In vitro efficacy of latex and purified papain from Carica papaya against Strongyloides venezuelensis eggs and larvae

ABSTRACT Latex from Carica papaya is rich in bioactive compounds, especially papain, which may help to control parasitic diseases. This study evaluated the efficacy of latex from C. papaya and purified papain against Strongyloides venezuelensis. The Egg Hatching Test (EHT) and the Larval Motility Test (LMT) using fresh and frozen latex (250mg/mL), lyophilized latex (34mg/mL), and purified papain (2.8 mg/mL) were performed. Albendazole (0.025 mg/mL) and ivermectin (316 ppm) were used as positive controls. EHT and LMT were carried out through the incubation of each solution with S. venezuelensis eggs or larvae (± 100 specimens), and results were analyzed after 48h (EHT) or 24, 48, and 72h (LMT). EHT showed that latex preparations at higher concentrations (1:10 to 1:100) resulted in partial or complete destruction of eggs and larvae inside the eggs. The result from the 1:1,000 dilution was similar to the positive control. LMT showed effectiveness in all the tested dilutions compared to negative controls. Purified papain showed a dose-dependent response in the EHT. Purified papain (2.8 mg/ mL) showed similar results to lyophilized latex at 1:1,000 in the EHT. Latex and purified papain from C. papaya were effective against S. venezuelensis eggs and larvae in vitro, suggesting their potential use as an alternative treatment for strongyloidiasis.

Elaboración de un compuesto farmacológico a base de látex de Carica papaya con actividad cicatrizante evaluada en modelo experimental in vivo en ratas Wistar, con amputación de colas en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de julio - octubre 2012 / Preparation of a pharmacological compound based on latex of Carica papaya with healing activity evaluated in experimental model in vivo in Wistar rats, with amputation of tails at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of July - October 2012

En una herida por trauma siempre hay un proceso inflamatorio, durante este proceso, simultáneamente se desencadena un proceso proteolítico para eliminar el tejido muerto y depositar el nuevo tejido, se propone acelerar este último utilizando una enzima proteolítica. Se analizó la existencia de las enzimas proteolíticas comercialmente disponibles y se comparó su actividad con la de látex de papaya que contiene altas concentraciones de una enzima proteolítica llamada papaína. Se concluyó que látex de papaya tiene varias ventajas importantes sobre las enzimas disponibles comercialmente. Se desarrolló método analítico de monitoreo de la actividad enzimática de látex de papaya, tanto como el método de su purificación. Se comparó la concentración de látex en distintos tejido de Carica papaya, encontrando entre los resultados que las frutas son las fuentes más ricas en látex, y que el compuesto presenta estabilidad térmica y en medios con pH acido. Con todo esto se logró concluir que la aplicación de un preparado de látex de Carica papaya en heridas por amputación quirúrgica de la cola de las ratas acelera el proceso de cicatrización, el grupo intervención en relación a los grupos control.

Cumulative mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae treated with compounds / Mortalidade acumulativa de larvas de Aedes aegypti tratadas com compostos

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the larvicidal activity of Azadirachta indica, Melaleuca alternifolia, carapa guianensis essential oils and fermented extract of Carica papaya against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae). METHODS The larvicide test was performed in triplicate with 300 larvae for each experimental group using the third larval stage, which were exposed for 24h. The groups were: positive control with industrial larvicide (BTI) in concentrations of 0.37 ppm (PC1) and 0.06 ppm (PC2); treated with compounds of essential oils and fermented extract, 50.0% concentration (G1); treated with compounds of essential oils and fermented extract, 25.0% concentration (G2); treated with compounds of essential oils and fermented extract, 12.5% concentration (G3); and negative control group using water (NC1) and using dimethyl (NC2). The larvae were monitored every 60 min using direct visualization. RESULTS No mortality occurred in experimental groups NC1 and NC2 in the 24h exposure period, whereas there was 100% mortality in the PC1 and PC2 groups compared to NC1 and NC2. Mortality rates of 65.0%, 50.0% and 78.0% were observed in the groups G1, G2 and G3 respectively, compared with NC1 and NC2. CONCLUSIONS The association between three essential oils from Azadirachta indica, Melaleuca alternifolia, Carapa guianensis and fermented extract of Carica papaya was efficient at all concentrations. Therefore, it can be used in Aedes aegypti Liverpool third larvae stage control programs. .

OBJETIVO Avaliar a eficácia de composto de óleos essenciais de Azadirachta indica, Melaleuca alternifolia, Carapa guianensis e extrato fermentado de Carica papaya sobre larvas de Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae). MÉTODOS O ensaio larvicida foi realizado em triplicata com 300 larvas para cada grupo experimental utilizando larvas de terceiro estádio, as quais foram expostas por 24h, em 2013. Os grupos foram: controles positivos com larvicida industrial (BTI) nas concentrações de 0,37 ppm (CP1) e 0,06 ppm (CP2); tratado com composto de óleos essenciais e extrato fermentado na concentração de 50,0% (G1); tratado composto e óleos essenciais e extrato fermentado na concentração de 25,0% (G2); tratado com composto de óleos essenciais e um extrato fermentado na concentração de 12,5% (G3); controle negativo com água (CN1) e controle dimetil sulfóxido (CN2). As larvas foram monitoradas a cada 60 min através de visualização direta. RESULTADOS Larvas dos grupos CN1 e CN2 não tiveram mortalidade durante o período de 24h de exposição, mas os grupos CP1 e CP2 apresentaram taxa de mortalidade de 100% em relação a CN1 e CN2. Os tratamentos G1, G2 e G3 exerceram atividade larvicida de 65,0%, 50,0% e 78,0%, respectivamente, quando comparados a CN1 e CN2. CONCLUSÕES A associação entre os três óleos essenciais de Azadirachta indica, Melaleuca alternifolia, Carapa guianensis e extrato fermentado de Carica papaya foi eficiente em todas as concentrações testadas, podendo ser utilizado no controle de larvas de terceiro estádio de A. aegypti linhagem Liverpool. .

Análisis del aroma de las gotas de papaya mediante los métodos de nariz electrónica y aceptabilidad sensorial / Analysis the flavor of papaya drops by the methods of electronic nose and sensory acceptability

The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the flavor of papaya drops during refrigerated storage and to correlate the data generated from the electronic nose with that of the sensory analysis. The drops were obtained by basic spheronization process of the papaya pulp. After drops were obtained they were subjected to sensory evaluation and the electronic nose for 16 days of storage at +5° C. Sensory data showed a slight decrease of acceptance (p < 0.05). The results generated by the electronic nose showed there were subtle changes in the flavor during storage, with a small increase in the concentration of organic solvents and the concentration of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. There was a good correlation between sensory analysis data generated by the sensors of the electronic nose.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento del aroma de las gotas de papaya durante el almacenamiento refrigerado y hacer una correlación de los datos generados de la nariz electrónica con los datos del análisis sensorial. Las gotas fueron obtenidas por un proceso de esferificación básica de la pulpa de papaya. Después de la obtención, estas fueron sometidas a evaluaciones sensoriales y con el equipo de la nariz electrónica durante 16 días de almacenamiento a + 5° C. Los datos sensoriales obtenidos con el almacenamiento mostraron una ligera disminución de la aceptación (p < 0,05). Los resultados generados por la nariz electrónica mostraron que hubo cambios sutiles en el aroma durante su almacenamiento, con un pequeño aumento en la concentración de disolventes orgánicos y en la concentración de amoníaco y sulfuro de hidrógeno. Se observó una buena correlación entre los datos del análisis sensorial y los generados por los sensores de la nariz electrónica.

Efecto de la biofertilización y los biorreguladores en la germinación y el crecimiento de carica papaya L / Effect of biofertilization and bioregulators on germination and growth of carica papaya L

Con el objetivo de incrementar y acelerar el proceso de germinación de las semillas y obtener una alta producción y homogeneidad de plántulas de Carica papaya variedad Maradol en vivero, se evaluó el efecto de tres biofertilizantes aplicados solos o en combinación (Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense y Glomus intraradices), y un biorregulador del crecimiento vegetal, el ácido giberélico (AG3), en la germinación y el crecimiento vegetal. Se realizó un experimento bajo un diseño completamente al azar con ocho tratamientos y tres repeticiones. A las semillas se les aplicó un pretratamiento germinativo con alternancia de temperatura para superar la dormancia. Los tratamientos simples con A. chroococcum y A. brasilense, incrementaron el porcentaje de germinación a 90,28 y 88,89% respectivamente. Además, con la aplicación de los biofertilizantes y el AG3, la velocidad de germinación se incrementó y el tiempo medio de germinación se redujo. La doble aplicación en semillas y foliar de los biofertilizantes y el AG3 en plántulas mejoró el crecimiento vegetal. La población de A. chroococcum fue mayor cuando se inoculó en combinación con G. intraradices. La prevalencia de colonización de las plántulas inoculadas con G. intraradices varió de 18,53 a 26,67%, con el mayor valor registrado para el tratamiento combinado con A. brasilense. Finalmente, aplicando esta metodología se logró acelerar la germinación, obteniéndose una mayor homogeneidad en la emergencia de las plántulas, disminuyendo así el tiempo de permanencia en el vivero.

In order to increase and accelerate the process of seed germination and obtain a high yield and homogeneity of papaya seedlings cv. Maradol in nurseries, we evaluated the effect of three biofertilizers applied single or in combination (Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense and Glomus intraradices) and a plant growth bioregulator, the gibberellic acid 3 (AG3), on the germination and subsequent growth of papaya seedlings. An experimental design completely random with eight treatments and three replications were used. The application of a pre-germinal treatment with alternating temperature had to be applied to seeds to overcome dormancy. Single biofertilization with A. chroococcum and A. brasilense, promoted the germination percentage 90.28 y 88.89% respectively. Germination rate could be enhanced and the mean germination time was reduced with the application of biofertilizer and AG3. Both applications on seeds and leaves of biofertilizers and AG3, had a positive effect on plant growth. The population of A. chroococcum was higher in the combined inoculation with G. intraradices. The prevalence of colonization of plants inoculated with G. intraradices ranged from 18.53 to 26.67%, with the greatest values recorded for the treatment involving combined inoculation with A. brasilense. Finally, with the application of this methodology the seed germination rate was improved, as well as the uniformity of seedlings emergence...

Protective effect of Carica papaya L leaf extract against alcohol induced acute gastric damage and blood oxidative stress in rats / Efecto protectivo del extracto de la hoja de Carica papaya L contra el daño gástrico agudo inducido por alcohol y el estrés oxidativo en ratas

The effects of Carica papaya leaf (CPL) aqueous extract on alcohol induced acute gastric damage and the immediate blood oxidative stress level were studied in rats. The results showed that gastric ulcer index was significantly reduced in rats pretreated with CPL extract as compared with alcohol treated controls. The in vitro studies using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed strong antioxidant nature of CPL extract. Biochemical analysis indicated that the acute alcohol induced damage is reflected in the alterations of blood oxidative indices and CPL extract offered some protection with reduction in plasma lipid peroxidation level and increased erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity. Carica papaya leaf may potentially serve as a good therapeutic agent for protection against gastric ulcer and oxidative stress.

Los efectos de; extracto acuoso de la hoja de Carica papaya (CPL) en el daño gástrico agudo inducido por alcohol y el nivel de estrés oxidativo inmediato en la sangre, fueron estudiados en ratas. Los resultados mostraron que el índice de úlcera gástrica se reducía significativamente en ratas pre-tratadas con extracto de CPL, en comparación con los controles tratados con alcohol. Los estudios in vitro mediante el ensayo con 2,2-difenil-1-picrihidrazilo) mostraron la fuerte naturaleza antioxidante de extracto de CPL. El análisis bioquímico indicó que el daño agudo inducido por alcohol se refleja en las alteraciones de los índices oxidativos de la sangre y el extracto de CPL ofreció cierta protección con la reducción del nivel de peroxidación lipídica del plasma y el aumento de la actividad de la glutatión peroxidasa de los eritrocitos. La hoja de la Carica papaya puede servir potencialmente como un buen agente terapéutico para la protección contra la úlcera gástrica y el estrés oxidativo.

Análise da expressão gênica durante o amadurecimento do mamão papaia e identificação de genes relacionados com a qualidade pós-colheita do fruto / Analysis of the gene expression during papaya fruit ripening and identification of genes related with the postharvest quality

Durante o amadurecimento ocorrem profundas alterações na composição química dos frutos e a expressão gênica desempenha papel fundamental no controle desse processo. Apesar da importância comercial do mamão, as informações a respeito da expressão gênica durante o amadurecimento são limitadas. Assim, nessa tese, técnicas de estabelecimento de perfis de RNA mensageiro, como Differential Display-PCR, cDNA-AFLP e Cross-Species Microarray, foram aplicadas para a identificação de genes com expressão alterada. Alguns genes ligados ao metabolismo e transporte de açúcares, de lipídeos e carotenóides, à degradação de parede celular e stress, e fatores de transcrição dependentes e independentes de hormônios vegetais pareceram apresentar diferenças de expressão durante o amadurecimento do mamão papaia. O isolamento dos genes diferencialmente expressos permitiu traçar um panorama da expressão gênica do fruto e, dessa maneira, a relação das funções dos genes com o amadurecimento do mamão contribuiu para o aumento do entendimento acerca da qualidade pós-colheita do fruto.

Wound healing activity of Carica papaya L. in experimentally induced diabetic rats.

The aqueous extract of C. papaya fruit (100 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for 10 days) was evaluated for its wound healing activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using excision and dead space wound models. Extract-treated animals exhibited 77% reduction in the wound area when compared to controls which was 59%. The extract treated wounds were found to epithelize faster as compared to controls. The wet and dry granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline content increased significantly when compared to controls. The extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against the five organisms tested. Carica papaya promotes significant wound healing in diabetic rats and further evaluation of this activity in humans is suggested.

Estudio nutritivo, bioquímico y toxicológico del fruto de la carica stipulata V. M. Badillo (papayita olorosa) / Nutritional, biochemical and toxicological study of the fruit of carica stipulata V. M. Badillo (aromatic small papaya)

El estudio de Carica stipulata V. M. Badillo nos permitió determinar su composición química y nutritiva demostrando que es una fuente de minerales como el hierro (2.65 mg/100 g) y magnesio (217.22 mg/100 g), además de la vitamina C (45 mg/100 g) y la pectina (1 mg/100 g). Muestra un bajo valor calórico de 25,06 KCal/100 g de alimentos. Presenta además flavonoles y ácidos fenólicos principalmente ferúlico (25.26 ppm) y cafeico (15.49 ppm). El estudio bioquímico en ratas adultas que ingirieron la pulpa liofilizada del fruto mostró un aumento significativo de glucosa sanguínea en el grupo de la dosis de 600 y 300 mg/kg de peso con respecto al grupo control confirmando que la papaya aumenta los niveles séricos de glucosa. Se encontró además una disminución significativa en los niveles de colesterol sérico siendo mayor en el grupo de 300 mg/kg de peso. Los niveles de proteína subieron significativamente especialmente en el grupo de dosis de 600 mg/kg de peso, habiendo un aumento significativo de globulina especialmente en los grupos de la dosis de 600 y 300 mg/Kg de peso respectivamente. Los resultados de toxicidad mostraron que es prácticamente no tóxica con un valor de DL50 de 7629.4 mg/kg de peso corporal.

The study of Carica stipulata V. M. Badillo allowed us to determine its chemical and nutritional composition, demonstrating that it is a mineral source of iron (2.65 mg/100 g) and magnesium (217.22 mg/100 g), in addition to vitamin e (45 mg/100 g) and pectin (1 mg%), it Shows a low caloric value of 25,06 Kcal/100 grams of food. It presents flavonoids and phenolic acids mainly ferulic (25.26 ppm) and caffeic (15.49 ppm). The biochemical study in adult rats that ingested the freeze-dried pulp of the fruit showed a significant increase in blood glucose specially in the group of dose of 600 and 300 mg/kg of weight with respect to the control group confirming that papaya increases the serum levels of glucose. There was a significant decrease in cholesterol levels, being more significant in the group of dose of 300 mg/kg of weight. The protein levels raised significantly specially in the group of dose of 600 mg/kg, finding a significant increase of globulin, mainly in the group that received doses of 600 and 300 mg/kg respectively. The toxicity results showed that it is practically nontoxic with a value of DL50 of 7629.4 mg/kg of corporal weight.