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1.
Acta toxicol. argent ; 24(1): 48-57, jul. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-837853

ABSTRACT

Plottier y Senillosa son dos localidades contiguas que forman parte del área de producción agrícola del Alto Valle de Río Negro y Neuquén, Patagonia Norte. Entre los plaguicidas más utilizados predominan las familias de neonicotinoides, carbamatos y organofosforados. El conocimiento de los niveles de estos compuestos en aguas superficiales y subterráneas se ha convertido en un tema de interés social debido a su posible impacto en el ambiente y la salud. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar niveles de residuos de plaguicidas en agua subterránea utilizada para bebida en zonas rurales de Plottier y Senillosa. Se analizaron carbamatos: propoxur, carbofuran, pirimicarb, carbaril y organofosforados: clorpirifos, dimetoato, metidation, fenaminfos, triazofos, fosmet y metil azinfos, por cromatografía gaseosa (GC), en seis sitios de muestreo, durante la época de aplicación y no aplicación de insecticidas. No se detectaron residuos de los plaguicidas estudiados por el método analítico utilizado. El límite de detección fue 0,010 µg/L para organofosforados y 0,030 µg/L para carbamatos. Estos resultados indican que las buenas prácticas agrícolas aplicadas en la zona así como las características fsicoquímicas del suelo, su espesor y el contenido de materia orgánica y las propiedades fsicoquímicas de los plaguicidas estudiados son factores que contribuyen favorablemente a la calidad del agua de bebida de la población rural.


Plottier and Senillosa are two adjoining towns that belong to the agricultural production area of Upper Valley, Río Negro and Neuquén, North Patagonia. Among the most widely used pesticides, neonicotinoids, carbamates and organophosphates are predominant. The levels of these compounds in surface and groundwater have become a topic of public concern, since the possible impact on health and environment. The aim of this study was the determination of pesticide residue levels in drinking ground-water in the rural areas of Plottier and Senillosa. Carbamates: propoxur, carbofuran, pirimicarb, carbaryl and organophosphate: chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, methidathion, fenaminfos, triazophos, phosmet, azinphos methyl, were analyzed by GC in six sampling sites during insecticide application and non-application season. No pesticide residues were detected by the analytical method used. The detection limit for organophosphates was 0.010 µg/L and 0.030 µg/L for carbamates. These results indicate that good agricultural practices, the physicochemical characteristics of the soil, its thickness, the content of organic matter and the physicochemical properties of pesticides studied are factors that positively contribute to the drinking water quality in the rural population.


Subject(s)
Organophosphorus Compounds/isolation & purification , Pesticides/toxicity , Groundwater/analysis , Carbamates/isolation & purification , Carbamates/toxicity , Pesticides/analysis , Drinking Water , Chromatography, Gas/methods
2.
Rev. gaúch. enferm ; 37(2): e54799, 2016. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-782965

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar os fatores associados aos óbitos em vítimas de envenenamento por carbamato (“chumbinho”). Método Estudo retrospectivo, epidemiológico tipo caso-controle, baseado nas fichas de notificação de intoxicação do centro de controle de intoxicações localizado na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Foram utilizadas 24 fichas de notificação de intoxicações de homens dos 20 aos 59 anos com história de envenenamento por carbamato entre 2005 e 2009. As fichas foram sorteadas aleatoriamente, respeitando-se a razão de 1:3 (um caso para três controles). A faixa etária variou de 23 a 58 anos; a média 43,83 anos. Resultados Os sintomas mais recorrentes foram: miose (OR = 1.0; IC 95%: 0,27 – 3,69. p= 1.0), sialorreia (OR = 0,83; IC 95%: 0,22 – 3,12. p= 0,78), dispneia (OR = 0,66; IC 95%: 0.14 – 3,03. p= 0,59). Conclusão Os óbitos apresentaram associação com sialorreia, miose e dispneia e uma forte associação com estertores pulmonares, broncoespasmos e os roncos pulmonares.


RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar los factores asociados a la muerte en las víctimas de envenenamiento por carbamato (“Chumbinho”). Método Estudio retrospectivo, epidemiológico de caso y control sobre el envenenamiento en los formularios de notificación un centro de control de envenenamiento localizado en la región metropolitana de Río de Janeiro. Utilizamos 24 formularios de notificación de envenenamiento en hombres de 20 a 59 años con intoxicación por el carbamato de 2005 a 2009. Los registros fueron seleccionados al azar, respetando la proporción de 1:3 (un caso y tres controles). El rango de edad fue de 23 a 58 años, promedio de 43,83 años. Resultados Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron miosis (OR = 1,0; IC del 95%: 0,27 a 3,69 p = 1.0.), Babeo (OR = 0,83, IC 95% 0,22-3,12 p. = 0,78), disnea (OR = 0,66; IC del 95%: 0:14 - 3.03 p = 0.59). Conclusión Las muertes se asociaron con babeo, miosis y disnea, y una fuerte asociación con estertores pulmonares, broncoespasmo y el ronquido pulmonar.


ABSTRACT Objective To determine the factors associated with death in poisoning victims by carbamate (“Chumbinho”). Method Retrospective study, epidemiological case-control based on poisoning reporting forms, a poison control center located in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. We used 24 notification forms of poisoning in men aged 20 to 59 years with poisoning by carbamate history from 2005 to 2009. The records were randomly selected, respecting the ratio 1:3 (a case to three controls). The age range was 23-58 years, average 43.83 years. Results The most frequent symptoms were myosis (OR=1.0; 95% CI: 0.27 to 3.69 p=1.0.), drooling (OR=0.83; 95% CI. 0.22 to 3.12 p=0.78), and dyspnea (OR=0.66; 95% CI: 0:14-3.03 p=0.59). Conclusion The deaths were associated with drooling, miosis and dyspnea and a strong association with pulmonary rales, bronchospasm and pulmonary snoring.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Young Adult , Rodenticides/toxicity , Carbamates/toxicity , Poisoning/diagnosis , Poisoning/epidemiology , Respiration Disorders/chemically induced , Sialorrhea/chemically induced , Suicide/statistics & numerical data , Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Miosis/chemically induced , Retrospective Studies , Sampling Studies , Symptom Assessment , Time-to-Treatment , Middle Aged
3.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2012. 64 p. mapas, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-655562

ABSTRACT

Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar os fatores de risco associados ascircunstâncias envolvendo alcoolemia no município do Rio de Janeiro no período de 1998 a 2005. As variáveis utilizadas para os casos considerados como positivos com quantificação de álcool no sangue levando-se em consideração o limite estabelecido pelo Código de Trânsito Brasileiro vigente no período (...) foram Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) do ano de 2000, as ocorrências registradas pelo Instituto Médico Legal, idade média e média de concentração de álcool das vítimas. Avariável média de concentração de álcool foi significativa (...) explicando 38 por cento da variação dos casos de Afogamento, assim como o IDH (p = 0,008) explicou 29 por cento davariação dos casos com Vítimas de projétil de arma de fogo. Foram obtidas relações inversas, para a variável IDH quando associada com as circunstâncias que se referiam à violência (Agressão, Vítima de projétil de arma de fogo e enforcamento). Podemos inferir, portanto, que os casos de morte por estas circunstâncias de violência aumentam quando os Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano são mais baixos. Além disso, nossos achados indicaram que os municipios não banhados pelo mar apresentaram os maiores índices de Afogamento corroborando com a literatura.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aldicarb/poisoning , Alcoholic Beverages/toxicity , Carbamates/toxicity , Poisoning/mortality , Health Profile , Human Development , Alcoholic Intoxication/mortality , Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data , Drowning/mortality , Epidemiology, Descriptive , External Causes , Homicide/statistics & numerical data , Suicide/statistics & numerical data , Crime Victims/statistics & numerical data
4.
Indian J Cancer ; 2011 Jan-Mar; 48(1): 74-79
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-144415

ABSTRACT

Background: Cancer chemotherapy has already been in practice by the use of toxins and some of the specific poisonous compounds of cyanide derivatives. Carbamate insecticides inhibit cellular metabolism including energy, protein, and nucleic acid metabolism, thereby, causing cell regression and death. Aim: Preliminary evaluation of three carbamate insecticides, namely, baygon, carbaryl, and carbofuran as chemotherapeutic agents for cancer is undertaken in the present study. Materials and Methods: The toxicity of carbamates on squamous cell carcinoma was assessed in-vitro using dye binding tests. Cells were grown in microtitration ELISA plates, as adherent cultures, for six hours, and then exposed to the drugs for 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours, and finally stained with neutral red, to assess the viable cell number, and with methylene blue for the determination of protein in the monolayer. Optical density was read in an ELISA reader. Statistical Analysis: The data obtained during the experiment was subjected to statistical analysis by using the student 't' test. Results: The results indicated that the percentage of the viable cell number reduced with an increase in the time of exposure of the drugs. Exposure of the tumor cells to the drugs for 12 hours detached them completely from the wells, and hence, all the cells were washed out. Exposure of the drugs prior to the establishment of the culture in-vitro resulted in the non-formation of the monolayer in the wells. Conclusions: Among the three drugs studied, the survival percent was least with carbaryl treatment followed by baygon, and with carbofuran treatment it was almost near to control group.


Subject(s)
Animals , Carbamates/toxicity , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy , Cattle , Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy , Insecticides/toxicity , Male
5.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2010. 111 p. ilus, mapas, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-591565

ABSTRACT

A água para consumo humano deve atender a padrões de potabilidade enão oferecer riscos à saúde, de acordo com a legislação brasileira vigente.Inserido no padrão de potabilidade para substâncias químicas que representam risco à saúde estão os agrotóxicos e seus valores máximos permitidos. Com objetivo de avaliar o nível de contaminação por agrotóxicoscarbamatos e organofosforados, em águas para consumo humanodistribuídas por SAA ou por SA do município de Dourados, um dosmunicípios de maior área colhida do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS,) oLaboratório de Toxicologia do Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública (Lacen-MS) analisou 487 amostras de água coletadas pela Vigilância SanitáriaMunicipal de Dourados-MS. Utilizou-se a metodologia de extração comdiclorometano e dosagem enzimática por método colorimétrico. Osresultados encontrados apresentaram contaminações (acima de 20 por cento de inibição da AchE) em 2,9 por cento das amostras distribuídas por SAA e em 1,2 por cento das amostras de SA. Estes percentuais alcançaram 29,8 por cento e 43,6 por cento, respectivamente, quando considerado o limite de quantificação do método de 2,5 μg.L-1 (5 por cento de inibição). Verificou-se correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre percentual de inibição e índice pluviométrico 48h antes da coleta das amostras. Recomenda-se omonitoramento contínuo da qualidade da água consumida pela população local, a fim de fortalecer as ações de Vigilância Sanitária, e garantir o consumo de água que não ofereça risco à saúde da população, corroborando com as ações de Saúde Pública.


The drinking water must meet standards for drinking water and no healthrisks, according to Brazilian legislation. Inserted into drinkable water forchemicals that pose a health risk are the pesticides and their maximumallowed. In order to evaluate the level of contamination by pesticidescarbamates and organophosphates in the drinking water distributed by SAAor SA of Dourados, one of the largest cities of the harvested area of MatoGrosso do Sul (MS) Laboratory Central Toxicology Laboratory of PublicHealth (Lacen-MS) analyzed 487 water samples collected by the MunicipalSanitary Dourados-MS. We used the method of extraction withdichloromethane and enzyme dosage by colorimetric method. The resultsshowed contamination (above 20% inhibition of AChE) in 2.9% of samplesdistributed by SAA and by 1.2% of samples from SA. These percentagesstood at 29.8% and 43.6% respectively, when considering the limit ofquantification of 2.5 μg.L-1 (5% inhibition). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between inhibition percentage and rainfall 48 hours before collection of samples. We recommend continuous monitoring of thequality of water consumed by the local population in order to strengthen theactions of Health Surveillance, and ensure that water consumption does notoffer health risk to the population, agreeing with the actions of Public Health.


Subject(s)
Water/analysis , Carbamates/toxicity , Organophosphorus Compounds/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Water Pollution/analysis , Brazil , Pesticides/adverse effects , Pesticides/toxicity , Water Consumption (Environmental Health)
6.
Acta bioquím. clín. latinoam ; 43(1): 11-20, ene.-mar. 2009. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-633067

ABSTRACT

Debido al alto grado de contaminación por plaguicidas de productos agrícolas y al alto costo que implica su detección se consideró importante optimizar el método de escrutinio de inhibición de colinesterasas humanas en presencia de extractos vegetales. Se demostró que las suspensiones de glóbulos rojos y plasma son estables al menos por tres meses si se mantienen entre 4 y 8 °C. El reactivo de color es estable por al menos dos años y medio en refrigeración y los sustratos de ambas colinesterasas son estables congelados al menos por dos años. La mezcla del extracto vegetal y los glóbulos rojos o plasma debe incubarse 90 minutos a 37 °C para determinar los porcentajes de inhibición enzimática. Se determinó que los porcentajes de inhibición superiores a 16% en la plasmática y a 21% en la eritrocítica indican presencia de plaguicida en los vegetales. Este método de screening optimizado para detectar la presencia de carbamatos y organofosforados tiene ventaja sobre otros por su bajo costo, facilidad y rapidez de análisis sin requerir de equipo costoso y poco versátil. Esta metodología no cuantifica ni identifica el plaguicida presente pero permite diferenciar entre organofosforados y carbamatos si el periodo de incubación del vegetal con eritrocitos o plasma se prolonga por 24 horas a 20-25 °C.


Optimization of the screening method of inhibition of human cholinesterases is considered important because of the high contamination rate of agricultural products with pesticides and its high detection cost. It has been demonstrated that erythrocytes and plasma are stable at least for three months at 4-8 °C. The colour reaction reagent is stable for at least two and a half years at 4-8 °C and the substrate for both cholinesterases is stable when frozen, at least for two years. The solution of vegetable extract and erythrocytes or plasma must be incubated 90 minutes at 37 °C in order to determine the percentages of enzymatic inhibition. It was established that inhibition percentages higher than 16% for the plasmatic solution, and 21% for the erythrocytic solution mean that pesticide is present in vegetables. The advantages of this optimized screening method for the detection of carbamates and organophosphates in vegetables are its low cost and its easy and quick analysis without the need of expensive equipment. This method does not quantify or identify the pesticide, but rather it differentiates organophosphates from carbamates if the incubation time of the vegetable extract with erythrocytes or plasma is maintained at 20- 25 °C for 24 hours.


Subject(s)
Organophosphorus Compounds/toxicity , Carbamates/toxicity , Insecticides, Organophosphate/methods , Pesticides/toxicity , Plants , Cholinesterase Inhibitors , Cholinesterases
7.
Rev. Soc. Peru. Med. Interna ; 21(1): 22-25, ene.-mar. 2008. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-506758

ABSTRACT

Se presenta el caso de una joven mujer que ingirió un raticida, cuyo componente principal fue el carbamato aldicarb, en un intento de suicidio. Este causó las manifestaciones características de los inhibidores de la acetilcolinesterasa, destacándose un cuadro reversible de edema pulmonar no cardiogénico.


This was the case of a young woman that attempted to commit suicide ingesting a rat killer, which main component was aldicarb, a carbamate. This casued the typical manifestations of the inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, standing out a reversible clinical piciture of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Acetylcholinesterase/toxicity , Carbamates/toxicity , Pulmonary Edema , Suicide, Attempted
8.
J Environ Biol ; 2007 Apr; 28(2 Suppl): 475-81
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-113499

ABSTRACT

Serum calcium (Ca) level of Rattus norvegicus ranged between 13.08 +/- 0.41 - 13.25 +/- 0.39 mg/100 ml whereas serum inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration varied between 4.21 +/- 0.28 - 4.33 +/- 0.26 mg/100 ml. Sublethal (0.50 LD50 and 0.75 LD50) administration of Mipcin induced a progressive dose-dependent decline in serum Ca level in the rat which was statistically significant at 7 and 14 days. Serum inorganic phosphate level of the treated rats did not exhibit significant fluctuation during the entire course of investigation. Parathyroid chief cells of the experimental rats exhibited degranulation, vacuolation, loss of secretory (hormone) granules and lipid droplets, decreased chromatin in nuclei and damages in the endoplasmic reticulum as well as cristae of mitochondria at 14 days of the treatment. Not much of changes could be seen in the oxyphil cells of parathyroid as well as thyroid C cells of the Mipcin-treated rats.


Subject(s)
Animals , Calcitonin/metabolism , Calcium/blood , Carbamates/toxicity , Hypocalcemia/chemically induced , Insecticides/toxicity , Male , Parathyroid Glands/drug effects , Phosphates/blood , Rats , Thyroid Gland/drug effects
9.
Suez Canal University Medical Journal. 2007; 10 (1): 29-34
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-172526

ABSTRACT

Pesticides, including insecticides, occupy a unique position among many chemicals that man encounters daily for the purpose of pest control in all agricultural programs. In fact, most of such chemicals are not highly selective and constitute potential hazard to many non-target species including man and other animals. The present study aimed to study the teratogenic effects of both dimethoate and carbosulfan insecticides on the ossification of craniofacial bones in albino rat fetuses. In this study, fifty female albino rats were allocated to ten groups [5/each group]; control, low dose dimethoate 1/40 LD50 [8.25 mg/kg], medium dose dimethoate 1/20 LD5O [16.5 mg/kg], high dose dimethoate 1/10 LD50 [33 mg/kg], low dose carbosulfan 1/40 LD50 [5.2 mg/kg], medium dose carbosulfan 1/20 LD50 [10.45 mg/kg], high dose carbosulfan 1/40 LD50 [20.9 mg/kg], mixed low doses of dimethoate and carbosulfan, mixed medium doses of dimethoate and carbosulfan, and mixed high doses of dimethoate and carbosulfan. Animals of all groups were sacrificed in the morning of 20[th] day of gestation. Then all specimens were stained with alizarin red stain for evaluation of ossification of skeletal system. The results of the present study revealed that both dimethoate and carbosulfan insecticides, had a deleterious effect on the ossification of craniofacial bones and that the most affected bones were supraoccipital, presphenoid, and interparietal bones. These effects were marked in the high doses and mixed low dose groups. It is concluded that the deleterious effects were increased with the increasing dose of either dimethoate or carbosulfan insecticides and that the mixture of low doses had an effect near to that of medium and sometimes high doses


Subject(s)
Female , Animals, Laboratory , Dimethoate/toxicity , Carbamates/toxicity , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Craniofacial Abnormalities , Rats
10.
Suez Canal University Medical Journal. 2007; 10 (1): 35-40
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-172527

ABSTRACT

The present study deals with the teratogenic effects which occur in albino rat fetuses after intragastric administration of different doses of dimethoate and carbosulfan insecticides, either separately or in combination, to pregnant albino rats. In this study, fifty female albino rats were allocated to ten groups [5/each group]; control, low dose dimethoate 1/40 LD50 [8.25 mg/kg], medium dose dimethoate 1/20 LD50 [16.5 mg/kg], high dose dimethoate 1/10 LD50 [33 mg/kg], low dose carbosulfan 1/40 LD50 [5.2 mg/kg], medium dose carbosulfan 1/20 LD50 [10.45 mg/kg], high dose carbosulfan 1/40 LD50 [20.9 mg/kg], mixed low doses of dimethoate and carbosulfan, mixed medium doses of dimethoate and carbosulfan, and mixed high doses of dimethoate and carbosulfan. All pregnant females in mixed medium doses of dimethoate and carbosulfan group died between 9th and 11[th] day of gestation, while those in mixed high doses of dimethoate and carbosulfan died between 8th and 10[th] day of gestation. Animals of all groups were sacrificed in the morning of 20th day of gestation. The external manifestation of poisoning with dimethoate and carbosulfan, embryolethality, live and dead fetuses, placental weight, external abnormalities of fetuses, fetal weight, crown-rump length, biparietal diameter had been monitored. The results of the present study denoting that both dimethoate and carbosulfan insecticides, had a deleterious effects on embryolethality in the form of increased percentage of preimplantation loss, an increased percentage of resorptions, and decreased percentage of live fetuse. Also, both dimethoate and carbosulfan insecticides had a deleterious effects on fetal growth in the form of reduction of, fetal weight, crown-rump length, and biparietal diameter. It is concluded that dimethoate and carbosulfan insecticides had a deleterious effects on fetal growth and embryolethality, this effect is dose-related, and that the mixture of low doses had an effect near that of medium and sometimes high dose of dimethoate and carbosulfan insecticides


Subject(s)
Female , Animals, Laboratory , Carbamates/toxicity , Animals, Newborn , Teratogens , Rats , Fetal Resorption , Embryology
11.
Pesticidas ; 16: 81-92, jan.-dez. 2006. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-454051

ABSTRACT

Biossensor amperométrico, baseado em enzimas colinesterases (AChE) imobilizadas em eletrodo do tipo screen-printing, foi utilizados na investigação de teores de pesticidas carbamatos (carbofuran e carbaril) em amostras de águas de abastecimento. Inicialmente, efetuou-se o estudo dos constantes de inibição dos pesticidas carbaril (1x10 elevado à sétima potência) e carbofuran (5x10 elevado à quarta potência). Utilizou-se sistema com eletrodo de dois canais, composto de grafite modificada com TCNQ e Ag/AgCl, como eletrodos de trabalho e referência, respectivamente. Dois processos, visando otimização do biossensor. A metodologia de fotopolimerização com álcool polivinílico modificado com grupos estirilpiridínicos (PVS-SbQ) e a de glutaraldeido foram selecionadas para o estudo, sendo que a imobilização com PVS-SbQ apresentou melhores resultados (CV=6,5por cento). Curvas analíticas foram plotadas após os ensaios de inibição com os pesticidas e os limites de detecção (LD) determinados. Carbaril apresentou curva linear (LD de 18 ug L -1), enquanto o carbofuran demonstrou curva com comportamento logarítmico (LD de 0,05 ug L-1). Para avaliar a precisão, amostras de água de abastecimento foram fortificadas com os pesticidas estudados em três níveis de fortificação. As recuperações variaram de 93,3 por cento a 102,7 por cento. Os biossensores a base de AChE atenderam às exigências analíticas para a direta aplicação de sensores descartáveis em amostras reais


Subject(s)
Biosensing Techniques , Carbamates/toxicity , Carbaryl/toxicity , Carbofuran/toxicity , Drinking Water , Insecticides
12.
Cad. saúde pública ; 22(11): 2391-2399, nov. 2006. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-435832

ABSTRACT

Só recentemente, com a evolução das técnicas analíticas foi possível a detecção de contaminação por agrotóxicos nos sistemas hídricos. Em pequenas comunidades rurais, os efeitos negativos à saúde pública de uma contaminação dos sistemas hídricos seriam agravados pela falta de infra-estrutura e de condições sócio-econômicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar essa possível contaminação por agrotóxicos nos sistemas hídricos superficiais e subterrâneos utilizados para consumo humano direto na região da cultura do tomate no Município de Paty do Alferes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Para isso, este estudo selecionou 27 pontos de coleta, onde foram feitas cinco coletas mensais, perfazendo um total de 135 amostras. A contaminação de sistemas hídricos por organofosforados e carbamatos foi determinada pela análise da inibição da atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase. O resultado encontrado foi que em 19 dos 27 pontos selecionados houve contaminação detectável, sendo que em duas ocasiões essas contaminações ultrapassaram o permitido pela legislação. Com isso, comprovou-se a contaminação dos sistemas hídricos na região de Paty do Alferes, o que colocaria a saúde da população local em risco.


Recent advances in analytical techniques allow identifying pesticide pollution in water systems. In small rural communities, the negative effects of pesticide pollution can be aggravated by the lack of infrastructure and adverse socioeconomic conditions. This study investigated pesticide pollution in potential water supply sources in a tomato growing area in Paty do Alferes, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The study selected 27 points where five monthly samples were collected. Pesticide pollution was determined by analyzing acetyl-cholinesterase inhibition. In 19 of the 27 sample points, some pesticide pollution was detected, and in two points the pesticide pollution was above the permitted limits. The results thus proved the incidence of pesticide pollution in water sources in Paty do Alferes that could jeopardize the local population's health.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Agriculture , Water/analysis , Wastewater/analysis , Carbamates/toxicity , Organophosphorus Compounds/toxicity , Insecticides/toxicity , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Water Pollution/analysis , Solanum lycopersicum
13.
Acta toxicol. argent ; 14(1): 2-7, jul. 2006. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-567440

ABSTRACT

La zona frutihortícola del alto Valle de Río Negro, en Argentina, constituye una región de exposición residencial a plaguicidas en razón de la dinámica ambiental de estos compuestos y la situación geográfica de sus comunidades. Considerando que los comportamientos preventivos de la población dependen del nivel educativo, este trabajo se planificó con el objetivo de capacitar al personal de salud del hospital de Cinco Saltos, localidad situada en esta región, como agentes multiplicadores en el fortalecimiento de dichas conductas. Previo a la capacitación, se realizaron entrevistas domiciliarias en un asentamiento rural en el que, si bien el 92% de las mujeres estaba alfabetizada, el 81% desconocía el período anual de fumigaciones y sólo el 12% conocía las vías de incorporación. Se registraron conductas de riesgo para el uso doméstico de plaguicidas y para la exposición residencial. Aunque el 95% identificaba a los niños como el grupo social más vulnerable y el 58% estimaba que la exposición materna afecta al feto, solamente el 56 % tomaba precauciones durante el período de fumigación y el 92% utilizaba plaguicidas en el hogar. La encuesta diagnóstica aplicada al personal de salud reveló un importante grado de desconocimiento sobre la exposición indirecta. En base a la información recabada en ambas actividades se dictó un Taller sobre toxicología de plaguicidas cuya acreditación incluyó el diseño de un plan de trabajo para la transferencia hacia las comunidades de riesgo. También se llevaron a cabo acciones para la difusión de esta problemática en medios locales.


In Argentina, the agricultural area of High Valley of Río Negro and Neuquén, is a region of pesticide residential exposition in view of the environmental dynamics of these compounds and the geographic situation of their communities. Considering that people prevention behavior depends on their educational level, this work was designed with the purpose of preparing health workers of Cinco Saltos Hospital, location settled in this area, as multiplying agents to strengthen those conducts. Previously to this preparation, interviews were performed in a rural community where, though 92% of the women were alphabetized, 81% ignored the time covered by the annual fumigation period and only the 12% knew about pesticides routes of absorption. Risk behaviors were registered for domestic use of pesticides and for residential exposure. Although children were identified (95%) as the most vulnerable social group and 58% estimated that maternal exposition affects the fetus, only 56 % took cares during fumigation period and 92% used pesticides at home. A diagnostic poll performed with the health workers revealed an important lack of knowledge about indirect exposition. According to the information obtained in both activities a Workshop about pesticides toxicology was organized, whose approval included the design of a work plan to be carried out with the communities under risk. Additionally, actions were performed to diffuse this theme in local media.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Carbamates/adverse effects , Carbamates/toxicity , Environmental Health , Health Education , Insecticides, Organophosphate/adverse effects , Insecticides, Organophosphate/prevention & control , Pesticides/toxicity , Argentina , Community Health Workers , Environmental Monitoring , Environmental Hazards , Rural Population
14.
Rev. bras. toxicol ; v.18(1): 43-48, jul. 2005. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-417097

ABSTRACT

Os efeitos tóxicos mais imediatos de uma intoxicação por organofosforados ou carbamatos devem-se à inibição das colinesterases (ChES). Contudo, as faixas de variação de atividade tanto interindividual como intraindividual das ChEs são muito largas o que dificulta a interpretação dos resultados da atividade das ChEs de trabalhadores expostos a organofosforados e carbamatos. Utilizando-se o método de Nabb & Whitfield (1967) para analisar sangue de 48 trabalhadores, os resultados mostraram que a colinesterase eritrocitária (ChE-Er) variou de 10,1 a 19,7 μmol/min/mL e a colinesterase plasmática (ChE-PI) de 2,2 a 6,9 μmol/min/ML. Apesar de grande variação interindividual, com a linha de base pré-exposição que utiliza a variação intraindividual foi possível correlacionar sintomas de intoxicação leve a exposição ocupacional ao carbamato, com queda na atividade da ChE-Er menor que 30% da atividade da linha de base pré-exposição...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cholinesterase Inhibitors , Cholinesterases , Carbamates/toxicity , Occupational Exposure/prevention & control , Insecticides, Organophosphate/toxicity , Pesticides/toxicity , Risk Assessment
15.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 25(2): 170-180, jun. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-421527

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Determinar la actividad de la acetilcolineterasa en trabajadores con riesgo de exposición a plaguicidas organofosforados y carbamatos y los plaguicidas más frecuentemente aplicados en los cultivos agrícolas en siete departamentos colombianos durante el período de 1998 a 2001. Materiales y métodos. De 1998 a 2001, participaron las entidades territoriales de salud de Boyacá, Caldas, Huila, Meta, Norte de Santander, Santander y Valle del Cauca, con 25.242 trabajadores a quienes se les realizó la determinación de la actividad de la acetilcolinesterasa como biomarcador de exposición a estos plaguicidas mediante el método de Limperos y Ranta modificado por Edson. Resultados. Del total de trabajadores, el 78,9 por ciento eran hombres y 21,1 por ciento mujeres; el 38,8 por ciento se encontraba en un rango de edad de 26 a 40 años. El 66,1 por ciento reportó pertenecer a un régimen de seguridad social; los oficios con mayor número de trabajadores fueron: fumigador-aplicador con 39,1 por ciento y jornalero con 24,9 por ciento. Se realizaron 25.356 pruebas de acetilcolinesterasa, de las cuales, 7,6 por ciento mostraron resultados anormales. Conclusiones. Con relación a los plaguicidas de importancia en salud pública más usados, se encontraron los organofosforados con 42,4 por ciento seguido por carbamatos con 17,8 por ciento, insecticidas organoclorados con 8,4 por ciento y clorinados 6,6 por ciento, lo cual hace necesario ampliar el uso de biomarcadores para la vigilancia de trabajadores expuestos a plaguicidas no controlados por el programa


Subject(s)
Humans , Carbamates/toxicity , Insecticides/toxicity , Pesticide Exposure , Epidemiologic Studies
16.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2005. xix,132 p. tab, graf, mapas.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-499301

ABSTRACT

Um dos maiores problemas enfrentados pelas instâncias tomadoras de decisão, no que diz respeito à implementação de programas de vigilância e prevenção nestas áreas relaciona-se com a real quantificação ou dimensionamento do problema. Dentro desta fundamentação, o objetivo geral desta Tese foi desenvolver um Sistema de Informações toxicológicas forense no âmbito do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, avaliar o perfil epidemiológico (estudo descritivo) das exposições/intoxicações envolvendo a utilização de substâncias químicas, e diagnosticar/quantificar qualquer enventual fenômeno de subnotificação. (...) Destes, mais de um terço dos casos concluídos (36,96%) foram considerados positivos. (...) Analgésicos obtiveram um espectro mais amplo de casos positivos (20 a 59 anos - 77,5%). Em relação ao álcool, os municípios mais afetados foram Marica, Itaboraí, Saquarema, Rio Bonito, Araruama, Silva Jardim, Armação de Búzios, São José do Vale do Rio Preto, Teresópolis, Sumidouro, Cordeiro e Trajano de Morais -- 22 a 49 casos: 100.000 hab. Rio de Janeiro, Niterói, Nova Iguaçu, Duque de Caxias, São João de Meriti, Mesquita, Nilópolis e Belford Roxo respondem pelos maiores prevalências relacionadas a praguicidas - 10 a 191 casos: 100.000 hab. Maiores ocorrências para Medicamentos, foram localizadas em Angra dos Reis; Itaguaí, Rio das Flores, Teresópolis e Cantagalo -- 3 a 5 casos:100.000 hab. Drogas de abuso apresentaram maiores índices de subnotificação em relação ao Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Mortalidade - SIM e Sistema Nacional de Informações Tóxicofarmacológicas - SINITOX (99,40% e 100,00%, respectivamente). (...) Praguicidas foi a categoria de substâncias que apresentaram o menor grau de não registros SIM (12,93%) e SINITOX (69,09%).


Subject(s)
Humans , Chemical Compounds/statistics & numerical data , Poisoning/epidemiology , Forensic Toxicology , Information Systems , Alcoholic Intoxication , Analgesics/toxicity , Anticonvulsants/toxicity , Brazil , Caffeine/toxicity , Carbamates/toxicity , Ethanol/toxicity , Disease Notification/statistics & numerical data , Prevalence , Illicit Drugs
17.
J Environ Biol ; 2004 Jul; 25(3): 239-49
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-113548

ABSTRACT

The present study embodies the observations on duration (45, 75 and 105 days) dependent effects of toxicologically low concentration (16 ppm) of a carbamate pesticide, carbofuran, on first ovarian maturity with correlative recovery response by withdrawal of treatment for 30 days in virgin yearlings of common carp, Cyprinus carpio var. Communis. In control fish histological organization of ovary and changes in gonado-somatic index (GSI) revealed the initiation of oocyte differentiation and development at the commencement of experiment in December-January and peak of maturation with fully grown yolky oocytes was attained by the time of termination of experiment in the end of March. In carbofuran exposed groups ovaries exhibited retardation of development and growth evident by significantly decreased GSI and predominace of immature oocytes passing through nuclear-cytoplasmic degeneration of variable magnitude. Severity of degenerative changes was more pronounced with prolonged duration. In recovery group ovaries had experienced regeneration as clued by the presence of oocytes of differential stages including vitellogenic and fully grown oocytes. In liver histopathological changes coupled with significant decrease in hepato-somatic index (HSI) attributed hepatic inactivation in all exposure groups whereas in recovery group an increase in HSI value with marked sign of hepatic reactivation was evidenced. No significant change in values of condition (CF) and somatic condition (SCF) factors substantiated the over all normal health of fish. Lipid and water content of ovary, liver and muscle registered the significant decrease at 105th day of exposure with concomitant augmented value for recovery group. These observations suggest that the commercial formulation of carbofuran, even at this toxicologically low concentration, is equally capable of affecting the first ovarian maturity with associated physiological implications but with reversibility in toxicity by withdrawal of pesticide exposure attributing regeneration in affected organs in due course time.


Subject(s)
Animals , Carbamates/toxicity , Carbofuran/toxicity , Cytoplasm/drug effects , Environmental Exposure , Female , Lipid Metabolism , Liver/drug effects , Muscles/drug effects , Oocytes/drug effects , Oogenesis/drug effects , Pesticides/toxicity , Reproduction/drug effects , Severity of Illness Index , Time Factors , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
18.
J Environ Biol ; 2003 Jan; 24(1): 91-4
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-113909

ABSTRACT

Different species of livestock was exposed to isoprocarb (MIPC 50 WP) sprays to monitor their health status. Exposure of livestock (calves, sheep, dogs and RIR birds) to 0.1 percent isoprocarb sprays on cotton crop for 6 hours a day for three consecutive days, showed no adverse effects on evident from clinical hematological and biochemical observations.


Subject(s)
Animals , Birds/physiology , Carbamates/toxicity , Cattle/physiology , Dogs/physiology , Environmental Exposure , Health Status , Hematologic Tests , Sheep/physiology
20.
Niterói; UFF; 1998. 36 p. ilus.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-516250

ABSTRACT

Devido à disseminação do uso de inseticidas no mundo moderno, pode observar-se uma grande ocorrência de intoxicações humanas, quer intoxicações agudas (ingestão acidental em crianças e suicídio de adultos, principalmente), quer intoxicações crônicas ocupacionais. Dentre os inseticidas mais importantes na toxicologia de urgência, encontram-se os compostos inibidores da colinesterase, os carbamatos e organofosforados. Tais produtos tem uma alta toxicidade, sendo bem absorvidos por todas as vias. São responsáveis por um grande número de intoxicações, muitas destas fatais. O presente trabalho propõe-se a fazer uma revisão clínico-laboratorial e terapêutica a respeito do tema.


Subject(s)
Humans , Carbamates/poisoning , Carbamates/toxicity , Insecticides/poisoning , Occupational Exposure , Occupational Health , Occupational Medicine , Poisoning
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