The impact of Covid-19 on community and hospital pharmacists: a thematic analysis study

Abstract There are a limited number of studies examining the effects of the pandemic on the daily lives of Turkish community pharmacists, and no research investigating the impact on the lives of Turkish hospital pharmacists has been found. This study aimed to examine the effects of the pandemic on the personal and professional lives of Turkish community pharmacists and hospital pharmacists. In this qualitative study design, a comprehensive set of interviews was conducted with a total of 13 community pharmacists and 7 hospital pharmacists, employing a semi-structured interview guide. Through thematic content analysis of the interviews, four main themes, 1) long-term impacts, 2) dealing strategies, 3) professional life impacts, 4) personal life impacts, have emerged for both community pharmacists and hospital pharmacists. In addition to the psychological impacts and supply chain issues commonly mentioned in the literature, the study revealed ongoing effects such as the inability to sell available products and economic difficulties. Also, the increased demand for over-the-counter products during the pandemic highlights the need for the government to develop policies to address this issue.

Sintomatología de pacientes hospitalizados por SARS-CoV-2 en un hospital de segundo nivel / Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 patients in a second level hospital

Introduction: T he COVID-19 p andemic caused by t he SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus h as shaken the world since the beginning of 2020, causing a huge number of patient deaths. Objective: To evaluate the main symptoms of patients hospitalized for SARS CoV-2 in th e H.G.Z No.1 of the IMSS in Nayarit. Methodology: It is a retrospective, observational and cross-sectional study, with information collected from the clinical records of patients admitted through the respiratory triage area with a diagnosis of SARS Cov-2, confirmed with PCR. Results: 433 patients were included, of these 267 male patients (62%) and 166 female patients (38%), with an average age of 62 years. Within the main symptomatology is dyspnea (96%), fever (78%), attack to the general state (78%), cough (76%) and headache (67%). In addition, 102 (23.6%) patients required advanced airway management, of whom 89 died (87%). Of the total number of patients, 208 (48%) died and 225 (54%) showed improvement. Conclusions: The main symptoms of patients hospitalized for SARS CoV-2 are dyspnea, fever, general condition attack, cough and headache.

Introducción: la pandemia de COVID-19 provocada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ha sacudido al mundo desde el comienzo del año 2020, provocando un número ingente de fallecimientos de pacientes. Objetivo: evaluar la principal sintomatología de los pacientes hospitalizados por SARS-CoV-2 en el Hospital General de Zona No.1 del IMSS. Metodología: estudio retrospectivo, observacional y transversal, con información recabada de los expedientes clínicos de pacientes que ingresaron por área de triage respiratorio con diagnóstico de SARS-CoV-2 confirmado mediante prueba PCR. Resultados: se incluyeron 433 pacientes, de estos 267 pacientes de sexo masculinos (62%) y 166 pacientes del femenino (38%), con una edad promedio de 62 años. Dentro de la principal sintomatología se encuentra la disnea (96%), fiebre (78%), ataque al estado general (78%), tos (76%) y cefalea (67%). Además, 102 (23.6%) pacientes necesitaron manejo avanzado de la vía aérea, de los cuales 89 fallecieron (87%). Del total de pacientes, 208 (48%) fallecieron y 225 (54%) mostraron mejoría. Conclusiones: los principales síntomas de pacientes hospitalizados por SARS CoV-2 son disnea, fiebre, ataque del estado general, tos y cefalea.

Morphometric examination of the trachea and bronchi in follow-up computed tomography scans of COVID-19 patients / Examen morfométrico de la tráquea y los bronquios en tomografías computarizadas de seguimiento de pacientes con COVID-19

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes in the trachea and bronchi using 3-dimensional reconstruction images obtained from the initial and follow-up computed tomography (CT) scans of COVID-19 patients. A hundred COVID-19 patients over the age of 18 were included in our study. CT images were transferred to Mimics software, and a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the trachea and bronchi was performed. The initial and follow-up CT images of COVID-19 patients were graded as none (grade 0), mild (grade 1), moderate (grade 2), and severe (grade 3) according to the total lung severity score. The patients were divided into progression and regression groups according to the grade increase/decrease between the initial and follow-up CTs. Moreover, the patients were divided into groups as 0-2 weeks, 2-4 weeks, 4-12 weeks, and over 12 weeks according to the duration between the initial and follow-up CTs. The mean cross-sectional area, circumference, and diameter measurements of the right upper lobar bronchus, intermediate bronchus, middle lobar bronchus, and left lower lobar bronchus decreased in the follow-up CTs of the progression group. This decrease was not found to be statistically significant. In the follow-up CTs of the regression group, the left upper lobar bronchus and left lower lobar bronchus measurements increased but not statistically significant. Upon comparing the onset of the disease and the follow-up period, statistically significant changes did not occur in the trachea, main bronchus, and lobar bronchus of COVID-19 patients.

El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los cambios en la tráquea y los bronquios utilizando imágenes de reconstrucción tridimensionales obtenidas de las tomografías computarizadas (TC) iniciales y de seguimiento de pacientes con COVID-19. En nuestro estudio se incluyeron 100 pacientes con COVID-19 mayores de 18 años. Las imágenes de TC se transfirieron al software Mimics y se realizó una reconstrucción tridimensional de la tráquea y los bronquios. Las imágenes de TC iniciales y de seguimiento de los pacientes con COVID-19 se calificaron como ninguna (grado 0), leve (grado 1), moderada (grado 2) y grave (grado 3) según la puntuación total de gravedad pulmonar. Los pacientes se dividieron en grupos de progresión y regresión según el aumento/disminución del grado entre las TC iniciales y de seguimiento. Además, los pacientes se dividieron en grupos de 0 a 2 semanas, de 2 a 4 semanas, de 4 a 12 semanas y de más de 12 semanas según la duración entre la TC inicial y la de seguimiento. Las mediciones medias del área transversal, la circunferencia y el diámetro del bronquio lobar superior derecho, el bronquio intermedio, el bronquio lobar medio y el bronquio lobar inferior izquierdo disminuyeron en las TC de seguimiento del grupo de progresión. No se encontró que esta disminución fuera estadísticamente significativa. En las TC de seguimiento del grupo de regresión, las mediciones del bronquio lobar superior izquierdo y del bronquio lobar inferior izquierdo aumentaron pero no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Al comparar el inicio de la enfermedad y el período de seguimiento, no ocurrieron cambios estadísticamente significativos en la tráquea, el bronquio principal y el bronquio lobar de los pacientes con COVID-19.

Pathological Changes and Cause of Death Associated with the Global Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) / 法医学杂志

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global epidemic for more than three years, causing more than 6.9 million deaths. COVID-19 has the clinical characteristics of strong infectivity and long incubation period, and can cause multi-system damage, mainly lung damage, clinical symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and systemic multiple organ damage. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is still constantly mutating. At present, there is no global consensus on the pathological changes of COVID-19 associated deaths and even no consensus on the criteria for determining the cause of death. The investigation of the basic pathological changes and progression of the disease is helpful to guide the clinical treatment and the development of therapeutic drugs. This paper reviews the autopsy reports and related literature published worldwide from February 2020 to June 2023, with a clear number of autopsy cases and corresponding pathological changes of vital organs as the inclusion criteria. A total of 1 111 autopsy cases from 65 papers in 18 countries are included. Pathological manifestations and causes of death are classified and statistically analyzed, common pathological changes of COVID-19 are summarized, and analytical conclusions are drawn, suggesting that COVID-19 infection can cause life-threatening pathological changes in vital organs. On the basis of different health levels of infected groups, the direct cause of death is mainly severe lung damage and secondary systemic multiple organ failure.

Research progress on the relationship between low-density neutrophils and infectious diseases / 细胞与分子免疫学杂志

Neutrophils play an important role in infectious diseases by clearing pathogens in the early stages of the disease and damaging the surrounding tissues along with the disease progress. Low-density neutrophils (LDNs) are a crucial and distinct subpopulation of neutrophils. They are a mixture of activated and degranulated normal mature neutrophils and a considerable number of immature neutrophils prematurely released from the bone marrow. Additionally, they may be involved in the occurrence and development of diseases through the changes in phagocytosis, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the enhancement of the ability to produce neutrophils extracellular traps and immunosuppression. We summarizes the role of LDNs in the pathogenesis and their correlation with the severity of infectious diseases such as COVID-19, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), AIDS, and tuberculosis.

Alterações sistêmicas na assinatura do ciclo celular de pacientes com COVID-19 / Systemic changes in the cell cycle signature of patients with COVID-19

Com base nas perturbações fosfoproteômicas de moléculas associadas ao ciclo celular em células infectadas pelo coronavírus causador da síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARSCoV)-2, a hipótese de inibidores do ciclo celular como uma terapia potencial para a doença de coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) foi proposta. No entanto, o cenário das alterações do ciclo celular em COVID-19 permanece inexplorado. Aqui, realizamos uma análise integrativa de sistemas imunológicos de proteoma publicamente disponível (espectrometria de massa) e dados de transcriptoma (sequenciamento de RNA em massa e de célula única [scRNAseq]), com o objetivo de caracterizar mudanças globais na assinatura do ciclo celular de pacientes com COVID-19. Além de módulos de co-expressão de genes significativos enriquecidos associados ao ciclo celular, encontramos uma rede interconectada de proteínas diferencialmente expressas associadas ao ciclo celular (DEPs) e genes (DEGs) integrando dados moleculares de 1.480 indivíduos (974 pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2 e 506 controles [controles saudáveis ou indivíduos com outras doenças respiratórias]). Entre esses DEPs e DEGs estão várias ciclinas (CCNs), ciclo de divisão celular (CDCs), quinases dependentes de ciclinas (CDKs) e proteínas de manutenção de minicromossomos (MCMs). Embora os pacientes com COVID-19 compartilhem parcialmente o padrão de expressão de algumas moléculas associadas ao ciclo celular com outras doenças respiratórias, eles exibiram uma expressão significativamente maior de moléculas associadas ao ciclo celular relacionadas à gravidade da doença. Notavelmente, a assinatura do ciclo celular predominou nos leucócitos do sangue dos pacientes, mas não nas vias aéreas superiores. Os dados de scRNAseq de 229 indivíduos (159 pacientes com COVID- 19 e 70 controles) revelaram que as alterações das assinaturas do ciclo celular predominam nas células B, T e NK. Esses resultados fornecem uma compreensão global única das alterações nas moléculas associadas ao ciclo celular em pacientes com COVID-19, sugerindo novas vias putativas para intervenção terapêutica

Based on phosphoproteomics perturbations of cell cycle-associated molecules in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2-infected cells, the hypothesis of cell cycle inhibitors as a potential therapy for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been proposed. However, the landscape of cell cycle alterations in COVID-19 remains mostly unexplored. Here, we performed an integrative systems immunology analysis of publicly available proteome (mass spectrometry) and transcriptome data (bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing [scRNAseq]), aiming to characterize global changes in the cell cycle signature of COVID-19 patients. Beyond significant enriched cell cycle-associated gene co-expression modules, we found an interconnected network of cell cycle-associated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and genes (DEGs) by integrating molecular data of 1,480 individuals (974 SARS-CoV- 2 infected patients and 506 controls [either healthy controls or individuals with other respiratory illness]). Among these DEPs and DEGs are several cyclins (CCNs), cell division cycle (CDCs), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCMs). Although COVID-19 patients partially shared the expression pattern of some cell cycleassociated molecules with other respiratory illnesses, they exhibited a significantly higher expression of cell cycle-associated molecules associated with disease severity. Notably, the cell cycle signature predominated in the patients blood leukocytes but not in the upper airways. The scRNAseq data from 229 individuals (159 COVID-19 patients and 70 controls) revealed that the alterations of cell cycle signatures predominate in B, T, and NK cells. These results provide a unique global comprehension of the alterations in cell cycle-associated molecules in COVID-19 patients, suggesting new putative pathways for therapeutic intervention

Antimalarials and macrolides: a review of off-label pharmacotherapies during the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Abstract We critically analyzed clinical trials performed with chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with or without macrolides during the first wave of COVID-19 and discussed the design and limitations of peer-reviewed studies from January to July 2020. Seventeen studies were eligible for the discussion. CQ and HCQ did not demonstrate clinical advantages that justified their inclusion in therapeutic regimens of free prescription for treatment or prophylactic purposes, as suggested by health authorities, including in Brazil, during the first wave. Around August 2020, robust data had already indicated that pharmacological effects of CQ, HCQ and macrolides as anti-SARS-CoV-2 molecules were limited to in vitro conditions and largely based on retrospective trials with low quality and weak internal validity, which made evidence superficial for decision-making. Up to that point, most randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials did not reveal beneficial effects of CQ or HCQ with or without macrolides to reduce lethality, rate of intubation, days of hospitalization, respiratory support/mechanical ventilation requirements, duration, type and number of symptoms, and death and were unsuccessful in increasing virus elimination and/or days alive in hospitalized or ambulatory patients with COVID-19. In addition, many studies have demonstrated that side effects are more common in CQ-or HCQ-treated patients.

Analysis of reported adverse liver reactions associated with drugs used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019

Abstract Hepatic injury has been documented in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, pharmacotherapy can frequently impact liver alterations, given the known hepatotoxic potential of drugs not effective to treat COVID-19. The objective of the present study was to evaluate reports of suspected liver reactions to drugs used for treating COVID-19, compare their use for other indications among patients with COVID-19, and assess possible interactions between them. We obtained reports on drugs used to treat COVID-19 (tocilizumab, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and/or lopinavir/ritonavir), registered on June 30, 2020, from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Public Dashboard. We then analyzed the risk of developing liver events with these drugs by calculating the reported odds ratios (ROR). We identified 662, 744, and 1381 reports related to tocilizumab, lopinavir/ ritonavir, and hydroxychloroquine use, respectively. The RORs (95% confidence intervals) were 6.32 (5.28-7.56), 6.12 (5.22-7.17), and 9.07 (8.00-10.29), respectively, demonstrating an increased risk of liver events among patients with COVID-19 when compared with uninfected patients. The elevated risk of reporting adverse liver events in patients with COVID-19 who receive these drugs, alone or in combination, highlights the need for careful drug selection and efforts to reduce drug combinations without notable benefits. Similar to any other condition, the use of drugs without established efficacy should be avoided.

The importance of environments and surfaces hygienization in pandemic times (Covid-19): a microbiological analysis in places for physical activity practice

The objective of this study was to analyse microbiological organisms in different locations and regions for physical activity in the city of João Pessoa, Brazil. Samples were collected on various objects used, such as: mattresses, drinking fountains, gloves, cell phones and others. The samples were collected in João Pessoa-PB, following the Standard Operating Procedure-SOP/ Microbiology of a specialized laboratory. The collection took place in the five macro-regions: North, South, East, West and Center. Foreach region samples were collected in one public place (square), a private one (gym) and one school (public or private), totaling fifteen collected sites and 450 samples. The following microorganisms were studied in all analyzed surfaces: Bacillus sp, Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella sppor Enterobacter sppand Coag. Neg. Staphylococcus.All regions had a high contamination level by some microorganism. The highest rates were found in the western, central and northern regions -96, 94 and 93% respectively. The Coag. Neg.Staphylococcus presented the highest and lowest incidence rates in the South and East regions, with 43.33 and 6.67%, respectively, as well as Klebsiella sppor Enterobacter spp, which presented high levels. It is concluded that there is a microorganisms' contamination in the most varied places and regions where physical activity practices are developed, with a predominance of Coag. Neg.Staphylococcusand Klebsiella sppor Enterobacter spp. These results lead to a warning about the hygiene importance in places for physical activity practice, especially in pandemic times (COVID-19), since almost all the evaluated surfaces were contaminated.

Ethnological aspects of COVID-19

Abstract Within recent past, coronavirus has shaken the whole world. The world faced a new pandemic of novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2/ COVID-19).It has socioeconomically impacted world population a lot in terms of education, economy as well as physical and mental health. This novel coronavirus is notorious enough that put human health at a great risk. Currently, researchers all over the world aretrying hard to develop a new drug/vaccine for its treatment. In past decades, the world population has faced various viral infectious illness outbreaks. Influenza A, Ebola, Zika, SARS and MERS viruses had whacked public health and economy. Medical science technology achieved the landmark in developing coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines that are approved currently for emergency use. Some of the recently approved vaccines are developed by Pfizer and Moderna, Johnson and Johnson, Gam-COVID-vac (Sputnik V), Bharat Biotech (covaxin) andOxford-AstraZeneca vaccines (covishield) (Badenet al., 2021). Here, a short review is drafted focusingon infection, immune system, pathogenesis, phylogenesis, mode of transmission and impact of coronavirus on health and economy and recent developments in treating COVID-19

Pityriasis rosea-like rash after COVID-19 vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca: a possible trigger?

Scholars around the world have dedicated themselves to developing an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. However, vaccines have produced adverse effects in some patients. We report the case of a 44-year-old man who developed a pruritic papulosquamous rash on the trunk with a characteristic pattern known as Christmas tree after receiving the first dose of the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, similar to pityriasis rosea (PR). He had no previous symptoms of viral infection and tested negative for neutralizing antibodies (enzyme immunoassay) against COVID-19. There are few reports in the literature about the relationship between the onset of cutaneous adverse reactions and the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, therefore, the dissemination of this case is of paramount importance.

The ancient Tuberculosis in the novel COVID-19 scenario

Abstract Recently, the world has coped with the challenge of the novel SARS-CoV-2 rapid spreading, causing COVID-19. This scenario has overburdened health systems, forced social isolation, and interrupted some services, changing the way how health assistance is provided. The management of chronic infectious diseases such as tuberculosis is a sensitive matter in times when the control strategies are at risk. In this sense, how could a high burden disease such as tuberculosis affect or be affected when combined with the COVID-19 pandemic? Patients with tuberculosis have a social background and lung impairment that represent risks in the pandemic scenario of another widely transmitted respiratory disease. Thus, even with several questions remaining unanswered, research and public policies should be addressed to control the effects of the current highly contagious COVID-19 without forgetting how it will affect the natural progression of patients suffering from tuberculosis.

Is Ozone therapy an adjunct treatment for SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 infection?

Abstract Up to today, there is no specific treatment against SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 infection; there the necessity to search for alternatives that help patients with COVID-19. The objective of this study was to review the use of ozone therapy as adjunct treatment for SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 infection, highlighting the mechanisms of action, forms of application and current clinical evidence. A systematic review was conducted in electronic databases, searching the terminology Ozone "or" Ozone therapy "and" SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 or Coronavirus. Results: nineteen studies were included; ten were editorials, comments, brief reports or reviews, and nine clinical studies. We found that ozone therapy could be favorable for treating patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19, through a direct antiviral effect, regulation of oxidative stress, immunomodulation and improvement of oxygen metabolism. Patients who were treated with ozone therapy responded favorably; therefore, ozone therapy appears to be a promising treatment for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19. Its mechanism of action justifies its use as an adjuvant therapy; however, scientific evidence is based on case series and clinical trials are necessary to corroborate its effectiveness and safety.

Patrones clínicos e histopatológicos de dermatosis en pacientes con infección por COVID-19 en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, IMSS-T1, de León, Guanajuato / Clinical and histopathological patterns of dermatosis in COVID-19 positive patients treated in the Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, IMSS-T1, de León, Guanajuato

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad COVID-19, además de presentar síntomas respiratorios, puede afectar otros órganos como la piel. Al momento, se han descrito cinco variantes clínicas de manifestaciones cutáneas por COVID-19. Pocos reportes abordan el tema de la gravedad de las dermatosis cutáneas de COVID-19 y el pronóstico. OBJETIVO: Describir patrones clínicos e histológicos de dermatosis en pacientes con COVID-19. Pacientes y MÉTODOS: Es una cohorte para pacientes del IMSS-T1 en León, Guanajuato, México, entre septiembre 2020 y enero 2021. Identificamos pacientes con dermatosis asociada a COVID-19 desde su ingreso hospitalario y aquellos que la desarrollaron durante su estancia. Se les invitó a participar para evaluación clínica y toma de biopsia que fueron descritas por un patólogo experto. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia de las dermatosis por COVID-19 fue de 15,7%. Los que desarrollaron las lesiones durante su estancia hospitalaria presentaron mayor morbi-mortalidad (p = 0,001). Las lesiones vaso-oclusivas fueron las más diagnosticadas y asociadas con mayor mortalidad (p = 0,003). Histológicamente el hallazgo más común fue trombosis superficial y profunda (58%). CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes que desarrollaron las lesiones durante su hospitalización y aquellos con lesiones vaso-oclusivas tuvieron la mayor morbi-mortalidad. Las lesiones vaso-oclusivas pueden ser un factor de mal pronóstico en pacientes con COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 disease, besides presenting respiratory manifestations, can affect other organs such as kidneys, gastrointestinal system, heart, and skin. So far, five clinical variants of dermatoses have been described. Few reports discuss the severity associated with the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 and the prognosis. AIM: To describe the clinical and histopathological patterns of dermatoses in patients with COVID-19 infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study conducted in patients admitted to "IMSS T1" in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico from September 2020 to January 2021. We identified those with COVID-19 dermatosis from the moment they were admitted; and those who developed them during hospitalization. Patients were invited to participate for a clinical evaluation and biopsy. The biopsies were described by an expert pathologist. RESULTS: The frequency of dermatological lesions was 15.7%. Those who developed dermatosis during their hospital stay presented higher mortality (p = 0.001) and severity of COVID-19 (p = 0.001) Vasoocclusive lesions were the most frequent in the hospital setting, and were associated to higher mortality (p = 0.003). The most frequent histopathological feature was superficial and deep thrombosis (58%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who developed dermatologic lesions during hospitalization and those with vaso-occlusive dermatoses had higher morbi-mortality. Vaso-occlusive lesions could be considered as a poor prognostic factor.

Correlation between COVID-19 severity, body mass index and radiological hepatic morphology / Correlación entre la gravedad de COVID-19, el índice de masa corporal y la morfología hepática radiológica

SUMMARY: Obesity and fatty liver steatosis are already considered metabolic risk factors which may aggravate the severity of COVID-19. This study aims to investigate the correlation between COVID-19 severity, obesity, and liver steatosis and fibrosis. 230 consecutive patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 aged between 15 and 84? years, admitted to a hospital devoted to COVID-19 patients, were enrolled in the study. COVID-19 severity was classified as severe versus non-severe based on admission to ICU. Obesity was assessed by Body Mass Index (BMI). CT-scan was used to check for the liver steatosis. Fibrosis-4 score was calculated. The study was conducted in March-May 2020. Obesity strongly and positively correlated with severe COVID-19 illness r: 0.760 (P<0.001). Hepatic steatosis had rather less of a correlation with COVID-19 severity r: 0.365 (P<0.001). Multivariable-adjusted association between hepatic steatosis or obesity, or both (as exposure) and COVID-19 severity (as the outcome) revealed increased risk of severe COVID-19 illness with obesity (Adjusted model I OR: 465.3, 95 % CI: 21.9-9873.3, P<0.001), with hepatic steatosis (Adjusted model I OR: 5.1, 95 % CI: 1.2-21.0, P<0.025), and with hepatic steatosis among obese patients (Adjusted model I OR: 132, 95 % CI: 10.3-1691.8, P<0.001). Obesity remained the most noticeable factor that strongly correlated with COVID-19 severity, more than liver steatosis. However, the risk to COVID-19 severity was greater in those with both factors: obesity and liver steatosis.

RESUMEN: La obesidad y la esteatosis del hígado graso ya se consideran factores de riesgo metabólico que pueden empeorar la gravedad de la COVID-19. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la correlación entre la gravedad de COVID- 19, la obesidad y la esteatosis y fibrosis hepática. El estudio se realizó en 230 pacientes consecutivos entre 15 y 84 años con COVID-19 confirmado por laboratorio, ingresados en un hospital dedicado a pacientes con COVID-19. La gravedad de COVID-19 se clasificó como grave, versus no grave según el ingreso a la UCI. La obesidad se evaluó mediante el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se utilizó una tomografía computarizada para verificar la esteatosis hepática. Se calculó la puntuación de Fibrosis-4. El estudio se realizó entre marzo-mayo de 2020. La obesidad se correlacionó fuerte y positivamente con la enfermedad grave de COVID-19 r: 0,760 (P <0,001). La esteatosis hepática tuvo una correlación bastante menor con la gravedad de COVID-19 r: 0.365 (P <0.001). La asociación ajustada multivariable entre la esteatosis hepática u obesidad, o ambas (como exposición) y la gravedad de COVID-19 (como resul- tado) reveló un mayor riesgo de enfermedad grave por COVID- 19 con obesidad (OR del modelo ajustado I: 465,3, IC del 95%: 21,9 -9873,3, P <0,001), con esteatosis hepática (OR del modelo I ajustado: 5,1, IC del 95 %: 1,2-21,0, P <0,025) y con esteatosis hepática entre los pacientes obesos (OR del modelo I ajustado: 132, IC del 95 % : 10,3-1691,8, P <0,001). La obesidad siguió siendo el factor más notable que se correlacionó significativamente con la gravedad de COVID-19, más que la esteatosis hepática. Sin embargo, el riesgo de gravedad de COVID-19 fue mayor en aquellos con ambos factores: la obesidad y esteatosis hepática.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Placental Pathology Infecção por SARS-CoV-2 e patologia placentária

Abstract Placental pathophysiology in SARS-CoV-2 infection can help researchers understand more about the infection and its impact on thematernal/neonatal outcomes. This brief review provides an overview about some aspects of the placental pathology in SARSCoV- 2 infection. In total, 11 papers were included. The current literature suggests that there are no specific histopathological characteristics in the placenta related to SARSCoV- 2 infection, but placentas frominfected women aremore likely to show findings of maternal and/or fetal malperfusion. The most common findings in placentas from infected women were fibrin deposition and intense recruitment of inflammatory infiltrates. The transplacental transmission of this virus is unlikely to occur, probably due to low expression of the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in placental cell types. Further studies are needed to improve our knowledge about the interaction between the virus and the mother-fetus dyad and the impact on maternal and neonatal/fetal outcomes.

Resumo A fisiopatologia da placenta na infecção por SARS-CoV-2 pode ajudar os pesquisadores a entender mais sobre a infecção e seu impacto nos resultados maternos/neonatais. Esta revisão breve fornece uma visão geral sobre alguns aspectos da patologia placentária na infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Ao todo, 11 artigos foram incluídos. A literatura atual sugere que não há características histopatológicas específicas nas placentas relacionadas à infecção por SARS-CoV-2, mas as placentas de mulheres infectadas têm maior probabilidade de apresentar achados de má perfusão materna e/ou fetal. Os achados mais comuns em placentas de mulheres infectadas foram deposição de fibrina e intenso recrutamento de infiltrado inflamatório. A transmissão transplacentária deste vírus é improvável, devido à baixa expressão do receptor para SARS-CoV-2 em tipos de células da placenta. Mais estudos são necessários para melhorar nosso conhecimento sobre a interação entre o vírus e a díade mãe-feto e o impacto nos resultados maternos e neonatais/fetais.

O impacto da covid - 19 na saúde de pessoas institucionalizadas / The impact of COVID-19 on the health of institutionalized persons / El impacto del COVID-19 em la salude de las personas institucionalizada

Introdução:A população idosa constitui um dos grupos mais vulneráveis à infecção pelo novo coronavírus. Tal fragilidade é ainda mais evidente naqueles que residem em Instituições para Idosos, por apresentar maior risco de contaminação e, ainda, de morbimortalidade. Objetivo: Identificar o impacto da COVID-19 na saúde de pessoas idosas residentes nas Instituições de Longa Permanência. Metodologia:Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo de revisão integrativa da literatura, entre os meses de novembro/2020 e março/2021, sintetizando estudos publicados sobre a temática. A partir do objetivo traçado para este estudo, determinamos quais seriam as questões norteadoras: 1. "Quais medidas estão sendo adotadas para minimizar os efeitos da COVID-19 nas Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos?" 2. "Quais os principais impactos causados por essas medidas?". Estes eixos colaboram para a compreensão dos acontecimentos de significativa relevância social. Resultados:As instituições para idosos, como ambientes coletivos, possuem residentes com elevada vulnerabilidade à infecção pelo novo coronavírus. Naqueles idosos acometidos por quadros de demência e outras doenças neurológicas, o isolamento social aprofunda a gravidade da infecção pela COVID-19, dificultando, assim, as atividades relacionadas à atenção e assistência realizadas pelos cuidadores. Ademais, caracteriza-se como medida fundamental a adoção do rastreamento laboratorial precoce para potencializar a prevenção de casos e promover o controle da infecção. Percebe-se ainda uma deficiência referente à construção de um protocolo com medidas de profilaxia e manejo adequado de modo mais direcionado dentro dessas instituições. Conclusão:Torna-se urgente um olhar mais atento às necessidades da população idosa, especialmente dogrupo institucionalizado, de modo a promover políticas de investimento em cuidados de saúde integrais e realizados por equipe multiprofissional (AU).

Introduction:The elderly population is one of the groups most vulnerable to infection by the new coronavirus. Such fragility is even more evident in those who live in Institutions for the Aged, as it presents a higher risk of contamination and, even, of morbidity and mortality. Objective: To identify the impact of COVID-19 on the health of elderly people residing in Long Term Institutions for the Aged. Methodology:This is a retrospective study of integrative literature review, between the months of November/2020 and March/2021, synthesizing published studies on the theme. Based on the objective outlined for this study, we determined what the guiding questions would be: 1. "What measures are being taken to minimize the effects of COVID-19 on Long Term Care Institutions for the Aged?" 2. "What are the main impacts caused by these measures?. These axes contribute to the understanding of events of significant social relevance. Results:Institutions for the aged, as collective environments, have residents with high vulnerability to infection with the new coronavirus. In those aged people affected by dementia and other neurological diseases, social isolation deepens the severity of the infection by COVID-19, thus hampering the activities related to the care and assistance performed by caregivers. In addition, the adoption of early laboratory screening is characterized as a fundamental measure to enhance the prevention of cases and promote infection control. It is also perceived a deficiency regarding the construction of a protocol with prophylaxis measures and adequate management in a more targeted way within these institutions.Conclusions:It is urgent to look more closely at the needs of the aged population, especially the institutionalized group, in order to promote investment policies in comprehensive health care carried out by a multidisciplinary team (AU).

Introducción: la población anciana es uno de los grupos más vulnerables a la infección por el nuevo coronavirus. Tal fragilidad es aún más evidente en quienes viven en Instituciones de Ancianos, ya que presenta un mayor riesgo de contaminación e, incluso, de morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: Identificar el impacto del COVID-19 en la salud de los ancianos que residen en Instituciones de Atención de Larga Duración. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo de revisión integradora de la literatura, entre los meses de noviembre/2020 y marzo/2021, sintetizando los estudios publicados sobre el tema. Con base en el objetivo delineado para este estudio, determinamos cuáles serían las preguntas orientadoras: 1. "¿Qué medidas se están tomando para minimizar los efectos del COVID-19 en las Instituciones de Atención de Larga Duración para el Anciano?" 2. "¿Cuáles son los principales impactos provocados por estas medidas?". Estos ejes contribuyen a la comprensión de hechos de relevancia social significativa.Resultados:Las instituciones para los ancianos, como entornos colectivos, tienen residentes conalta vulnerabilidad a la infección por el nuevo coronavirus. Aquellos ancianos afectados por demencia y otras enfermedades neurológicas, el aislamiento social profundiza la gravedad de la infección por COVID-19, dificultando así las actividades relacionadas con el cuidado y asistencia que realizan los cuidadores. Además, la adopción del cribado precoz de laboratorio se caracteriza por ser una medida fundamental para potenciar la prevención de casos y promover el control de infecciones. También se percibe una deficiencia en la construcción de un protocolo con medidas de profilaxis y manejo adecuado de manera más focalizada dentro de estas instituciones. Conclusiones: Es urgente mirar más de cerca las necesidades de la población anciana, especialmente del grupo institucionalizado, para promover políticas de inversión en la atención integral de salud llevadas a cabo por un equipo multidisciplinario (AU).

New clinical anatomical interpretation of COVID-19 pandemic infection / Nueva interpretación anatómica y clínica de la infección pandémica COVID-19

SUMMARY: Sever acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV-2 which is coronavirus disease-2019. It is transmitted by droplet transmission and other methods such aerosols transmission and faecal-oral transmission. The clinical features of Sever acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV-2 are fever, cough, dyspnea and gastrointestinal symptoms which present based on affected organ. The current study is anatomical study and provide interpretation of transmission and clinical features as well as the clinical investigation. Further, current study explains complication of coronavirus disease-2019. With explanation of COVID-19 which includes spread clinical features and investigations as well as the consequences by using anatomical clarification result in the intensification of understanding infection and provide high quality in teaching and medical services in future. Therefore, the new disease is a start to learn basic and clinical skills to encourage scientist and physician to improve medical education.

RESUMEN: El síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS CoV-2) es una enfermedad por coronavirus-2019. Se transmite por transmisión de gotitas y otros métodos como la transmisión por aerosoles y la transmisión fecal-oral. Las características clínicas del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo SARS-CoV-2 son fiebre, tos, disnea y síntomas gastrointestinales y se presentan según el órgano afectado. El reporte actual es un estudio anatómico y proporciona una interpretación de la transmisión y las características clínicas, así como la investigación clínica. Además, el estudio explica la complicación de la enfermedad por COVID-19, que incluye las características clínicas y las investigaciones difundidas, así como las consecuencias. Mediante la aclaración anatómica, se profundiza la comprensión de la infección y se proporciona una alta calidad en la enseñanza y los servicios médicos en el futuro. Por lo tanto, la nueva enfermedad es un comienzo para aprender habilidades básicas y clínicas para alentar a los científicos y médicos a mejorar la educación médica.

Clinical features and risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 patients in China / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread throughout the world. In this study, we aimed to identify the risk factors for severe COVID-19 to improve treatment guidelines.@*METHODS@#A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted on 313 patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Patients were classified into two groups based on disease severity (nonsevere and severe) according to initial clinical presentation. Laboratory test results and epidemiological and clinical characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to detect potential risk factors associated with severe COVID-19.@*RESULTS@#A total of 289 patients (197 nonsevere and 92 severe cases) with a median age of 45.0 (33.0, 61.0) years were included in this study, and 53.3% (154/289) were male. Fever (192/286, 67.1%) and cough (170/289, 58.8%) were commonly observed, followed by sore throat (49/289, 17.0%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that patients who were aged ≥ 65 years (OR: 2.725, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.317-5.636; P = 0.007), were male (OR: 1.878, 95% CI: 1.002-3.520, P = 0.049), had comorbid diabetes (OR: 3.314, 95% CI: 1.126-9.758, P = 0.030), cough (OR: 3.427, 95% CI: 1.752-6.706, P < 0.001), and/or diarrhea (OR: 2.629, 95% CI: 1.109-6.231, P = 0.028) on admission had a higher risk of severe disease. Moreover, stratification analysis indicated that male patients with diabetes were more likely to have severe COVID-19 (71.4% vs. 28.6%, χ2 = 8.183, P = 0.004).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The clinical characteristics of those with severe and nonsevere COVID-19 were significantly different. The elderly, male patients with COVID-19, diabetes, and presenting with cough and/or diarrhea on admission may require close monitoring to prevent deterioration.