cuenta la radiografía del octavo mes, en la que se observaban signos francos de consolidación ósea, para valorar la alineación tibial. Resultados:Cuando el punto de entrada del clavo fue central, hubo apenas un 0,021 de posibilidades (o 2,1%) de alguna desalineación significativa en el posquirúrgico inmediato y luego de 8 meses. En cambio, cuando fue medial, las posibilidades de una tendencia al valgo fueron >0,85 (u 85%) ya al tomar la primera imagen, i.e., poscirugía; y cuando fue lateral, esta posibilidad se modifica y profundiza según el tiempo transcurrido hasta la imagen lograda en el paciente. Conclusión: Se observó una relación marcada y continua entre el punto de entrada del clavo endomedular y la alineación de la tibia después de la consolidación ósea. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Tibial fractures represent approximately 2% of adult fractures. Today, intramedullary nailing is the procedure of choice to treat diaphyseal fractures of the tibia; however, this technique is not exempt from complications, misalignment in the coronal plane is one of the most frequent and feared by surgeons. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between nail entry point and misalignment in the coronal plane after surgery. Materials and Methods: We carried out a retrospective, descriptive, observational study between January 2015 and January 2019 of patients with diaphyseal fractures of the tibia, treated with intramedullary nailing. Radiographs were obtained in the immediate postoperative period and then every two months. The eighth-month radiograph, in which clear signs of bone consolidation could be observed, was taken into account to assess tibial alignment. Results: When the nail entry point was central, there was only a 0.021 chance (or 2.1%) of any significant misalignment in the immediate postoperative period and after 8 months. In contrast, when it was medial, the chances of a valgus tendency were >0.85 (or 85%) already at the first image, i.e., post-surgery; and when it was lateral, this possibility was modified and deepenedaccording to the time elapsed until the image achieved in the patient. Conclusion: A marked and continuous relationship wasobserved between the entry point of the intramedullary nail and the alignment of the tibia after bone consolidation..Level of Evidence: IV

Spinopelvic variability according to the roussouly classificaton curve type / Variabilidade espinopélvica de acordo com o tipo de curva da classificação de roussouly / Variabilidad espinopélvica de acuerdo con el tipo de curva de la clasificación de roussouly

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the variability of spinopelvic sagittal parameters and the distribution of lordosis in the lumbar spine in a sample of patients. Methods This is a cross-sectional study considering full-spine radiographs of a patient sample. The patients were classified according to the Roussouly classification and both radiographic spinopelvic alignment parameters and the lordosis measurement of each lumbar spinal segment were considered. The radiographic parameters were correlated with the Roussouly classification type. Results Ninety patients were included in the study. There was significant correlation between pelvic incidence (PI) and lumbar lordosis (LL) (R=0.89; p<0.0001). The values of PI were significantly higher in Roussouly types 3 and 4 than in types 1 and 2 (p<0.001), as were the values of LL L1-S1(p<0.001). Considering the total sample, 67% of LL L1-S1 was located between L4-S1, but with variations by the Roussouly classification curve types. Conclusion This study demonstrated a high correlation between the values of PI and LL, as well as the importance of the distal lumbar segment (L4-S1) in the overall value of LL L1-S1, which was even higher in patients with a lower PI value (Roussouly types 1 and 2). Level of evidence II; Retrospective analysis of a prospective database (Cohort); Diagnostic study.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a variabilidade dos parâmetros sagitais espinopélvicos em uma amostra de pacientes, assim como a distribuição de lordose no segmento lombar da coluna vertebral. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal, considerando radiografias da coluna total de uma amostra de pacientes. Os pacientes foram avaliados de acordo com a classificação de Roussouly e foram considerados os parâmetros radiográficos do alinhamento sagital espinopélvico, além da medida da lordose de cada segmento da coluna lombar. Os parâmetros radiográficos foram correlacionados com o tipo da classificação de Roussouly. Resultados Noventa pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Houve correlação significativa entre a incidência pélvica (IP) e a lordose lombar (LL) L1-S1 (R=0,89; p<0,0001). O valor da IP foi significativamente maior nos tipos 3 e 4 de Roussouly do que nos tipos 1 e 2 (p<0,001), assim como o valor da LL L1-S1 (p<0,001). Considerando o total da amostra, 67% da LL L1-S1 estava localizada entre L4-S1, porém com variação conforme o tipo de curva pela classificação de Roussouly. Conclusões O presente estudo demonstrou grande correlação entre os valores da IP e da LL, assim como a importância do segmento lombar distal (L4-S1) no valor global da LL L1-S1, ainda maior nos pacientes com menor valor de IP (tipos 1 e 2 de Roussouly). Nível de evidência II; Análise retrospectiva de banco de dados prospectivo (coorte); Estudo diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la variabilidad de los parámetros sagitales espinopélvicos en una muestra de pacientes, así como la distribución de lordosis en el segmento lumbar de la columna vertebral. Métodos Se trata de un estudio transversal, considerando radiografías de la columna total de una muestra de pacientes. Los pacientes fueron evaluados de acuerdo con la clasificación de Roussouly y fueron considerados los parámetros radiográficos de la alineación sagital espinopélvica, además de la medida de la lordosis de cada segmento de la columna lumbar. Los parámetros radiográficos fueron correlacionados con el tipo de la clasificación de Roussouly. Resultados Fueron incluidos 90 pacientes en el estudio. Hubo correlación significativa entre la incidencia pélvica (IP) y la lordosis lumbar (LL) L1-S1 (R=0,89; p <0,0001).). El valor de la IP fue significativamente mayor en los tipos 3 y 4 de Roussouly que en los tipos 1 y 2 (p <0,001), así como el valor de la LL L1-S1 (p <0,001). Considerando el total de la muestra, 67% de la LL L1-S1 estaba localizada entre L4-S1, aunque con variación conforme al tipo de curva por la clasificación de Roussouly. Conclusiones El presente estudio demostró gran correlación entre los valores de la IP y de la LL, así como la importancia del segmento lumbar distal (L4-S1) en el valor global de la LL L1-S1, aún mayor en los pacientes con menor valor de IP (tipos 1 y 2 de Roussouly). Nivel de evidencia II; Análisis retrospectivo de banco de datos prospectivo (cohorte), Estudio diagnóstico.

Biplanar imaging with tridimensional capabilities: applicability of this new examination to spinal deformities / Imagem biplanar com capacidade tridimensional: aplicabilidade do novo exame nas deformidades na coluna vertebral / Imagen biplanar con capacidad tridimensional: aplicabilidad del nuevo examen en las deformidades en la columna vertebral

ABSTRACT This study presents details about the applicability of the new image acquisition system, called the biplanar imaging system, with three-dimensional capabilities (EOS®) to the treatment of spinal deformities. This system allows radiographic acquisition of the entire body, with a great reduction in the dose of radiation absorbed by the patient and three-dimensional (3D) stereoradiographic image reconstruction of bone structures, including the spine. In the case of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, the analysis of the spinal deformity with 3D reconstruction allows better understanding of the deformity and surgical planning. In the case of adult spinal deformity, full-body analysis allows an evaluation of the spinopelvic deformity, including loss of sagittal alignment, in addition to an evaluation of compensatory mechanisms recruited by the individual in an attempt to maintain the sagittal balance. Level of evidence III; Descriptive Review.

RESUMO O presente estudo apresenta detalhes sobre a aplicabilidade do novo sistema de aquisição de imagem, denominado sistema de imagem biplanar, com capacidade tridimensional (EOS®) no tratamento de deformidades da coluna vertebral. Tal sistema permite a aquisição radiográfica do corpo inteiro, com grande redução da dose de radiação absorvida pelo paciente e reconstrução estereoradiográfica em imagem tridimensional (3D) das estruturas ósseas, incluindo a coluna vertebral. No caso de escoliose idiopática do adolescente, a análise da deformidade da coluna vertebral com reconstrução 3D permite a melhor compreensão da deformidade e planejamento cirúrgico. No caso da deformidade da coluna vertebral do adulto, a análise do corpo inteiro permite a avaliação da deformidade espinopélvica, incluindo a perda do alinhamento sagital, além da avaliação adicional dos mecanismos compensatórios recrutados pelo indivíduo na tentativa de manter o equilíbrio sagital. Nível de evidência III; Revisão Descritiva.

RESUMEN El presente estudio presenta detalles sobre la aplicabilidad del nuevo sistema de adquisición de imagen denominado sistema de imagen biplanar, con capacidad tridimensional (EOS®) en el tratamiento de deformidades de la columna vertebral. Tal sistema permite la adquisición radiográfica del cuerpo entero, con gran reducción de la dosis de radiación absorbida por el paciente y reconstrucción estereorradiográfica en imagen tridimensional (3D) de las estructuras óseas, incluyendo la columna vertebral. En el caso de escoliosis idiopática del adolescente, el análisis de la deformidad de la columna vertebral con reconstrucción 3D permite la mejor comprensión de la deformidad y planificación quirúrgica. En el caso de la deformidad de la columna vertebral del adulto, el análisis del cuerpo entero permite la evaluación de la deformidad espinopélvica, incluyendo la pérdida de la alineación sagital, además de la evaluación adicional de los mecanismos compensatorios reclutados por el individuo en el intento de mantener el equilibrio sagital. Nivel de evidencia III; Revisión Descriptiva.

Fundamentos teóricos de la mecánica corporal en la movilización de pacientes en el ámbito de enfermería / Theoretical foundations of body mechanics in the mobilization of patients in the field of nursing

Existe un conglomerado importante de fundamento teórico que en su discurso sustenta la importancia de la mecánica corporal en la medicina, por ser una actividad completa; su correcta aplicación garantiza una buena salud. Objetivo: Describir los fundamentos teóricos de la mecánica corporal en la movilización de pacientes en el ámbito de la enfermería. Metodología: Documental, descriptiva. Resultados: Diversos estudios demuestran que las lesiones musculo-esqueléticas en el personal de enfermería, en un porcentaje alto se deben a la aplicación inadecuada de la mecánica corporal durante la movilización de pacientes. La bibliografía consultada revela: en el ámbito de la enfermería se refleja desconocimiento en el tema de la mecánica corporal en la movilización de pacientes, antes, durante o después de la ejecución de procedimientos, lo cual es causante de lesiones musculo-esqueléticas en el personal de enfermería. Recomendación: Es un deber para el personal de enfermería aplicar la mecánica corporal en todas las acciones que realiza en la práctica consigo mismo y también con el paciente, aprovechando al máximo la energía que brinda, el bienestar que ofrece a ambos y la prevención que trae consigo ante posibles lesiones músculo-esqueléticas(AU)

There is an important conglomerate of theoretical foundation, which in its speech supports the importance of body mechanics in medicine as a complete activity; because its correct application guarantees good health. Objective: Describe the theoretical foundations of body mechanics in the mobilization of patients in the field of Nursing. Methodology: Documentary, descriptive. Several studies show that musculoskeletal injuries in nursing staff, in a high percentage, are due to improper application of body mechanics during patient mobilization. Conclusion: The bibliography consulted reveals that in the nursing field the subject of body mechanics in the mobilization of patients, before, during or after the execution of procedures is unknown, which is the cause of musculoskeletal injuries in nursing staff. Recommendation: It is a duty for the nursing staff to apply body mechanics in all the actions they perform in practice with themselves and also with the patient, taking full advantage of the energy it provides, the well-being it offers to both and the prevention it brings before possible musculoskeletal injuries(AU)

Algunas consideraciones sobre la trocleoplastia del fémur / Some considerations on the trochleoplasty of distal femur

La mala alineación patelofemoral tiene múltiples causas anatómicas y una de ellas es la displasia de la tróclea del fémur distal, por lo cual su tratamiento depende de varios factores. Para profundizar en los elementos esenciales de la técnica de trocleoplastia, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva donde se analizaron algunos aspectos de interés, a saber: clasificación más empleada para las displasias de la tróclea, elementos imagenológicos más importantes, indicaciones de la técnica quirúrgica, contraindicaciones, principales modalidades de trocleoplastia y vías de acceso quirúrgico. Se concluyó que este es un proceder con indicaciones muy específicas y puede realizarse mediante cirugía abierta o por vía artroscópica.

The poor patellofemoral alignment has multiple anatomical causes and one of them is the dysplasia of the distal femur trochlea, reason why its treatment depends on several factors. To deepen in the essential elements of the trochleoplasty technique, an exhaustive literature review was carried out where some aspects of interest were analyzed, that is: most used classification for the trochlear dysplasias, most important imagenologic elements, indications of the surgical technique, contraindications, main modalities of trochleoplasty and surgical approaches. It was concluded that this is a procedure with very specific indications and can be carried out by means of open surgery or arthroscopic way.

The use of three-column osteotomy in the treatment of rigid deformities of the adult spine / O uso da osteotomia das três colunas no tratamento de deformidades rígidas da coluna vertebral do adulto

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze and characterize data about clinical outcome and complication rates in three-column osteotomies (3 CO) for treatment of rigid adult spine deformity (ASD). Methods: Baseline and postoperative clinical outcomes, considering the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) questionnaires, radiographic parameters, and demographic data of patients who underwent 3 CO procedure for fixed ASD treatment were collected. Surgical characteristics and reports of perioperative complications were recorded, as well as those that occurred at a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Results: Ten patients underwent 3 CO and had a minimum follow-up of 12 months (mean 24 months). The patients showed significantly improved health-related quality of life scores (ODI, SRS-22 total, function/activity, pain, and appearance). They also presented a significant improvement in all radiographic parameters considered in the study. Taking into account the surgical procedure, the operative time was significantly higher in patients with staged procedure than in patients with single-stage surgery (p = 0.003), with similar estimated blood loss and complication incidence. There were ten complications in six patients (60%), with a mean of 1.0 complication per patient. Conclusions: Despite of the high complication rates, 3 CO was an effective technique, considering clinical and radiographic outcomes, to treat complex cases of rigid ASD in a sample of patients operated in a Brazilian spine center, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar e descrever dados sobre o resultado clínico e as taxas de complicações em pacientes submetidos a osteotomia das três colunas (O3 C) para o tratamento de deformidade da coluna vertebral no adulto (DCVA) rígida em um mesmo serviço no Brasil. Métodos: Foram coletados dados clínicos, considerando os questionários Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) e Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22), e radiográficos pré- e pós-operatórios, além de dados demográficos, de pacientes submetidos a O3 C para tratamento de DCVA rígidas. Também foram coletados dados sobre o procedimento cirúrgico e complicações perioperatórias e no seguimento dos pacientes, com tempo mínimo de 12 meses. Resultados: O estudo incluiu dez pacientes com mínimo de 12 meses de seguimento (média de 24 meses). Houve melhoria significante nos indicadores de qualidade de vida (ODI, SRS-22 Total, Função/Atividade, Dor e Aparência). Houve melhoria significante de todos os parâmetros radiográficos analisados. Considerando o procedimento cirúrgico, o tempo de cirurgia foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com cirurgia estagiada do que naqueles com apenas um tempo cirúrgico (p = 0,003), foram similares o sangramento estimado e a incidência de complicações entre tais pacientes. Dez complicações foram observadas em seis (60%) pacientes, com média de uma complicação por paciente Conclusões: Apesar da elevada taxa de complicações, demonstrou-se que a O3 C é uma técnica bem-sucedida considerando o resultado clínico e radiográfico no tratamento de casos complexos de DCVA rígida em uma amostra de pacientes operados em um serviço de saúde brasileiro, com mínimo de 12 meses de seguimento

The use of tourniquet during total knee replacement in patients with and without popliteal artery calcification / O uso do manguito pneumático em pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho com ou sem calcificação da artéria poplítea

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify the clinical and surgical complications associated with the use of a tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty in patients with or without calcification of the popliteal artery. Methods: The study was performed retrospectively, analyzing 58 patients with calcification of the popliteal artery and 57 patients as a control group. Results: The case group patients were significantly older than patients in the control group; however, this had no impact on the clinical outcome in the analyzed period.There were no complications during surgery in the groups studied, as there were no statistically significant differences between the incidence of local or systemic intercurrences in the analyzed period. Conclusion: This study found low rates of complications in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasties with use of a tourniquet, with or without calcification of the popliteal artery.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar as complicações clínicas e cirúrgicas associadas ao uso de torniquete na artroplastia total de joelho em pacientes com ou sem calcificação da artéria poplítea. Métodos: O estudo foi feito de modo retrospectivo, analisou 64 pacientes com calcificação da artéria poplítea e 57 pacientes como grupo controle. Resultados: Os pacientes do grupo de casos eram significativamente mais velhos do que os pacientes do grupo controle. Entretanto, tal fato não teve repercussão quanto ao desfecho clínico no período analisado. Não houve complicações durante o ato cirúrgico nos grupos estudados, bem como não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre a incidência de intercorrências locais ou sistêmicas no período analisado. Conclusão: O presente estudo observou baixos índices de complicações em pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho com uso de torniquete com ou sem calcificação da artéria poplítea.

Adult spine deformity - an overview of radiographic and clinical considerations / Deformidade da coluna vertebral do adulto - panorama das considerações clínicas e radiográficas / Deformidad de la columna vertebral del adultos - visión general de las consideraciones clínicas y radiográficas

ABSTRACT Adult spine deformity is a complex pathology that represents a public health problem with a deep impact on society. When evaluating the patient, not only the clinical and radiographic aspects are essential, but also the clear understanding of the specific needs and expectations of the individual. To elaborate the treatment plan it is necessary to quantify the pain and disability, as well as the spinopelvic alignment of the patient, including the mechanisms that may be recruited to compensate for deformity. Considering these factors, it is possible to define objectives for the surgical correction in order to obtain clinical improvement.

RESUMO A deformidade da coluna vertebral do adulto é uma patologia complexa que representa um problema de saúde pública com profundo impacto na sociedade. Ao avaliar o paciente, não só os aspectos clínicos e radiográficos são essenciais, mas também o claro entendimento das necessidades e expectativas do indivíduo. Para elaborar o plano de tratamento, é necessário quantificar a dor e incapacidade do paciente, além do alinhamento espinopélvico, incluindo-se os mecanismos que podem estar sendo recrutados para compensar a deformidade. Considerando esses fatores, é possível definir os objetivos para a correção cirúrgica visando obter melhora clínica.

RESUMEN La deformidad de la columna vertebral de adultos es una enfermedad compleja que representa un problema de salud pública con un profundo impacto en la sociedad. Al evaluar el paciente, no sólo los aspectos clínicos y radiográficos son esenciales, sino también una clara comprensión de las necesidades y expectativas individuales. Para preparar el plan de tratamiento, es necesario cuantificar el dolor y la discapacidad del paciente, además de la alineación espinopélvica, teniendo en cuenta los mecanismos que pueden ser reclutados para compensar la deformidad. Teniendo en cuenta estos factores, se puede establecer objetivos para la corrección quirúrgica con el fin de obtener una mejoría clínica.

Radiologic Outcomes According to Varus Deformity in Minimally Invasive Surgery Total Knee Arthroplasty

PURPOSE: To identify the accuracy of postoperative implant alignment in minimally invasive surgery total knee arthroplasty (MIS-TKA), based on the degree of varus deformity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research examined 627 cases of MIS-TKA from November 2005 to December 2007. The cases were categorized according to the preoperative degree of varus deformity in the knee joint in order to compare the postoperative alignment of the implant: less than 5degrees varus (Group 1, 351 cases), 5degrees to less than 10degrees varus (Group 2, 189 cases), 10degrees to less than 15degrees varus (Group 3, 59 cases), and 15degrees varus or more (Group 4, 28 cases). RESULTS: On average, the alignment of the tibial implant was 0.2+/-1.4degrees, 0.1+/-1.3degrees, 0.1+/-1.6degrees, and 0.3+/-1.7degrees varus, and the tibiofemoral alignment was 5.2+/-1.9degrees, 4.7+/-1.9degrees, 4.9+/-1.9degrees, and 5.1+/-2.0degrees valgus for Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, in the preoperative stage, indicating no difference between the groups (p>0.05). With respect to the accuracy of the tibial implant alignment, 98.1%, 97.6%, 87.5%, and 86.7% of Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, had 0+/-3degrees varus angulation, demonstrating a reduced level of accuracy in Groups 3 and 4 (p0.05). CONCLUSION: Satisfactory component alignment was achieved in minimally invasive surgery in total knee arthroplasty, regardless of the degree of varus deformity.

Effect of Femoral Resection on Coronal Overall Alignment after Conventional Total Knee Arthroplasty / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>A good postoperative alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the key to achieving satisfactory results. We assessed the effect of femoral and tibial resection on the overall alignment after conventional TKA.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We conducted a retrospective analysis of 212 primary TKAs in 188 patients. Intramedullary (IM)-guided resection was applied on the femoral side while extramedullary (EM)-guided resection was used on the tibial side. Using full-length X-ray, the preoperative femoral valgus angle and lower extremity alignment, as well as 2-week postoperative femoral and tibial prosthetic coronal alignment and overall lower extremity alignment, were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Postoperatively, good prosthetic alignment was achieved in 191 cases (90.1%) on the tibial side and in 144 cases (67.9%) on the femoral side (χ2 = 5.441, P = 0.02). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the effect of different alignment sides on the overall alignment in the coronal plane. Data were divided into five subgroups based on the valgus or varus status of the prostheses. The standardized regression coefficients of the femoral and tibial prosthetic alignment on the overall alignment were 0.666 and 0.414, respectively; in varus on both sides were 0.658 and 0.377, respectively; in valgus, 0.555 and 0.030; femoral side varus and tibial side valgus, 0.702 and 0.211; femoral side valgus and tibial side varus, -0.416 and 0.287. The study showed that the overall low extremity alignment was statistically influenced by the prosthetic alignment, except for the tibial prosthetic alignment when femoral prosthesis was in valgus (P = 0.153).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In conventional TKA, tibial side EM-guided resection may offer satisfactory postoperative alignment, and femoral resection relying on IM guide may lead to more undesirable results. Postoperative coronal alignment is mainly affected by the femoral resection. Therefore, femoral side operation should receive adequate attention from the surgeons.</p>

Preoperative Measurement of Tibial Resection in Total Knee Arthroplasty Improves Accuracy of Postoperative Limb Alignment Restoration / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Accuracy of implant placement in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is crucial. Traditional extramedullary alignment instruments are fairly effective for achieving the desired mean tibial component coronal alignment. We modified the traditional tibial plateau resection technique and evaluated its effect on alignment restoration.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two hundred and eighty-two primary TKAs in our hospital between January 2013 and December 2014 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Group A consisted of 128 primary TKAs performed by one senior surgeon. Preoperative measurement of the tibial resection was conducted on radiographs, and the measured thicknesses of the lateral and medial plateau resection were used to place the tibial alignment guide. Group B consisted of 154 primary TKAs performed by the other senior surgeon, using a traditional tibial plateau resection technique. In all patients, an extramedullary guide was used for tibial resection, and preoperative and postoperative full-leg standing radiographs were used to assess the hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), femoral component alignment angle (FA), and tibial component alignment angle (TA). A deviation ≥3° was considered unsatisfactory. Data were analyzed by unpaired Student's t-test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean postoperative HKA and TA angles were significantly different between Groups A and B (178.2 ± 3.2° vs. 177.0 ± 3.0°, t = 2.54, P = 0.01; 89.3 ± 1.8° vs. 88.3 ± 2.0°, t = 3.75, P = 0.00, respectively). The mean postoperative FA was 88.9 ± 2.5° in Group A and 88.9 ± 2.6° in Group B, and no significant difference was detected (t = 0.10, P = 0.92). There were 90 (70.3%) limbs with restoration of the mechanical axis to within 3° of neutral alignment and 38 (29.7%) outliers (>3° deviation) in Group A, whereas there were 89 (57.8%) limbs with restoration of the mechanical axis to within 3° of neutral alignment and 65 (42.2%) outliers (>3° deviation) in Group B. The severity of the preoperative alignment deformity was a strong predictor for postoperative alignment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Using conventional surgical instruments, preoperative measurement of resection thickness of the tibial plateau on radiographs could improve the accuracy of conventional surgical techniques.</p>

Torsional force applied to the tibia of living lambs in an attempt to change the bone rotational axis

To evaluate the effects of torsional force on the rotational axis of living lamb tibias. METHODS: An external fixator device was designed to apply rotation to the tibias of lambs. Once a week, the bone distal extremity was rotated 2º. After achieving ~20º of internal rotation, the turning was discontinued and the device was maintained in situ for one month and euthanasia occurred in group A (n=10) after this. In group B (n=9) euthanasia occurred three months after removing the device. Computed tomography scans evaluated the rotational angle; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessed the bone mineral density, and conventional and polarized light microscopy studied the bone microstructure. RESULTS: In group A, the mean angle of the external rotation in the control tibias was 24º and 8º in the twisted tibias (p<0.0001); in group B, the angle was 23º (control) and 7º (twisted, p<0.0001), with no differences between groups A and B (p=0.9567). The BMD increased in the twisted tibias in group A (p<0.0001) and in group B (p=0.0023), with no between-group differences (p>0.05). Microscopically, the twisted tibias showed asymmetrical subperiosteal bone deposition on the lateral cortex surface. CONCLUSION: Gradual torsion applied to the immature tibia significantly modified its rotational axis.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas laterales de clavícula. Un nuevo concepto / Surgical treatment for lateral clavicle fractures. A new concept / Tratamento cirúgico das fraturas laterais da clavícula. Um novo conceito

Introducción: El tercio lateral de la clavícula resulta el segundo de mayor afectación, después del tercio medio en patología fracturaria y el tratamiento de estas lesiones día a día migra hacia el tratamiento quirúrgico en razón a que la mayoría resultan con grandes desplazamientos. Objetivo: Determinar si la reducción abierta y fijación interna de las fracturas de clavícula con placas de extensión lateral representan una alterativa en el tratamiento para este tipo de lesiones. Metodología: Se presenta un estudio de cohorte prospectivo, en el cual 36 pacientes fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente por fracturas laterales de clavícula en el periodo comprendido entre abril de 2011 y septiembre de 2012, mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna con placa anatómica bloqueada con extensión lateral(LCP)para clavícula. De los treinta y seis pacientes intervenidos, fueron realizados seguimientos completos aplicando la escala análoga visual de dolor (VAS) y la escala funcional de Constant, a las seis semanas, tres meses, seis meses y al año posoperatorio. Resultados: Se pudo mostrar que hubo cambios progresivos en la mejora del dolor y funcionalidad en cada uno de los periodos de seguimiento a partir de la sexta semana posoperatoria con evidencia significativa (p<0.001) y sin cambios en la calificación del dolor entre el sexto mes y el año de seguimiento (p= 0.083). Conclusiones: Se puede concluir que la reducción abierta y fijación interna de las fracturas de clavícula con placas de extensión lateral representan una excelente alternativa de tratamiento para este tipo de lesiones, con pronta y completa recuperación funcional y baja probabilidad de complicaciones. [Del Gordo RJ, Acuña J, Torres E. Tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas laterales de clavícula. Un nuevo concepto. MedUNAB 2015; 17(2):91-98].

Introduction. The lateral third of the clavicle is the second most affected, after the third fracture means in pathology and treatment of these injuries every day migrates to the surgical treatment in reason that most are with large displacements. Materials and methods: Presents a prospective cohort study, in which 36 patients were operated by side fractures of clavicle in the period between April 2011 to September 2012, by open reduction and internal fixation with anatomical plate blocked with lateral clavicle extension (LCP). Of the thirty-six patients operated, were carried out follow-up complete to applying visual analog scale of pain (VAS) and the Constant functional scale, to the six weeks, three months, six months and one year post-op. Results: Progressive changes in improving pain and function in each of the periods of follow-up from the sixth postoperative week with significant evidence (p<0.001) could be demonstrated and no change in the rating of pain between the sixth month and the year of follow-up (p=0.083). Discussion: It can be concluded that open reduction and internal fixation of fractures of clavicle with side extension plates, represent an excellent alternative treatment for such injuries, with prompt and complete functional recovery and low probability of complications. [Del Gordo RJ, Acuña J, Torres E. Surgical treatment of lateral clavicle fractures. Anew concept. MedUNAB 2015; 17(2):91-98].

Introdução: O terço lateral da clavícula é o segundo local mais acometido por fraturas, logo após o terço médio, e o tratamento tem caminhado dia a dia para tratamento cirúrgico pois, na sua maioria, ocorrem grandes deslocamentos. Materiais e métodos: Estudo cohorte prospectivo, onde 36 pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia corretora de fratura do terço lateral da clavícula no período de abril de 2011 a setembro de 2012, tendo sido realizada redução aberta da fratura e fixação interna com placa anatômica bloqueada com extensão lateral para clavícula (LCP). Todos os 36 pacientes foram seguidos com 6 semanas, três meses, seis meses e 1 ano de pós-operatório, e foi aplicada a escala análoga visual de dor (VAS) e a escala funcional de Constant. Resultados: Pode-se demonstrar melhora estatisticamente significativa (p<0.001) da dor e da funcionalidade em cada um dos períodos de segmento a partir da sexta semana de pós-operatório. Não houve mudança estatisticamente significativa na qualificação da dor entre o sexto mês e um ano de acompanhamento (p= 0.083). Discussão: pode-se concluir a que redução aberta e fixação interna da fratura de clavícula com placa de extensão lateral representam uma excelente alternativa de tratamento para esse tipo de leão, com pronta e completa recuperação funcional e baixa probabilidade de complicações. [Del Gordo RJ, Acuña J, Torres E. Tratamento cirúgico das fraturas laterais da clavícula. Um novo conceito. MedUNAB 2015; 17(2):91-98].

Utilidad de la hemiepifisiodesis en el manejo del Genu Valgo en la osteodistrofia renal / Usefulness of hemiepiphysiodesis for the management of Genu valgum in renal osteodystrophy

Introducción: La osteodistrofia renal provoca desejes progresivos en los miembros inferiores, siendo la deformidad más frecuente el genu valgo. El crecimiento guiado (hemiepifisiodesis) es útil en la corrección de deformidades angulares en la edad pediátrica. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar los resultados y complicaciones de esta técnica quirúrgica aplicada a fisis patológicas. Materiales y métodos: Se presentan 11 pacientes (20 rodillas) con diagnóstico de insuficiencia renal crónica y genu valgo, tratados en nuestro servicio con hemiepifisiodesis transitoria. Se colocaron placas en 8 en 3 pacientes (5 rodillas) y en 8 pacientes, grapas (15 rodillas). Se evaluó el eje mecánico radiográfico pre y post operatorio y las complicaciones relativas a cada implante. Resultados: Se logró la corrección completa en 4 pacientes, 1 caso sobrellevó deformidad rebote, y en los restantes se obtuvo mejoría sin llegar a la normalización óptima del eje mecánico. Conclusiones: La corrección obtenida se relaciona claramente con la normalidad de la función renal. Los pacientes trasplantados consiguieron normalización en el crecimiento óseo remanente. No tuvimos diferencia en los resultados ni en las complicaciones entre los dos tipos de implantes empleados.

Factors Correlated with the Reducibility of Varus Deformity in Knee Osteoarthritis: An Analysis Using Navigation Guided TKA

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that a number of clinical and radiologic parameters could influence the reducibility of varus deformity in total knee arthroplasty. The aim of this study was to identify the factors correlated with reducibility of varus deformity and predict more accurately the amount of medial soft tissue release required in varus deformity total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: One hundred forty-three knees with preoperative varus alignment and medial osteoarthritis were included in this retrospective study. The total knee arthroplasties were performed using a navigation system (OrthoPilot) by single surgeon. To assess varus deformity, the authors measured preoperative mechanical axis angles and valgus stress angles. Mechanical tibial angles, mechanical femoral angles, femoral osteophyte sizes, and tibial osteophyte sizes were measured. The Ahlback grading scale was applied for radiologic parameters, and clinical parameters (age, body mass index, sex, duration of pain, and preoperative range of motion) were documented. Correlations between these factors and preoperative valgus stress angle were analyzed. RESULTS: A negative correlation was found between preoperative mechanical axis angle and preoperative valgus stress angle (p < 0.01, r = -0.38), and a positive correlation was found between the preoperative mechanical tibial angle and preoperative valgus stress angle (p = 0.01, r = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that preoperative varus deformity and proximal tibial vara (measured by preoperative mechanical axis angle and mechanical tibial angle, respectively) are correlated with reducibility of varus deformity (measured by preoperative valgus stress angle), and clinical parameters (age, range of motion, duration of pain and body mass index) and other radiologic parameters (osteophyte size, severity of osteoarthritis and angulation of distal femoral joint surface) were not significantly correlated with reducibility of varus deformity.

Epifisiolistesis capital femoral: consecuencias del diagnóstico tardío: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: consequences of late diagnosis: a case report and literature review

La epifisiolistesis capital femoral es la pérdida de la relación anatómica entre la epífisis y la metáfisis del extremo proximal del fémur, producida por un desplazamiento a través del cartílago de crecimiento. Es la patología de cadera más frecuente de la adolescencia y su origen es multifactorial. El diagnóstico es clínico y se confirma radiológicamente. Es una urgencia traumatológica y su tratamiento debe ser precoz y quirúrgico. Es una lesión que requiere un alto índice de sospecha por parte del médico examinador y no realizar su diagnóstico a tiempo puede tener consecuencias devastadoras. Presentamos el caso de un adolescente, femenino de 12 años, quien sufrió una epifisiolistesis capital femoral, con 6 meses de evolución, no diagnosticada en su fase aguda; mostramos su evolución desde el inicio y su resolución mediante osteotomía de Dunn. El diagnóstico oportuno es la primera y única forma de evitar complicaciones a mediano y largo plazo(AU)

The slipped capital femoral epiphysis syndrome is the loss of the anatomical relationship between the epiphysis and metaphysis of the proximal end of the femoral head caused by a movement across the growth cartilage. Hip is the most common pathology of adolescence and its origin is multifactorial. Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed radiologically. It's an emergency trauma and its treatment should be early and surgical. It is an injury that requires a high index of suspicion by the examining physician and diagnose it early can have devastating consequences. We report the case of a female teenager aged 12, who presented a capital femoral epiphyseal, 6 months of evolution, which was not diagnosed in its acute phase. Introducing its evolution from the beginning and its resolution by Dunn osteotomy. Early diagnosis is the first and only way to avoid complications in the medium and long term(AU)

Effects of sex and lower extremity alignment on orientation of the knee joint line in knee surgery / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Determination of the proper orientation of the knee articular surface is required both for correction of knee malalignment by osteotomy and for correct component alignment in knee arthroplasty. We sought to determine whether the patients' sex and lower extremity alignment (hip-knee-ankle angle) affects proper knee realignment in osteotomy or component alignment in total knee arthroplasty.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We examined 199 healthy adult knees with malalignment of < 5° to determine the mechanical medial distal femoral angle, mechanical medial proximal tibial angle, surgical transepicondylar axis angle, and discrepancies between bone-cut orientations of osteotomy or total knee arthroplasty and the joint line of the distal femoral condyles, posterior femoral condyles and proximal tibial plateaus, using a three-dimensional computed tomography model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean mechanical medial distal femoral angle and mean mechanical medial proximal tibial angle were (94.4 ± 1.9)° and (87.6 ± 1.8)° respectively for women and (93.8 ± 2.0)° and (87.1 ± 1.4)° respectively for men. The surgical transepicondylar axis angle was (2.9 ± 1.6)° for women and (3.2 ± 1.7)° for men. Independent of sex, the hip-knee-ankle angle was closely related to the mechanical medial distal femoral angle and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle, but not to the surgical transepicondylar axis angle. A slightly more valgus alignment of the knee and a more valgus angulation of the distal femoral joint line were found in women, whereas a more varus angulation of the proximal tibial joint line was found in men. Sex had the greatest effect on knee joint line orientation when the lower extremity was valgus in alignment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>A more valgus femoral joint line can be expected in women and in persons with valgus lower extremity alignment; a more varus tibial joint line can be found in men and in persons with varus lower extremity alignment.</p>

Case-control study on the relationship between body mass index and lower limb alignment of patients with knee osteoarthritis / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship between body mass index and lower limb alignment of patients with knee osteoarthritis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From July 2008 to June 2010, 78 patients who suffered from severe knee osteoarthritis were treated with total knee replacement, including 17 males and 61 females, ranging from 41 to 85 years old, with an average age of 68.1 years. The Chinese average adult body mass index (BMI) classification standard was used to classify the patients into three groups: normal group, BMI<24.0, including 3 males and 11 females, totalized 14 patients (28 knees), with the mean age of (69.5 +/- 4.7); overweight group, 24.0 < or = BMI<28.0, including 4 males and 25 females, totalized 29 patients (58 knees), with the mean age of (66.4 +/- 7.9) years; and obese group, BMI > or = 28.0, including 10 males and 25 females, totalized 35 patients(70 knees), with the mean age of (69.1 +/- 8.3) years. The limb X-ray film measuring system was used to measure the lower limb alignment at the supine and weight-bearing position.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no statistical significances between the normal group and the overweight group in the knee varus angle at the supine and weight-bearing position (P>0.05). However, keen varus angle of the overweight group increased compared with the other two groups at the supine position,and the angle of the weight-bearing position increased nearly 2 degrees, but no statistical significance. There was no statistical significance between supine and weight-bearing position in the three groups of BMI, but the knee varus angle at the supine position was more than the weight -bearing position in the three groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The knee varus angle of obese patients with osteoarthritis in the weight-bearing position increases obviously. It indicates that obesity is an important factor increasing the angle of lower limb alignment.</p>

Desalineación articular en pacientes con artritis reumatoidea y su correlación con el daño radiológico / Joint malalignment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and its correlation with joint damage

En la Artritis Reumatoidea (AR), la inflamación persistente lleva a daño estructural del hueso y del cartílago articular con la consecuente deformidad. Hasta el momento se han desarrollado pocos instrumentos para medir la desalineación y ellos no han sido suficientemente testeados. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad del instrumento de evaluación Joint Alignment and Motion Scale (JAMS) como método clínico para determinar desalineación en pacientes con AR y su correlación con el daño radiológico medido por el score de Larsen. Determinar los posibles factores clínicos y/o funcionales asociados a desalineación en estos pacientes. Métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes consecutivos del Instituto de Rehabilitación Psicofísica con diagnóstico de AR (ACR ‘87) con un tiempo de seguimiento no menor a cuatro años. Se evaluó la fuerza de puño por dinamómetro JAMAR y se realizó un test de rango de movimiento y deformidad articular (JAMS) en ambas manos. Radiografías de manos frente al inicio y al final del seguimiento fueron leídas por el índice radiológico de Larsen y un índice radiológico de desalineación. Los pacientes completaron un cuestionario sobre el ítem de destreza derivado de Arthrithis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS). Resultados: Se incluyeron 101 pacientes, el 86,1% de sexo femenino con una edad mediana de 53 años (RIC 45-62). La mediana de tiempo de evolución de la artritis fue de 9,3 años (RIC 7-13). De los 101 pacientes incluidos se observó desalineación en 19, los cuales presentaban mayor número de articulaciones inflamadas al inicio de la enfermedad y en el momento de la evaluación, mayor tiempo de evolución de la AR y mayor ERS versus los pacientes sin desalineación.