CO2 Fertilizer Effect on Growth, Polyphenols, and Endophytes in Two Baccharis Species

Abstract In a climate change context, the buildup of CO2 will affect plant communities worldwide. This study evaluated the effects of CO2 enrichment on the development and defense of two Cerrado native species Baccharis dracunculifolia and B. platypoda and their associated endophytic fungi richness. The study took place in Open-Top Chambers, two with ambient CO2 concentration (~400 ppm) and two in an enriched environment (~800 ppm). Baccharis platypoda developed 20% more leaves under enriched CO2 conditions, whereas B. dracunculifolia was 30% taller and showed 27% more leaves than those under ambient conditions. In both species, leaf polyphenol concentration did not differ between treatments. Nevertheless, polyphenol content had a positive correlation with plant height on both species' individuals grown under CO2 enriched conditions. Endophytic fungi richness and colonization rate on both plant species did not differ between ambient and enriched conditions. Our results show the positive effect of CO2 fertilizer in at least one of the measured growth parameters. An important new finding was a synergistic increase in growth and chemical defense in both studied species under enriched CO2 conditions, suggesting higher carbon assimilation and accumulation. This study suggests that the effects on primary productivity and secondary metabolites of Baccharis species will potentially reflect on the diversity and distribution of Cerrado plants and their associated animal communities.

Avaliação citométrica dos adipócitos localizados no tecido subcutâneo da parede anterior do abdome após infiltração percutânea de CO2 / Cytometric evaluation of abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes after percutaneous CO2 infiltration

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da infiltração de dióxido de carbono em adipócitos presentes na parede abdominal. MÉTODOS: Quinze voluntárias foram submetidas a sessões de infusão de CO2 durante três semanas consecutivas (duas sessões por semana com intervalos de dois a três dias entre cada sessão). O volume de gás carbônico infundido por sessão, em pontos previamente demarcados, foi sempre calculado com base na superfície da área a ser tratada, com volume infundido fixo de 250 mL/100cm² de superfície tratada. Os pontos de infiltração foram demarcados respeitando-se o limite eqüidistante 2cm entre eles. Em cada ponto se injetou 10mL, por sessão, com fluxo de 80mL/min. Foram colhidos fragmentos de tecido celular subcutâneo da parede abdominal anterior antes e após o tratamento. O número e as alterações histomorfológicas dos adipócitos (diâmetro médio, perímetro, comprimento, largura e número de adipócitos por campos de observação) foram mensurados por citometria computadorizada. Os resultados foram analisados com o teste t de Student pareado, adotando-se nível de significância de 5 por cento (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: Encontrou-se redução significativa no número de adipócitos da parede abdominal e na área, diâmetro, perímetro, comprimento e largura após o uso da hipercapnia (p=0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: A infiltração percutânea de CO2 reduz a população e modifica a morfologia dos adipócitos presentes na parede abdominal anterior.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of carbon dioxide infusion to abdominal wall adipocytes. METHODS: Fifteen volunteers were subjected to sessions of CO2 infusion for three consecutive weeks (two sessions per week with intervals of two to three days between each). The volume of carbon dioxide infused per session, at points previously marked, was always calculated on the basis of surface area to be treated, with a fixed infused volume of 250 ml/100cm² of treated surface. The infiltration points were marked respecting the limit of 2cm equidistant between them. At each point 10 ml was injected per session, with a flow of 80ml/min. Fragments were collected from subcutaneous tissue of the anterior abdominal wall before and after treatment. The number and histomorphological changes of adipocytes (mean diameter, perimeter, length, width and number of adipocytes per field of observation) were measured by computerized cytometry. The results were analyzed with paired Student t test, adopting a significance level of 5 percent (p <0.05). RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the number of adipocytes in the abdominal wall, as well as the area, diameter, perimeter, length and width of the adipocytes, after the infusion of CO2 (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The percutaneous infiltration of CO2 reduces the population of adipocytes of the anterior abdominal wall and modifies their morphology.

Analysis of the bactericidal effect of ozone pneumoperitoneum / Análise do efeito bactericida do pneumoperitônio de ozônio

PURPOSE: To assess the bactericidal action of ozone pneumoperitonium, and to compare the results with CO2. METHODS: It was used 36 Wistar rats. The animals, under anesthesia, were inoculated with 2ml of E. coli ATCC at a concentration of 10(10)UFC, and 1ml of BaSO4, into the peritoneal cavity. They were divided into three groups: Group 1, CO2 pneumoperitoneum was performed for 15 minutes; Group 2, ozone pneumoperitoneum was performed for 5 minutes at a concentration of 42µg/ml, and Group 3, ozone pneumoperitoneum was performed for 5 minutes at a concentration of 62µg/ml. Six animals from each group were sacrificed after the experiment, and the remaining 6 observed for 24 hours. Material was collected from the cavity of all animals for microbiological study. RESULTS: Ozone presented a greater bactericidal effect than CO2 in those animals sacrificed immediately after pneumoperitoneum. In the animals studied 24 hours after pneumoperitoneum evidenced no difference in bactericidal effect between the two gases. Moreover, no difference in mortality was observed. CONCLUSION: Ozone has a more potent bactericidal effect than carbon dioxide gas, although this did not influence survival of the animals.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ação bactericida do pneumoperitônio de ozônio comparando-o à ação do CO2. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 36 ratos Wistar. Após anestesia e inoculação de 2ml de E. coli ATCC na concentração de 10(10) UFC e 1ml de BaSO4 na cavidade peritoneal, os animais foram divididos em três grupos: Grupo 1, realização de pneumoperitônio de CO2 por 15 minutos; Grupo 2, realização de pneumoperitônio de ozônio durante 5 minutos na concentração de 42µg/ml, e Grupo 3, realização de pneumoperitônio de ozônio durante 5 minutos na concentração de 62µg/ml. Seis animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados após experimento e os outros seis foram observados por 24 horas. Em todos os animais colheu-se material da cavidade para estudo microbiológico. RESULTADOS: O ozônio teve maior efeito bactericida em comparação ao CO2 nos animais sacrificados logo após pneumoperitônio. Nos animais estudados após 24 horas não houve diferença do efeito bactericida entre os gases. Também não se observou alteração da mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: O ozônio tem efeito bactericida mais potente que o gás carbônico, embora não tenha influenciado a sobrevida dos animais.

In vitro growth and shoot multiplication in Terminalia bellerica roxB. under controlled carbon dioxide environment.

The shoot cultures of Terminalia bellerica Roxb. were grown on Murashige and Skoog's medium containing 1.5 mg 1(-1) BAP (6- benzyl aminopurine), and supplemented with or without sucrose (3%). A range of CO2 concentrations (0.0, 0.6, 10, 40 g(-3)) was provided in small acrylic chambers by using different concentrations and combinations of NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate), Na2CO3 (sodium carbonate), KHCO3 (potassium bicarbonate) and K2CO3 (potassium carbonate). To obtain a CO2-free environment, a saturated solution of 10% of KOH (potassium hydroxide) was kept in the chamber. Complete absence of carbon source caused death of shoots within 20 days. Under controlled and enriched CO2, the shoots grew fully photoautotropically on sucrose-free medium. The growth of cultures was better with carbon dioxide (40 g(-3)) than sucrose (3%) in the medium. Maximum number of shoots, number of leaves per cluster, fresh and dry weight and chlorophyll contents were recorded when both sucrose and CO2 (40 g(-3)) were provided to the culture.

Análise do efeito imediato do jato de CO2 sobre o endotélio vascular de caprinos / Analyses of the immediate effect of CO2 flow on vascular endothelium in goats

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a influência do jato de CO2 na parede da Artéria Torácica Interna Esquerda (ATIE) e Artéria Interventricular Anterior (AIVA), em um modelo experimental em caprinos, comparando os efeitos imediatos do uso do CO2 com velocidade de fluxo de 5 L/min e 10 L/min, por 20 minutos, com fluxo intermitente (30 em 30 segundos), com e sem umidificação, simultaneamente nas ATIE e AIVA. MÉTODO: Trinta e seis caprinos foram submetidos ao procedimento cirúrgico. A análise histológica foi feita por meio da reação de imunoperoxidase para marcação do endotélio, por meio da detecção do Fator VIII da coagulação. A mensuração foi feita pelo Quantimet, seguindo a escala de Ip para lesão vascular. RESULTADOS: Nos grupos controle, com e sem umidificação, não houve lesão endotelial. A velocidade de fluxo de 5 L/min provocou lesão endotelial com nível de significância intermediária na AIVA, sem umidificação; e, com a umidificação, a lesão ocorreu, porém, sem significância. A velocidade de fluxo de 5L/min, com e sem umidificação, provocou lesão endotelial na ATIE, contudo, sem significância. Com a velocidade de fluxo de 10 L/min, houve lesão endotelial com nível de significância importante, tanto para a ATIE quanto para a AIVA, não alterando se umidificado ou não. CONCLUSÃO: Pôde-se concluir que a lesão endotelial é fluxo-dependente. As artérias envolvidas na anastomose (ATIE e AIVA) foram afetadas simultaneamente, sendo que a agressão foi maior para AIVA.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of CO2 on the wall of the Left Internal Thoracic Artery (LITA) and Anterior Interventricular Artery (AIVA) in an experimental model using goats, comparing the immediate effects of the use of CO2 at flow rates of 5 L/min and 10 L/min during 20 minutes, with intermittent flow (every 30 seconds) with and without humidification, simultaneously to the LITA and AIVA. METHODS: Thirty-six male goats were submitted to a surgical procedure. Histological analysis was carried out using the immunoperoxidase reaction to mark the endothelium through the detection of VIII Coagulation Factor. Measurement was made by Quantimet following the Ip scale for vascular injury. RESULTS: Within control groups, with and without humidification, both for AIVA and LITA, there was no endothelial injury. The flow rate of 5 L/min provoked moderately significant endothelial injury of the AIVA without humidification, whereas with humidification the endothelial injury was seen but without statistical significance. The flow rate of 5 L/min, with or without humidification, provoked insignificant endothelial injury at LITA. With a flow rate of 10 L/min, there was highly significant endothelial injury, both for the LITA and AIVA and whether humidified or not. CONCLUSION: In conclusion endothelial injury is flow-dependent with greater injury when using CO2 at a flow rate of 10 L/min and less at 5 L/min. The arteries involved in anastomosis (LITA and AIVA) are both affected, but there is a greater effect on the AIVA.

Efeitos da radiaçäo laser de dióxido de carbono em tecido ósseo: estudo macroscópico em ratos / Effect of carbon dioxide laser radiation on osseous tissue: macroscopic study in rats

O laser de dióxido de carbono (CO²), pelas suas propriedades intrínsecas, tem se tornado um instrumento cirúrgico importante; entre estas podemos citar: hemostasia, reduçäo do edema e da dor pós-operatória e esterilizaçäo do campo cirúrgico. Seu uso em tecido ósseo para realizaçäo de osteotomias ainda é questionável, principalmente devido à possibilidade de iatrogenias causadas pelo aumento da temperatura tecidual, bem como destes efeitos na área paraincisional. O propósito deste estudo foi proporcionar a confecçäo de um plano piloto visando analisar macroscopicamente os efeitos da radiaçäo laser de CO² em tíbia de rato a fim de estabelecerem-se parâmetros de segurança quanto a potência. Foram utilizados 12 ratos. Após anestesia, os ossos foram submetidos a radiaçäo com potência de 1, 3 e 5 watts. Os animais foram sacrificados nos tempos imediatamente após, 3, 7 e 14 dias após a irradiaçäo, visando à remoçäo do osso tratado. Os espécimes obtidos foram observados através de lupa estereoscópica com aumentos de 14, 25 e 40 vezes e fotografados para posterior análise. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a potência de 1 watt proporciona uma melhor qualidade de resposta à reparaçäo e que as potências de 3 e 5 watts provocaram o atraso na cronologia de reparo

Monitoreo del dióxido de carbono / Monitoring of carbon dioxide

La capnografía se ha mostrado como una valiosa adquisición en el arsenal del anestesista, ya que puede alertarlo sobre situaciones potencialmente mortales, como mala colocación del tubo endotraqueal, desconexión del circuito en un paciente paralizado e hipertermia maligna, condiciones todas que si no sedetectan y tratan precozmente, llevan a un alata morbilidad y posiblemente también mortalidad. El empleo del capnógrafo es útil también en la ventilación artificial, permitiendo en forma individual regular el volumen corriente y volumen minuto utilizando la ETCO2 en lugar de normogramas por kilo de peso. Esto hace que actualmente se pueda efectivamente hablar de ventilación controlada. Esta técnica es de un aprendizaje de la fisiopatología respiratoria aplicada

Cirugía laparoscópica: consideraciones sistémicas y anestésicas / Laparoscopic surgery: systemic and anesthetic considerations

La cirugía laparoscópica es ya ampliamente aceptada debido a las menores molestias postoperatorias, rápida recuperación e incisiones más estéticas. La insuflación de la cavidad peritoneal con bióxido de carbono (CO2) en el transoperatorio produce cambios hemodinámicos cardiovasculares y pulmonares que deben tomarse en cuenta por las posibles complicaciones. En este artículo se hace una revisión de estos conceptos

Carotid body chemoreception: the importance of CO2-HCO3- and carbonic anhydrase. (review)

The current hypotheses of carotid body (CB) chemoreception regard the glomus cells as the initial site of stimulus transduction. The consensus is that the transduction of chemical stimulus is coupled with the release of transmitter(s) from the glomus cells, which in turn generates action potentials in the afferent nerve terminals. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is present in the glomus cells of the CB. Inhibition of CA activity in the CB in situ reduces the carotid chemosensory responses to CO2 and to O2, suggesting a common mechanism of chemosensing for both stimuli. However, CA inhibitors also block the red blood cell enzyme. Thus, the CO2 hydration reaction does not come to completion within the transit time of the blood from the lung to the CB. A steady-state reaction is not reached until later and so the PCO2 and pH levels in arterial blood samples are not the same as those sensed by the CB. Experiments in vitro using cat CB perfused and superfused with cell-free solutions, which had been pre-equilibrated with respiratory gases, strongly support the proposition that the CA activity in CB cells is essential for the speed and amplitude of the initial response to CO2 and for its subsequent adaptation. The immediate response to hypoxia also is delayed, but the late steady-state was less dependent on CA activity. In the nominal absence of CO2-HCO3- from the perfusate, hypoxic chemoreception persisted and its magnitude is not affected by CA inhibition, except for a delay which may be due to the initial alkaline pH of the glomus cells. Recent experiments performed in isolated glomus cells and in the whole CB show that hypoxia does not modify significantly the intracellular pH. By its simple catalytic function, CA can speed up the approach of the CO2 hydration reaction to equilibrium. However, CA may also contribute in the steady-state to the regulation of pHi by providing a continuous supply of H+ and HCO3-. Furthermore, CA performs a facilitatory role in the physiological chemosensory responses to CO2 and O2 in the presence of extracellular CO2-HCO3-. This role is likely to be related to the ion exchanger function and then to pHi regulation in the chemoreceptor cells

Respiratory centre sensitivity and exercise tolerance in healthy Thais.

To determine the range of normal values of respiratory centre sensitivity and exercise tolerance in Thais, 69 healthy subjects, 18 to 72 years of age, participated in a series of tests, i.e. ventilatory drive, ventilatory response, musculo-ventilation transfer and the two-minute walking test with rating of the breathing sensation on a visual analogue scale. Our results showed higher end-tidal Pco2 and tidal volume response to CO2 and less exercise tolerance in the elderly than in the young. Only in young males was the ventilatory response to CO2 higher than in females. No attempt has yet been made to explain the lower ventilatory response in Thais as compared with Americans. Apparently, the defective respiratory apparatus, viz. increased airways resistance and not the blunting of respiratory centre sensitivity, contributes principally to relative hypoventilation and exercise limitation in the elderly. The compensation, with high tidal volume response to CO2, seems ineffective in maintaining normo-ventilation.

Effect of increased level of CO2 exposure in a closed environment on calcium and phosphorus balance in rats.

In rats, exposed to increased ambient CO2 level (1.5%) for 30 days a 40% reduction in food intake during first 10 days was observed which subsequently improved. Similarly the body weight also declined initially, which showed progressive gain thereafter, almost reaching that of ad libitum fed control by 30th day. The lowered Ca intake consequent to reduced food consumption was followed by diminution in renal and faecal excretion of Ca. The lowered renal Ca excretion was probably unrelated to reduced Ca intake, since the pair-fed-control, not exposed to raised CO2 level, did not show any such alteration. The net result was a drastic reduction in Ca balance despite the diminution in its excretion. Though the intake and renal excretion of P were reduced in the CO2 exposed group due to a reduction in food intake, the P balance showed a cyclic pattern as in the pair-fed controls. The serum Ca after 30 days' exposure remained unchanged while the serum inorganic P showed a variation. The data indicated that hypercapnia produced hypophagia which affected growth of rats. The reduced renal excretion of Ca may not pose a risk on calcification of soft tissues, since its retention was also reduced on exposure to raised concentration of CO2.

Characteristics of toad bladder urinary acidification

The urinary acidification system present in the bladder of the toad Bufo marinus ictericus was investigated by means of an improved technique of mounting the membrane that minimizes the edge damage when the bladder is placed as a sheet between lucite half chambers. In ouabain-treated bladders in the absence of exogenous CO2, acification rates were similar to those observed for turtle bladder. The presence of 1%CO2 at the serosal gas phase increased proton secretion (JH). Stimulation of JH was also observed when the cell pH was decreased by back diffusion of salicylic acid added to the mucosal(M) compartment. The estimate of the passive proton permeability of this epithelium as a whole yielded values around 1 x 10**-4cm/s. The maximum pH gradient that could be established across the membrane in the short circuit condition (about 3 pH units) was taken as the apparent proton-motive force (PMF') of the system and these values were similar to those observed in the turtle bladder. Luminal membrane depolarization caused by substitution of NaCl by KCl in Ringer solution led to an increase in JH at MpH = 7.3 without altering the PMF', which suggests that the electrical potential difference across the luminal membrane in ouabain-treated bladders is negligible when M pH is sufficiently acid to abolish H+ secretion

Alteraçöes do equilíbrio ácido-básico e hidrelectrolítico em cäes submetidos a hipercapnia / Changes in the acid base and water-electrolyte equilibrium in dogs subjected to hypercapnia

Foram estudadas as alteraçöes do equilíbrio ácido-básico e hidroeletrolítico em 12 cäes submetidos a hipercapnia com diferentes níveis de CO2 na mistura inalada (10% e 15%). Foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros pH sangüíneo, pressäo parcial de gás carbônico no sangue arterial, pressäo parcial de oxigênio no sangue arterial, bicarbonato de sódio plasmático, sódio plasmático, potássio plasmático, volume urinário, excreçäo urinária de sódio, excreçäo fracionária de sódio, depuraçäo de sódio, reabsorçäo de sódio, excreçäo urinária de potássio, excreçäo fracionária de potássio, depuraçäo de postássio, osmolaridade urinária, depuraçäo osmolar e depuraçäo de água livre. Os valores de pH sangüíneo apresentam uma queda significativa, tendendo a retornar aos níveis iniciais no fim do experimento. O bicarbonato plasmático e a diurese aumentam significativamente quando a concentraçäo inspirada de CO2 é de 15%. Ocorre tendência à queda da excreçäo urinária de sódio, na excreçäo fracionária de sódio e na depuraçäo de sódio e, contrariamente, uma tendência a aumento na reabsorçäo de sódio. Com a excreçäo fracionária e com a depuraçäo de potássio ocorre tendência a queda. Os parâmetros restantes näo apresentam variaçöes significantes. É ainda discutida a fisiopatologia das alteraçöes observadas em cada parâmetro estudado

Limitations in the use of CO2 as a method for studying the J-reflex.

In order to study the J-reflex, monosynaptic reflexes were recorded from L7 or S1 ventral root after stimulation of the posterior biceps, and semi-tendinosus nerve (PBST) from the lower limb in cats anaesthetized with Pentobarbitone sodium. Intratracheal CO2 (60 ml, 100%) depressed the monosynaptic reflexes, and the depression was comparable to the effects of right atrial phenyl diguanide injection. Bilateral vagotomy did not abolish the response showing that the afferent pathway of this depression does not travel via the vagus nerve. Thus it is concluded that CO2 cannot be used to study the J-reflex.