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2.
Indian J Biochem Biophys ; 2014 Dec ; 51(6): 483-492
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-156527

ABSTRACT

Beta-adrenoceptors (β-AR), members of the G protein-coupled receptors play important roles in the regulation of heart function. A positive inotropic action of catecholamines is mediated through their interaction with β-AR, located on the sarcolemma, while they can also mediate some deleterious effects, such as cardiac arrhythmias or myocardial apoptosis. The well-known β-AR-associated signaling in heart is composed of a coupled mechanism among both β1- and β2-AR and stimulatory G protein (Gs). This coupled mechanism further leads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and thereby increases in intracellular cAMP level. However, recent studies have emphasized the contribution of constitutive β3-AR coupling to Gi proteins, thereby initiating additional signal transduction pathways, particularly under physiopathological conditions. Diabetic cardiomyopathy, as a distinct entity is recognized due to its diminished responsiveness to β1-AR agonist stimulation in the heart from diabetic rats with no important changes in the responses mediated with β2-AR. Furthermore, an upregulation of β3-AR has been shown in diabetic rat heart with a strong negative inotropic effect on left ventricular function. Experimental data provide evidences that the mechanisms for the negative inotropic effect with β3-AR activation appear to involve a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G protein and the activation of a nitric oxide synthase pathway. On the other hand, β-blockers demonstrate marked beneficial effects in heart dysfunction with scavenging free radicals and/or acting as an antioxidant with both sex- and dose-dependent manner. However, further investigations are needed to clarify the roles of both altered expression and/or responsiveness of β-AR and the benefits with β-blocker treatment in diabetes. This review discusses the role of β-AR activation, particularly β3-AR in cardiac pathological remodeling under hyperglycemia.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology , Diabetes Complications/immunology , Gene Expression Regulation/immunology , Humans , Hyperglycemia/immunology , Models, Cardiovascular , Models, Immunological , Myocardium/immunology , Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/immunology , Signal Transduction/immunology
3.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2012. viii,165 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-670091

ABSTRACT

Poucos estudos avaliam fatores associados a progressão entre estados m ultiplos de sa ude. Recentemente, modelos de sobrevivência multi-estado tem sido propostos para a avaliação deeventos m ultiplos, o que se torna util no contexto de doenças crônicas, como a infec ção pelo HIV. Diferentemente dos modelos de Cox, os modelos multi-estado permitem a estima ção de diferentes fatores associados a cada transi ção entre esses estados de sa ude. Esta tese pretende avaliar os fatores associados a cada mudan ca dos estados de sa ude na infeçãao pelo HIV, em duas diferentes estrat egias: pela avalia ção do estado imunol ogico e pela ocorrência de doen ças não-relacionadas diretamente a AIDS. A população de estudo consiste de pacientes infectados pelo HIV em pelo menos um per odo de uso de tratamento antirretroviral altamente potente (HAART), atendidos num centro de referência em doen cas infecciosas no Rio de Janeiro. No primeiro artigo, 722 pacientes atendidos entre 2006 e 2008 foram analisados quanto aos fatores associados, incluindo adesão ao antirretroviral, a mudan ca entre estados imune. O segundo artigo discute a teoria dos modelos multi-estado e descreve aplicação no software livre R, utilizando os mesmos 722 pacientes. O terceiro artigo investiga os diferentes fatores associados a cada mudan ca entre estados de gravidade, em 1135 pacientes atendidos entre 1996 e 2010, determinados por comorbidades relacionadas a ocorrência cardiovascular. (...) A importância dos modelos multi-estado e clara no contexto da progressão de doen ças crônicas e a discussão dessa abordagem tem por objetivo exemplicar sua aplica ção, seja na infec ção pelo HIV ou em outra doen ca crônica, permitindo a ado ção de diferentes estrat egiasde prevenção ao longo do acompanhamento, de acordo com o estado atual do paciente.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology , HIV Infections/immunology , Markov Chains , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
4.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Clín. Méd ; 9(1)jan.-fev. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-577699

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A asma e as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) acometem milhões de pessoas em todo mundo. A imunidade e a inflamação crônica são características dessas doenças. Recentes pesquisas têm associado asma à ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi discutir aspectos inflamatórios e imunológicos da asma, das DCV e alguns estudos que associam asma à doença cardiovascular clínica e subclínica. CONTEÚDO: Na asma, os sistemas imunológicos e mediadores inflamatórios têm papel central em sua fisiopatologia, destacando-se a participação de algumas células e substâncias tais como os mastócitos, linfócitos T, macrófagos, interferon gamma, interleucina (IL) 4, IL 5, IL 6, IL 13, imunoglobulina E, fator de necrose tumoral alfa, substância P, neurocinina A e outras. Não existem dúvidas que, dentre as DCV, é a doença aterosclerótica a responsável pela maioriados eventos clínicos e por considerável parte de sua morbimortalidade. Atualmente, a doença aterosclerótica é associada a um estado inflamatório de baixa intensidade e à imunidade. Os macrófagos, mastócitos, linfócitos T, superglobulinas, selectinas, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6,IL-10, IL-17, interferon gamma, ligante CD 40, óxido nítrico, fator de necrose tumoral alfa, metaloproteinases e outras moléculas participam da fisiopatologia da doença aterosclerótica. CONCLUSÃO: Estudos revelam que pacientes asmáticos têm maior frequência de eventos clínicos e DCV subclínica quando comparados a pacientes não asmáticos.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Millions of people have asthma and cardiovascular disease around the world. The immunity and chronic inflammation are characteristics of these diseases. Studies have showed that there is relationship between asthma and cardiovascular events. The objective of this study was described inflammatory and immunological aspects of the asthma and CVD. We discuss studies which have evaluated ther elationship between asthma and CVD (clinical or sub-clinical). CONTENTS: Immunological cells, such as mastocytes, macrophages and T lymphocytes, and inflammatory molecules, such as interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL) 4, IL 5, IL 6, IL13, immunoglobulin's, tumoral necrosis factor alpha, P substance, A neurocinine and others, have a central role in the pathophysiology of the asthma. There is no doubt that among cardiovascular diseases(CVD), the atherosclerosis is responsible for the majority of the clinical events, morbity, and mortality of this disease. Recently, ithas been demonstrated that inflammation and immunity participatein the etiology, progression and instability of the atheroma plaque. Atherosclerosis is currently believed to be a low grade inflammatory disease. Macrophages, mast cells, T lymphocytes, immunoglobulin's, selectins, IL 4, IL 5, IL 6, IL10, IL17, interferon-gamma, CD 40 ligand, nitric oxide, tumoral necrosis factor alpha, matrix metalloproteinase's and others have been show to be involved in the atherosclerotic process. CONCLUSION: The data demonstrates that asthmatic patients have more clinical cardiovascular events and sub-clinical CVD than non-asthmatic patients.


Subject(s)
Asthma/physiopathology , Asthma/immunology , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology , Immunity , Inflammation
5.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2011. 128 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-617459

ABSTRACT

A angiotensina (Ang) II e aldosterona induzem hipertensão arterial por mecanismos em parte mediados pela imunidade adaptativa, envolvendo linfócitos T auxiliares respondedores (Tresp). Os linfócitos T reguladores (Treg) são capazes de suprimir os efeitos pró-inflamatórios do sistema imune. O presente estudo avaliou se a transferência adotiva de Treg é capaz de prevenir a hipertensão e a lesão vascular induzidas pela AngII ou pela aldosterona, em dois protocolos distintos. No protocolo com Ang II, camundongos machos C57BL/6 sofreram a injeção endovenosa de Treg ou Tresp, sendo depois infundidos com Ang II (1ug/kg/min), ou salina (grupo controle) por 14 dias. No protocolo com aldosterona, um outro conjunto de animais sofreu injeções de Treg ou Tresp, sendo depois infundido com aldosterona (600ug/kg/d) ou salina (grupo controle), pelo mesmo intervalo de tempo. O grupo tratado com aldosterona recebeu salina 1% na água. Tanto o grupo Ang II como aldosterona apresentaram elevação da pressão arterial sistólica (43% e 31% respectivamente), da atividade da NADPH oxidase na aorta (1,5 e 1,9 vezes, respectivamente) e no coração (1,8 e 2,4 vezes, respectivamente) e uma redução da resposta vasodilatadora à acetilcolina (de 70% e 56%, respectivamente), quando comparados com os respectivos controles (P<0,05). Adicionalmente, a administração de Ang II proporcionou um aumento rigidez vascular (P<0,001), na expressão de VCAM-1 nas artérias mesentéricas (P<0,05), na infiltração aórtica de macrófagos e linfócitos T (P<0,001) e nos níveis plasmáticos das citocinas inflamatórias interferon (INF)-y, interleucina (IL)-6, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a e IL-10 (P<0,05). Ang II causou uma queda de 43% no número de células Foxp3+ no córtex renal, enquanto que a transferência adotiva de Treg aumentou as células Foxp3+ em duas vezes em comparação com o controle. A administração de Treg preveniu o remodelamento vascular induzido pela aldosterona, observado na relação média/lúmen...


Angiotensin (Ang) II and aldosterone (aldo) induce hypertension through mechanisms in part mediated by adaptive immunity and T responder lymphocytes. T regulatory (Treg) lymphocytes suppress pro-inflammatory mediators of the immune system. We questioned whether Treg adoptive transfer will blunt Ang II or aldo-induced hypertension and vascular injury, by evaluating two distinct protocols. In the Ang II protocol, male C57BL/6 mice were injected i.v. with Treg or T responder cells, and then infused with Ang II (1ug/kg/min) or saline, for 14 days. In the aldosterone protocol, another set of animals was injected with Treg or T responder cells, and then infused with aldosterone (600ug/kg/d) or saline, for the same period. The aldosterone group received saline 1% in drinking water. Both Ang II and aldosterone treated mice presented an increase in systolic blood pressure (43% and 31% respectively), of NADPH oxidase activity in aorta (1.5 and 1.9 fold, respectively) and heart (1.8 and 2.4 fold respectively) and an impaired vasodilatory response do acetylcholine (by 70% and 56% respectively), when compared to their controls (P<0.05). In addition, Ang II administration resulted in increased vascular stiffness (P<0.001), mesenteric artery vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) expression (P<0.05), aortic macrophage and T cell infiltration (P<0.001), and the plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokines INF-y, IL-6, TNF-a, and IL-10 (P<0,05). And II caused a 43% decrease in the number of Foxp3+ cells in the renal cortex, while Treg adoptive transfer increased Foxp3+ cells 2-fold compared to control. Treg administration prevented aldosterone-induced vascular remodelling, as observed by media to lumen ratio and media cross sectional area analysis of mesenteric arteries (P<0,05). All the above were prevented by Treg but not by T responder cell adoptive transfer. These results demonstrate that Treg suppress Ang II of aldo-mediated vascular injury and BP elevation...


Subject(s)
Mice , Adaptive Immunity , Aldosterone/adverse effects , Angiotensin II/adverse effects , Hypertension/physiopathology , Hypertension/immunology , Hypertension/drug therapy , Immunomodulation , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism , Inflammation Mediators/physiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology , Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy , Immunity, Innate
6.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; 75(1): 42-48, ene.-mar. 2005. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-631870

ABSTRACT

Actualmente, 1 de cada 3 hombres y 1 de cada 10 mujeres desarrolla un evento cardiovascular ateroesclerótico mayor antes de los 60 años, por lo que la enfermedad arterial coronaria continúa siendo un problema de salud pública. Existe una asociación significativa entre enfermedades autoinmunes tales como lupus eritematoso sistémico, artritis reumatoide y ateroesclerosis coronaria prematura o acelerada. Los objetivos del estudio fueron: a) Valorar la perfusión miocárdica en pacientes con enfermedades reumatológicas, mediante ecocardiografia de contraste (EC) y establecer su utilidad comparando con los resultados obtenidos por medicina nuclear como método de referencia (MN). b) Evaluar la prevalencia de alteraciones en la perfusión miocárdica subclínica en enfermedades autoinmunes y establecer una estrategia para evaluar los cambios cardiovasculares en este padecimiento. Se estudiaron mediante EC en reposo y en el pico máximo del estrés y MN a 37 pacientes pertenecientes a la Consulta externa del Departamento de Reumatología para valorar la perfusión miocárdica del ventrículo izquierdo. La prevalencia de alteraciones en la perfusión miocárdica en síndrome antifosfolípido primario (SAFP), lupus eritematoso y artritis reumatoide por EC y MN, cuando estos métodos se analizaron en forma independiente o juntos fue del 27%. El valor predictivo positivo de ambas pruebas fue del 80%, la sensibilidad del 80% y la especificidad del 93%. En los pacientes con SAFP se encontró que cuando se realizan ambas pruebas diagnósticas la MN alcanza una sensibilidad del 100% si el EC es positivo y una especificidad del 100% cuando el EC negativo. Podemos concluir que es importante determinar la existencia de enfermedad coronaria subclínica en los pacientes con enfermedades inmunológicas mediante estudios no invasivos (Sestamibi SPECT y/o ecocardiografía de contraste) que permiten valorar la perfusión miocárdica.


A significant correlation between autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and premature or accelerated coronary atherosclerosis was found. The objectives of the study were: a) evaluate myocardial perfusion in patients with rheumatic diseases by means of contrast echocardiography (CE) and to establish its usefulness as compared to the results obtained by nuclear medicine (NM) (reference method), b) evaluate the prevalence of alterations in subclinical myocardial perfusion in autoimmune diseases and to establish a strategy to evaluate the cardiovascular changes in this disease. Myocardial perfusion in 37 outpatients of the rheumatology department was evaluated by CE at rest and with pharmacological stress (dobutamine) and NM. The prevalence of alterations in the myocardial perfusion in autoimmune diseases by CE and NM, when these methods were analyzed independently or when both methods were used was 27%. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of both tests was 80% and 93%, respectively, the sensitivity was 80% and the specificity was 93%. The prevalence of alterations of perfusion in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS) was of 30%. In this patients it was found that when both diagnostic tests are performed, NM reaches a sensitivity of 100% if the CE is positive and an specificity of 100% when the CE is negative. We can conclude that it is important to determine the presence of subclinic coronary artery disease in patients with autoimmune disease by noninvasive studies such as Sestamibi SPECT and/or CE for assessment of myocardial perfusion in order to plan an adequate treatment and follow-up.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Albumins , Autoimmune Diseases , Autoimmune Diseases , Contrast Media , Cardiovascular Diseases , Cardiovascular Diseases , Fluorocarbons , Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology
7.
São Paulo med. j ; 119(3): 122-127, May 2001. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-285539

ABSTRACT

CONTEXTO: The metabolic syndrome is characterized by a clustering, in free-living populations, of cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors generally linked to insulin resistance, obesity and central obesity. Consonant with the well-established inflammatory pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease, the metabolic syndrome is now being investigated in relation to its inflammatory nature. OBJETIVO: We present cross-sectional findings demonstrating that markers of inflammation correlate with components of the metabolic syndrome, and prospective findings of the ARIC Study indicating that markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction predict the development of diabetes mellitus and weight gain in adults. We present biological evidence to suggest that chronic activation of the innate immune system may underlie the metabolic syndrome, characterizing the common soil for the causality of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Better understanding of the role of the innate immune system in these diseases may lead to important advances in the prediction and management of diabetes and cardiovascular disease


Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology , Inflammation Mediators , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology , Immunity, Innate/immunology , Obesity/immunology , Arteriosclerosis/etiology , Biomarkers , Odds Ratio , Risk Factors , Cytokines/physiology , Acute-Phase Reaction , Syndrome
8.
In. Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de Säo Paulo. SOCESP: cardiologia. Rio de Janeiro, Atheneu, 1996. p.49-58, tab.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-263957
9.
RBM cardiol ; 4(1): 21-30, fev. 1985. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-31461

ABSTRACT

Realiza-se trabalho de revisäo com o objetivo de estudar a associaçäo de algumas doenças cardíacas com antígenos do sistema HLA. Para isto, säo revistos conceitos básicos da imunogenética e abordados alguns dos recentes progressos nessa área. Embora os informes sobre uma possível associaçäo entre HLA e doenças cardíacas ainda sejam bastante fragmentados e algumas vezes controversos, esses fatos, no entanto, näo invalidam a possibilidade desta associaçäo. As doenças cardíacas enfocadas säo: Cardiopatias Congênitas, Febre Reumática, Prolapso da Valva Mitral, Hipertensäo Arterial, Miocardiopatia Hipertrófica e Doenças Coronarianas


Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology , HLA Antigens
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