Estado atual e aplicabilidade clínica da punção aspirativa por agulha guiada por ultrassom endobrônquico / Current status and clinical applicability of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA, punção aspirativa por agulha guiada por ultrassom endobrônquico) tem desempenhado um papel fundamental no diagnóstico de lesões mediastinais, paratraqueais e peribrônquicas, assim como no estadiamento linfonodal da neoplasia pulmonar. Por se tratar de exame endoscópico minimamente invasivo cujo rendimento diagnóstico tem se mostrado comparável aos métodos cirúrgicos estabelecidos, o procedimento de EBUS-TBNA ganhou espaço rapidamente e já se encontra integrado à rotina de investigação em serviços de referência. Para a realização de EBUSTBNA, é importante o planejamento prévio ao procedimento, que deve incluir uma análise minuciosa dos exames radiológicos e cuidado especial com a coleta e preparo do material, além do domínio da técnica e conhecimento de eventuais complicações inerentes ao procedimento. As principais indicações para a realização de EBUS-TBNA são o estadiamento linfonodal da neoplasia pulmonar e a investigação diagnóstica de massas e linfonodomegalias mediastinais ou hilares. Recentemente, iniciou-se a identificação de biomarcadores tumorais em amostras neoplásicas; essa análise molecular no material coletado durante o procedimento de EBUS-TBNA provou ser totalmente possível. Até o momento, o procedimento de EBUS-TBNA não consta nas tabelas de procedimentos médicos da Associação Médica Brasileira. O procedimento de EBUS-TBNA tem se mostrado seguro e eficaz no estadiamento e reestadiamento de neoplasia de pulmão e no esclarecimento diagnóstico de lesões ou linfonodomegalias mediastinais, paratraqueais e peribrônquicas.

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has played a key role in the diagnosis of mediastinal, paratracheal, and peribronchial lesions, as well as in lymph node staging for lung cancer. Despite its minimally invasive character, EBUS-TBNA has demonstrated a diagnostic yield comparable with that of established surgical methods. It has therefore gained credibility and has become a routine procedure at various referral centers. A successful EBUS-TBNA procedure requires careful planning, which includes a thorough review of the radiological imaging and special care during specimen collection and preparation, as well as technical expertise, experience with the procedure itself, and knowledge of the potential complications inherent to the procedure. The most common indications for EBUS-TBNA include lymph node staging for lung cancer and the diagnostic investigation of mediastinal/hilar masses and lymph node enlargement. Recently, tumor biomarkers in malignant samples collected during the EBUS-TBNA procedure have begun to be identified, and this molecular analysis has proven to be absolutely feasible. The EBUS-TBNA procedure has yet to be included on the Brazilian Medical Association list of medical procedures approved for reimbursement. The EBUS-TBNA procedure has shown to be a safe and accurate tool for lung cancer staging/restaging, as well as for the diagnosis of mediastinal, paratracheal, and peribronchial lesions/lymph node enlargement.

Laringoscopia de suspensão para o cirurgião torácico: quando e como utilizá-la / Suspension laryngoscopy for the thoracic surgeon: when and how to use it

A laringoscopia de suspensão é um dos procedimentos mais comumente utilizados em otorrinolaringologia para a abordagem diagnóstica e cirúrgica da laringe mas é pouco conhecida e utilizada pelo cirurgião torácico. As indicações para sua utilização são similares às da broncoscopia rígida (dilatações, aplicação de próteses endotraqueais e ressecções tumorais), podendo ser realizada em crianças e adultos. Constitui-se em uma alternativa eficaz, mormente na indisponibilidade de equipamento de traqueobroncoscopia rígida, sendo, portanto, uma alternativa viável em centros menores. Nesta comunicação, descrevemos a técnica e suas aplicações na cirurgia torácica.

Suspension laryngoscopy is one of the most common otolaryngological procedures for the diagnosis and surgical approach to the larynx. However, most thoracic surgeons are not familiar with the procedure and seldom use it. The indications for its use are similar to those for that of rigid bronchoscopy (dilatation, endoprosthesis insertion, and tumor resection). It can be performed in children and adults. Suspension laryngoscopy is an alternative when rigid bronchoscopy is unavailable and is therefore a viable option for use at smaller facilities. In this communication, we describe the technique and the applications of suspension laryngoscopy in thoracic surgery.

Consenso de la Asociación Argentina de Broncoesofagología para la realización de fibrobroncoscopía. Asociación Argentina de Broncoesofagología / Consensus of the Argentine Association of Bronchoesophagology to perform fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Argentine Association of Bronchoesophagology

En 1998 se publicaron las Normas de Consenso para la realización de la Endoscopía Respiratoria de la Sociedad Argentina de Broncoesofagología. Desde entonces se han producido numerosas modificaciones tanto en las técnicas como en los criterios de la Broncoscopía. Por este motivo, la Asociación Argentina de Broncoesofagología (AABE) ha revisado sus normas y las ha reorganizado a fin de ofrecer una actualización del documento generado por el Grupo Argentino de Consenso para la Normatización de la Endoscopía Respiratoria. En esta oportunidad se crearon grupos de trabajo que fueron poniendo al día las distintas partes del Consenso publicado en 1998 y se agregó una sección de Terapia Intensiva para pacientes conectados a asistencia ventilatoria mecánica (AVM). Esto ha significado dos años de trabajo intenso y la participación de prácticamente todos los endoscopistas respiratorios del país. Este documento representa el resultado de una sistemática y crítica revisión de la literatura combinada con la opinión de los más calificados expertos argentinos en endoscopía respiratoria.

Experiencia en 10 años de aplicación de fibrobroncoscopia en pacientes pediátricos / A ten years experience in flexible bronchoscopy in pediatric patients

Approximately a decade ago, pediatric Flexible Bronchoscopy (FB) was introduced in Chile, after being used for several years in adults. Aim: To describe our clinical experience in FB in a ten years period. Patients and Methods: Records of procedures done between January 1993 and September 2002 at the Pediatric Service of the Catholic University Hospital, were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated the clinical indications for the procedures in relation to patient's age and the correlation between indications and FB findings. Results: A total of 700 procedures were performed during the period, 59% in men and 53% in patients younger than 1 year. Seventy seven percent of procedures were done in an examination room, using a nasal approach. The main indication was visualization of the airway (49%). The most common clinical diagnosis, in descending order were: atelectasis, stridor and etiologic study of pneumonia by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). In children younger than 6 months the most common clinical diagnosis was stridor, followed by atelectasis. The main diagnosis in the whole sample, reached by FB was atelectasis secondary to mucous plug. In children younger than 6 months, the main diagnosis was laryngomalacia. A positive microbial culture was obtained in 43% of patients in whom BAL was done. Complications were uncommon (5%) and mostly mild. In 2.3% of cases, these were severe, such as bronchospasm and need for mechanical ventilation. Severe complications were observed in patients younger than 3 months with severe stridor or in children with cancer, who required FB and BAL. Conclusions: Flexible bronchoscopy is a safe and useful procedure in pediatric patients (Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131: 1266-72).

La fibrobroncoscopia en el diagnóstico de las enfermedades broncopulmonares

Se estudian los hallazgos de 925 fibrobroncoscopias practicadas a igual número de pacientes en el Laboratorio Pulmonar del Hospital san Vivente de Paúl en el quinquenio 1983-1987. A todos se les realizó fibrobroncoscopia por alguna indicación seleccionada previamente por el personal docente de la Sección y en algunos casos se realizaron estudios adicionales para llegar al diagnóstico. El porcentaje de acierto con la fibrobroncoscopia en el diagnóstico histológico, citológico y bacteriológico fue del 79 por ciento. se describieron los hallazgos macroscópicos; sólo hubos dos casos de mortalidad en el estudio.