ABSTRACT
Introduction Literature data are not conclusive as to the influence of neonatal complications in the maturational process of the auditory system observed by auditory brainstem response (ABR) in infants at term and preterm. Objectives Check the real influence of the neonatal complications in infants by the sequential auditory evaluation. Methods Historical cohort study in a tertiary referral center. A total of 114 neonates met inclusion criteria: treatment at the Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening Program of the local hospital; at least one risk indicator for hearing loss; presence in both evaluations (the first one after hospital discharge from the neonatal unit and the second one at 6 months old); all latencies in ABR and transient otoacoustic emissions present in both ears. Results The complications that most influenced the ABR findings were Apgar scores less than 6 at 5 minutes, gestational age, intensive care unit stay, peri-intraventricular hemorrhage, and mechanical ventilation. Conclusion Sequential auditory evaluation is necessary in premature and term newborns with risk indicators for hearing loss to correctly identify injuries in the auditory pathway. .
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Carcinoma in Situ/metabolism , Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Microfilament Proteins/metabolism , Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Carcinoma in Situ/genetics , Carcinoma in Situ/pathology , Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics , Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/mortality , Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/secondary , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Disease Models, Animal , Disease Progression , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition , Mice, Knockout , Microfilament Proteins/deficiency , Microfilament Proteins/genetics , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics , Pancreatic Neoplasms/mortality , Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology , Pseudopodia/metabolism , RNA Interference , Survival Analysis , Time Factors , Transfection , Transcription Factors/geneticsABSTRACT
Background: Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 are important molecules in TGF-beta pathway, which plays an important role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) biology. Aims : This study examined the expression profiles of Smad4, Smad6 and Smad7 mRNA in patient samples of PDAC and their relationship to Smad protein expression, SMAD4 gene mutations, clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. Settings and Design: Surgically resected, paired normal and tumor tissues of 25 patients of PDAC were studied. Materials and Methods: Protein and mRNA levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, respectively. Statistical Methods: Statistical analysis was done using Student's t-test, Pearson's chi-square test, Spearman's Rank Correlation, Pearson's Correlation test and Kaplan-Meier Logrank test. Results: While there was a highly significant difference in the protein levels of all three Smads in tumor as compared to normal samples, mRNA levels were significantly different only for Smad4. Protein levels did not correlate significantly with mRNA levels for any of the three Smads. The mRNA levels of Smad4 and Smad6, Smad4 and Smad7, and Smad6 and Smad7 in tumor samples showed a significant positive correlation. The relationship of Smad4 mRNA expression to SMAD4 gene status and Smad4 protein expression was discordant and there was no significant correlation between mRNA expression and clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. Conclusion : The absence of concordance between SMAD4 gene status, mRNA expression and Smad4 protein expression suggests the presence of other regulatory mechanisms in Smad4 transcription and translation in PDAC.