Chemical characterization and effects of volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet on the quality of collagen deposition and caveolin-1 expression in a muscular fibrosis murine model / Caracterização química e efeitos do óleo volátil de Alpinia zerumbet na qualidade da deposição do colágeno e expressão da caveolina-1 em modelo murino de fibrose muscular

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of the volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet (VOAz) on caveolin-1 gene expression and muscular fibrosis. The rats were immobilized to induce fibrosis of the gastrocnemius muscle, and they were treated with VOAz. Collagen quality was assessed by histology and the expression of the caveolin-1 (CAV-1) gene was evaluated using qPCR. Histomorphological analysis indicated a significant reduction in the perimeter, width, and intensity of collagen in the treated groups, thus showing that the oil was effective in regulating the quality of collagen at the three concentrations. The results of expression levels suggested a decrease in the lesioned group and in two treatment groups (0.0115 µg/g and 0.009 µg/g). However, with the lowest concentration (0.0065 µg/g), no significant difference was observed, with levels similar to those found in healthy tissue. Therefore, the results showed that VOAz has the potential to be a non-invasive and low-cost alternative to aid in the treatment of muscular fibrosis.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito do óleo volátil de Alpinia zerumbet (OVAz) na expressão do gene da caveolina-1 e na fibrose muscular. Os ratos foram imobilizados para induzir a fibrose do músculo gastrocnêmio, e foram tratados com OVAz. A qualidade do colágeno foi avaliada com histologia e à expressão do gene caveolina-1 (CAV-1) foi avaliada usando qPCR. A análise histomorfológica indicou uma redução significativa no perímetro, largura e intensidade do colágeno nos grupos tratados. Os resultados dos níveis de expressão sugeriram diminuição nos grupos de lesão e em dois grupos de tratamento (0,0115 µg/g e 0,009 µg/g). No entanto, com a menor concentração (0,0065 µg/g), não foi observada diferença significativa, apresentando níveis semelhantes aos encontrados em tecido saudável. O uso do OVAz foi eficaz para reverter as alterações do colágeno causadas pela fibrose, e sua menor concentração apresentou uma possível tendência de aumento na expressão do CAV-1. Portanto, os resultados mostraram que o OVAz tem potencial para ser uma alternativa não invasiva e de baixo custo para auxiliar no tratamento da fibrose muscular.

Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteremia increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier via the Mfsd2a/Caveolin-1 mediated transcytosis pathway / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Bacteremia induced by periodontal infection is an important factor for periodontitis to threaten general health. P. gingivalis DNA/virulence factors have been found in the brain tissues from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for keeping toxic substances from entering brain tissues. However, the effect of P. gingivalis bacteremia on BBB permeability and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, rats were injected by tail vein with P. gingivalis three times a week for eight weeks to induce bacteremia. An in vitro BBB model infected with P. gingivalis was also established. We found that the infiltration of Evans blue dye and Albumin protein deposition in the rat brain tissues were increased in the rat brain tissues with P. gingivalis bacteremia and P. gingivalis could pass through the in vitro BBB model. Caveolae were detected after P. gingivalis infection in BMECs both in vivo and in vitro. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) expression was enhanced after P. gingivalis infection. Downregulation of Cav-1 rescued P. gingivalis-enhanced BMECs permeability. We further found P. gingivalis-gingipain could be colocalized with Cav-1 and the strong hydrogen bonding between Cav-1 and arg-specific-gingipain (RgpA) were detected. Moreover, P. gingivalis significantly inhibited the major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2a (Mfsd2a) expression. Mfsd2a overexpression reversed P. gingivalis-increased BMECs permeability and Cav-1 expression. These results revealed that Mfsd2a/Cav-1 mediated transcytosis is a key pathway governing BBB BMECs permeability induced by P. gingivalis, which may contribute to P. gingivalis/virulence factors entrance and the subsequent neurological impairments.

Effects and mechanism of negative pressure microenvironment on the neogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To investigate the effects and mechanism of negative pressure microenvironment on the neogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods: The experimental research methods were adopted. The third to the fifth passage of HUVECs in the logarithmic growth stage were used for the subsequent experiments. Three batches of cells were taken, with each batch of cells being divided into normal control group and negative pressure treatment alone group (both routinely cultured for 24 h), and 17-allylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17-AAG) alone group and 17-AAG+negative pressure treatment group (both cultured with 17-AAG for 24 h). In addition, the intermittent negative pressure suction, with the negative pressure value of -5.33 kPa (suction for 30 s, pause for 10 s) was continuously applied for 8 h on cells in the two negative pressure treatment groups using an automatic three-dimensional cell gradient negative pressure loading device designed and developed by ourselves. After the treatment of the first batch of cells, the cell proliferation level was detected by cell counting kit 8 method at 0 (immediately), 24, 48, and 72 h of culture, with the number of samples being 6. After the treatment of the second batch of cells, the scratch experiment was performed. At 12 h after scratching, the cell migration was observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope and the cell migration rate was calculated, with the number of samples being 3. After the treatment of the third batch of cells, the tubule formation experiment was conducted. After 6 h of culture, the tubulogenesis was observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope and the total tubule length and the number of branch nodes of cells were calculated, with the number of samples being 3. The cells were taken and divided into normal control group, negative pressure treatment alone group, and 17-AAG+negative pressure treatment group. The cells were treated the same as in the previous corresponding group. After the treatment, Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), caveolin 1, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and eNOS phosphorylation site 1177 in the cells, and the eNOS phosphorylation site 1177/eNOS ratio was calculated, with the number of samples being 3; co-immunoprecipitation (co-precipitating HSP90 and caveolin 1, caveolin 1 and eNOS) and Western blotting were used to detect the protein expressions of caveolin 1 and eNOS in the cells, with the number of samples being 3; the protein co-localization of HSP90 and caveolin 1 and that of caveolin 1 and eNOS in the cells was assessed by immunofluorescence double staining. The molecular docking prediction of caveolin 1 and eNOS was processed by HADDOCK 2.4 protein-protein docking program. Data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance for factorial design, one-way analysis of variance, and least significant difference method. Results: Compared with that in normal control group, the cell proliferation level in 17-AAG alone group was significantly decreased at culture hour of 24, 48, and 72 after the treatment (P<0.01), while the cell proliferation level in negative pressure treatment alone group was significantly increased at culture hour of 24, 48, and 72 after the treatment (P<0.01). Compared with that in 17-AAG alone group, the cell proliferation level in 17-AAG+negative pressure treatment group was significantly increased at culture hour of 48 and 72 after the treatment (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with that in negative pressure treatment alone group, the cell proliferation level in 17-AAG+negative pressure treatment group was significantly decreased at culture hour of 24, 48, and 72 after the treatment (P<0.01). At 12 h after scratching, compared with (39.9±2.7)% in normal control group, the cell migration rate in 17-AAG alone group was significantly decreased ((10.7±2.7)%, P<0.01), while the cell migration rate in negative pressure treatment alone group was significantly increased ((61.9±2.4)%, P<0.01). Compared with those in 17-AAG alone group, the cell migration rate in 17-AAG+negative pressure treatment group was significantly increased ((37.7±3.7)%, P<0.01). Compared with that in negative pressure treatment alone group, the cell migration rate in 17-AAG+negative pressure treatment group was significantly decreased (P<0.01). At culture hour of 6 after the treatment, compared with those in normal control group, the total length of the tube formed by the cells in 17-AAG alone group was significantly shortened (P<0.05) and the number of branch nodes was significantly reduced (P<0.05), while the total length of the tube formed by the cells in negative pressure treatment alone group was significantly prolonged (P<0.01) and the number of branch nodes was dramatically increased (P<0.01). Compared with that in 17-AAG alone group, the number of branch nodes of the tube formed by the cells was significantly increased in 17-AAG+negative pressure treatment group (P<0.05). Compared with those in negative pressure treatment alone group, the total length of the tube formed by the cells in 17-AAG+negative pressure treatment group was significantly shortened (P<0.01) and the number of branch nodes was significantly reduced (P<0.01). Western blotting detection showed that after treatment, the overall comparison of eNOS and caveolin 1 protein expressions among the three groups of cells showed no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). The expression of HSP90 protein and the eNOS phosphorylation site 1177/eNOS ratio in the cells of negative pressure treatment alone group were significantly increased (P<0.01) compared with those in normal control group. Compared with those in negative pressure treatment alone group, the HSP90 protein expression and the eNOS phosphorylation site 1177/eNOS ratio in the cells of 17-AAG+negative pressure treatment group were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting detection after the treatment showed that compared with those in normal control group, the expression of caveolin 1 protein in the cells of negative pressure treatment alone group was significantly increased (P<0.01), while the protein expression of eNOS was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with those in negative pressure treatment alone group, the expression of caveolin 1 protein in the cells of 17-AAG+negative pressure treatment group was significantly decreased (P<0.01), while the protein expression of eNOS was significantly increased (P<0.01). After the treatment, compared with those in normal control group, the co-localization of HSP90 and caveolin 1 protein in the cells of negative pressure treatment alone group was significantly increased, while the co-localization of caveolin 1 and eNOS protein was significantly decreased. Compared with those in negative pressure treatment alone group, the co-localization of HSP90 and caveolin 1 protein in the cells of 17-AAG+negative pressure treatment group was significantly decreased, while the co-localization of caveolin 1 and eNOS protein was significantly increased. Molecular docking prediction suggested that caveolin 1 interacted strongly with eNOS and inhibited the 1177 site phosphorylation of eNOS. Conclusions: The negative pressure microenvironment may inhibit the binding of caveolin 1 to eNOS by promoting the binding of HSP90 to caveolin 1 in HUVECs, so as to relieve the inhibition of 1177 site phosphorylation of eNOS by caveolin 1, thereby promoting the proliferation, migration, and tubulogenesis of HUVECs, and ultimately promoting the neogenesis of HUVECs.

Caveolin-1 promotes tumor cell proliferation and vasculogenic mimicry formation in human glioma

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) plays an important role in human glioma progression and resistance to antiangiogenic therapy as a compensatory neovascularization mechanism in malignant tumors. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) has been found to contribute to VM formation. However, it remains largely unknown whether Cav-1 expression correlates with VM in glioma. In this study, we examined CAV-1 expression levels and VM in human glioma cell lines and in 94 human gliomas with different grades of malignancy, and present Cox proportional hazards regression. The molecular role of Cav-1 in glioma cells was investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays, western blotting, CCK-8 assays, and tubule formation assays. Cav-1 expression and VM formation were positively correlated with each other and both were closely associated with glioma development and progression as evidenced by the presence of cystic tumor, shortened survival time, and advanced-stage glioma in glioma patients with Cav-1 overexpression/increased VM formation. Cav-1 promoted U251 glioma cell proliferation and VM formation in a Matrigel-based 3D culture model. VM-associated factors including hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and p-Akt was significantly elevated by Cav-1 overexpression but suppressed by siCav-1 in U251 cells. Collectively, our study identified Cav-1 as an important regulator of glioma cell proliferation and VM formation, contributing to glioma development and progression.

MicroRNA-629-5p promotes osteosarcoma proliferation and migration by targeting caveolin 1

Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant tumor that occurs in the bone. Previous studies have shown that multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the development of osteosarcoma. This study aimed to explore the role of miR-629-5p and its target gene, caveolin 1 (CAV1), in osteosarcoma development. To analyze the expression of miR-629-5p and CAV1 mRNA in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines, qRT-PCR analysis was performed. Dual-luciferase reporter experiments were subsequently performed to validate the relationship between CAV1 and miR-629-5p. CCK8 assay was used to measure osteosarcoma cell proliferation, and wound-healing assay was performed to study their migratory phenotype. Our findings revealed that miR-629-5p was overexpressed in osteosarcoma tissues and cells, and thereby enhanced cell proliferation and migration. Further, we validated that miR-629-5p targets CAV1 mRNA directly. CAV1 expression, which was negatively correlated with miR-629-5p expression, was found to be downregulated in osteosarcoma tissue samples. Moreover, our data showed that an increase in CAV1 level led to a decline in osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration, which could be rescued by miR-629-5p upregulation. Overall, our study confirmed that miR-629-5p promoted osteosarcoma proliferation and migration by directly inhibiting CAV1.

Inhibitory effect of paeonol on aortic endothelial inflammation in atherosclerotic rats by up-regulation of caveolin-1 expression and suppression of NF-κB pathway / 中国中药杂志

To explore whether paeonol can play an anti-atherosclerotic role by regulating the expression of aortic caveolin-1 and affecting NF-κB pathway, so as to inhibit the inflammatory response of vascular endothelium in atherosclerotic rats. The atherosclerotic model of rats was induced by high-fat diet and vitamin D_2. The primary culture of vascular endothelial cells(VECs) was carried out by tissue block pre-digestion and adherent method. The injury model of VECs was induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS), and filipin, a small concave protein inhibitor, was added for control. HE staining was used to observe pathological changes of aorta. TNF-α, IL-6 and VCAM-1 were detected by ELISA. Western blot assay was used to detect the protein expression levels of caveolin-1 and p65 in aorta and VECs. The results showed that as compared with model group, paeonol significantly reduced aortic plaque area and lesion degree in rats, decreased the level of serum TNF-α, IL-6 and VCAM-1 in the rats and enhanced the relative expression level of caveolin-1, decreased p65 expression conversely(P<0.05 or P<0.01). In vitro, as compared to model group, paeonol obviously improved cell morphology, decreased the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6 and VCAM-1 in VECs, increased caveolin-1 expression, and decreased p65 protein expression(P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, filipin could reverse the effect of paeonol on expression of inflammatory factors and proteins(P<0.05 or P<0.01). According to the results, it was found that paeonol could play the role of anti-atherosclerosis by up-regulating the expression of caveolin-1 and inhibiting the activation of NF-κB pathway to reduce vascular inflammation in atherosclerotic rats.

Aldosterone Rapidly Enhances Levels of the Striatin and Caveolin-1 Proteins in Rat Kidney: The Role of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor

BACKGROUND: Striatin and caveolin-1 (cav-1) are scaffolding/regulating proteins that are associated with salt-sensitive high blood pressure and promote renal sodium and water reabsorption, respectively. The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) interacts with striatin and cav-1, while aldosterone increases striatin and cav-1 levels. However, no in vivo data have been reported for the levels of these proteins in the kidney. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline solution, aldosterone alone (Aldo: 150 µg/kg body weight), or aldosterone after pretreatment with eplerenone, an MR blocker, 30 minutes before the aldosterone injection (eplerenone [Ep.]+Aldo). Thirty minutes after the aldosterone injection, the amount and localization of striatin and cav-1 were determined by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS: Aldosterone increased striatin levels by 150% (P<0.05), and cav-1 levels by 200% (P<0.001). Eplerenone had no significant effect on striatin levels, but partially blocked the aldosterone-induced increase in cav-1 levels. Aldosterone stimulated striatin and cav-1 immunoreactivity in both the cortex and medulla. Eplerenone reduced cav-1 immunostaining in both areas; however, striatin intensity was reduced in the cortex, but increased in the medulla. CONCLUSION: This is the first in vivo study demonstrating that aldosterone rapidly enhances renal levels of striatin and cav-1. Aldosterone increases striatin levels via an MR-independent pathway, whereas cav-1 is partially regulated through MR.

Caveolin-1: oxidative stress target in tumor cells / 生理学报

Aberrant oxidative metabolism in cells is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Overproduction of reactive species promotes carcinogenesis by inducing genetic mutations and activating oncogenic pathways, and thus, antioxidant therapy is considered as an important strategy for cancer prevention and treatment. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a constituent protein of caveolae, is involved in not only the formation of the caveolae, vesicular transport, maintaining cholesterol homeostasis directly, but also many cellular physiological and pathological processes including growth, regulation of mitochondrial antioxidant level, apoptosis and carcinomas by interacting with a lot of signaling molecules through caveolin scaffolding domain. Cav-1 has also been shown to mediate tumor genesis and progression through oxidative stress modulation, while Cav-1-targeted treatment could scavenge the reactive species. Intracellular reactive species could modulate the expression, degradation, post-translational modifications and membrane trafficking of Cav-1. More importantly, emerging evidence has indicated that multiple antioxidants could exert antitumor activities in cancer cells by modulating the signaling of Cav-1. This paper reviewed the research progresses on the roles of Cav-1 and oxidative stress in tumorigenesis and development, and would provide new insights on designing strategies for cancer prevention or treatment.

Avaliação de mecanismos de modificação pós-traducional da óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS) associados a biodisponibilidade do óxido nítrico em artérias de ratas espontaneamente hipertensas (SHR) ao final da prenhez / Evaluation of post-translational modification mechanisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) associated with the nitric oxide bioavailability in arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in the end of pregnancy

A redução da reatividade vascular à fenilefrina (PE) em aorta de ratas espontaneamente hipertensas (SHR) ao final da prenhez é dependente de maior produção e/ou maior biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico (NO), consequente do aumento da fosforilação da enzima óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS) via PI3K/Akt. A glicosilação do tipo N-acetil-glucosamina (O-GlcNAc) é uma modificação pós-traducional que compete com a fosforilação pelos mesmos sítios de ligação nas proteínas. A O-GlcNAcilação da eNOS em serina1177 leva a redução da sua atividade enquanto a fosforilação leva a sua ativação. Além destes mecanismos, a interação da eNOS com outras proteínas é capaz de regular positiva ou negativamente a sua atividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar possíveis alterações nos mecanismos de modificação pós-traducional que controlam a ativação da eNOS os quais poderiam contribuir para maior ativação e maior biodisponibilidade de NO observada em artérias de ratas prenhes. Foram avaliados o conteúdo proteico O-GlcNAc e também expressão das enzimas que participam desta modificação, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) e O-GlcNAcase (OGA) por Western Blotting e a atividade da OGA por ensaio bioquímico em aorta e em artéria mesentérica (2º ou 3º ramo) de ratas não prenhes (NP) e prenhes (P), normotensas (Wistar) e SHR. Ensaios de Western Blotting foram realizados também para análise da expressão das seguintes proteínas: Cav-1, p-Cav-1, CaM e Hsp90. Realizamos a contagem do número de cavéolas endoteliais da aorta e da artéria mesentérica na presença ou ausência da metil-ß-ciclodextrina (dextrina, 10 mmol/L) por microscopia eletrônica. Em estudos funcionais, avaliamos a participação da enzima OGA, pela inibição com PugNAc (100 µmol/L) e das cavéolas, utilizando um desorganizador de cavéolas, a dextrina (10 ou 20 mmol/L), na menor reatividade vascular à PE observada em aortas de ratas P. Observamos que o conteúdo de proteínas O-GlcNAciladas estava diminuído em aorta e em leito mesentérico de ratas Wistar P e SHR P. Apesar da expressão da OGT e da OGA não estar alterada, a atividade da OGA foi aumentada em aorta e leito mesentérico de ratas Wistar P, mas, encontra-se diminuída em aorta e aumentada em leito mesentérico de SHP P. A incubação com PugNAc reverteu a reduzida reatividade à PE em aorta e artéria mesentérica de ratas Wistar P mas este efeito não foi observado em vasos SHR P, demonstrando que a OGA parece ter um papel importante na redução da O-GlcNAcilação de proteínas vasculares em Wistar P. Em vasos incubados com PugNAc, a remoção do endotélio ou a incubação com L-NAME, não alterou significativamente a reatividade à PE. Juntos estes resultados sugerem que a maior atividade da eNOS observada em vasos de Wistar P, fica prejudicada na presença do PugNAc, e depende da atividade da OGA. Como não houve alteração da resposta contrátil à PE em vasos de SHR P incubados com PugNAc, possivelmente um mecanismo diferente, envolvendo a menor atividade da OGT, ocorre nestas artérias para a redução da O-GlcNAcilação da eNOS. A desorganização das cavéolas por meio da dextrina causou aumento de contração à PE e redução de potência da ACh em aortas de Wistar NP e SHR NP, porém não houve alteração em aortas de ratas Wistar P e SHR P. A dextrina não alterou o número de cavéolas em artérias de Wistar P e SHR P quando comparado com ratas NP. SHR NP apresentam um reduzido número de cavéolas das aortas em relação a Wistar NP bem como expressão reduzida de Cav-1, p-Cav-1 e CaM. A prenhez não foi capaz de alterar a expressão da Cav-1, CaM e Hsp90 em aorta e leito mesentérico de ratas normotensas e hipertensas. Estes resultados sugerem que a prenhez não altera a expressão das proteínas Cav-1, CaM e Hsp90 e possivelmente a interação com a eNOS em aorta e artérias mesentéricas de ratas normotensas e hipertensas. Em conclusão, entre os mecanismos estudados de modificação pós-traducional da eNOS, a redução da O-GlcNAcilação da eNOS, por mecanismos que envolvem a atividade da OGA e possivelmente da OGT, favoreceria a fosforilação da eNOS e consequente maior biodisponibilidade de NO, contribuindo desta forma para modulação da resposta contrátil da PE nas artérias de ratas P(AU)

Reduction of vascular reactivity to phenylephrine (PE) in aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at the end of pregnancy is dependent on higher production and/or higer bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), as a consequence of increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme (eNOS) phosphorylation, by PI3K/Akt. Glycosylation with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification that competes with phosphorylation by the same binding sites in proteins. O-GlcNAcylation of eNOS on serine site leads to a reduction in its activity while eNOS phosphorylation leads to its activation. In addition to these mechanisms, the interaction of eNOS with other proteins is able to regulate positively or negatively its activity. The objective of this study was to analyze possible changes in the mechanisms of post-translational modification that control the eNOS activation, which could contribute to its the greater activation and greater bioavailability of NO observed in arteries of pregnant rats. The O-GlcNAc-protein content and also the enzymes expression that participate in this modification, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) was assessed by Western Blotting, and OGA activity were evaluated by biochemical assay in the aorta and in the artery mesenteric (2nd or 3rd branch) of non-pregnant (NP) and pregnant (P), normotensive rats (Wistar) and SHR. Western Blotting assays were also performed for expression analysis of the following proteins: Cav-1, p-Cav-1, CaM and Hsp90. We performed the counting of the number of endothelial caveolae in the aorta and the mesenteric artery in the presence or absence of methyl-ß-cyclodextrin (dextrin, 10 mmol/L) by electronic microscopy. In functional studies, we evaluated the participation of the OGA enzyme, by inhibition with PugNAc (100 µmol/L) and of the caveolae, using a caveolae disassembler, dextrin (10 or 20 mmol/L), in the reduced vascular reactivity observed in aortas or mesenteric arteries of P rats. We observed that the content of O-GlcNAcylated proteins was decreased in the aorta and in the mesenteric bed of Wistar P and SHR P rats. Although OGT and OGA expression is not altered, OGA activity was increased in the aorta and mesenteric bed of Wistar P rats but was decreased in the aorta and increased in the mesenteric bed of SHP P. Incubation with PugNAc reversed the reduced reactivity to PE in the aorta and mesenteric artery of Wistar P but this effect was not observed in SHR P arteries, demonstrating that OGA appears to play an important role in reducing O-GlcNAcylation of vascular proteins in Wistar P. In arteries incubated with PugNAc, endothelial removal or incubation with L-NAME did not significantly alter reactivity to PE. Together, these results suggest that the greater eNOS activity observed in Wistar P vessels was impaired in the presence of PugNAc, and it depends on OGA activity. As there was no change in the contractile response to PE in SHR P arteries incubated with PugNAc, possibly a different mechanism, involving the lower activity of OGT, occurs in these vessels for the reduction of O-GlcNAcylation of eNOS. Dextrin caused increased contraction of PE and decreased ACh potency in Wistar NP and SHR NP aortas, but there was no change in aortas of Wistar P and SHR P. Dextrin did not alter the number of cavelae in Wistar P and SHR P arteries compared to NP rats. SHR NP showed a lower number of caveolae than to NP Wistar as well reduced expression of Cav-1 and CaM. Pregnancy was not able to alter the expression of Cav-1, CaM and Hsp90 in the aorta and mesenteric bed of normotensive and hypertensive rats. These results suggest that pregnancy does not alter the expression of Cav-1, CaM and Hsp90 proteins and possibly interaction with eNOS in the aorta and mesenteric arteries of normotensive and hypertensive rats. In conclusion, among the studied mechanisms of post-translational modification of eNOS, the reduction of O-GlcNAcylation of eNOS, by mechanisms that involve OGA activity and possibly OGT, would favor eNOS phosphorylation and consequent greater NO bioavailability, contributing in this way for modulation of the contractile response to PE in the arteries of P rats(AU)

Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase L1 Regulates Lipid Raft-dependent Endocytosis

Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that is highly expressed in neurons, and gathering evidence indicates that UCH-L1 may play pathogenic roles in many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). Additionally, lipid rafts have attracted interest in neurodegeneration as playing a common role in many neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we demonstrated that UCH-L1 associates with lipid rafts as with other PD-associated gene products. In addition, UCH-L1 regulates lipid raft-dependent endocytosis and it is not dependent on the expression and degradation of caveolin-1 or flotillin-1. Finally, UCH-L1 regulates cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein. This study provides evidence that many PD-associated gene products share common signaling pathways to explain the pathogenesis of PD.

CAVEOLINA-1 implicaciones fisiológicas y patológicas / CAVEOLIN-1: pathological and physiological implications

Las caveolas son invaginaciones de la membrana plasmática conformada por proteínas denominadas caveolinas. De las tres isoformas de caveolina la más estudiada en el transcurso de los años es caveolina-1 (cav-1), quien juega un papel importante en la señalización celular y su gen CAV-1 corresponde a la familia de genes supresores tumorales. Debido a su rol dependiente del contexto en el cual se encuentra, la función y participación de cav-1 a nivel tumoral es compleja y aún permanece controvertida. Cav-1 interactúa con una serie de moléculas-receptores que regulan inicialmente los pasos de la transformación celular a la malignidad, participando a su vez en el ciclo celular, la angiogénesis, la remodelación de la matriz extracelular, la proliferación celular, entre otras. El estudio de esta molécula adquiere importancia en función a su utilidad como biomarcador asociado a diagnóstico, pronóstico y posible blanco terapéutico en procesos patológicos.

Caveolae are plasma membrane invaginations formed by proteins called caveolins. Of the three caveolin isoforms, the most studied one through years has been caveolin-1 (cav-1), which has an important role in cell signaling, and its gene, CAV-1, is part of the family of tumor suppressor genes. As its role depends on the context, the participation and function of cav-1 in tumors is complex and remains controversial. Cav-1 interacts with a series of receptors and molecules that regulate the initial steps of cellular transformation to malignity. It also participates in the cell cycle, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, cell proliferation, among other processes. The study of this molecule is important due to its function as a biomarker associated to the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic target in pathological processes.

Frequency of common polymorphisms in Caveolin 1 (CAV1) gene in adults with high serum triglycerides from Colombian Caribbean Coast / Frecuencia de polimorfismos comunes en el gen de Caveolina 1 (CAV1) en adultos con hipertrigliceridemia en el Caribe Colombiano

Abstract Background: Caveolin 1 gene (CAV1) has been associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and hypertension in humans. Also, it has been related to high serum triglycerides in rodents, however there is little evidence of this relation in humans. Aim: To describe frequencies of common variations in CAV1 in adults with high serum triglycerides. Methods: A case-control study was carried out with adults from Colombian Caribbean Coast. A whole blood sample was employed to measure serum concentrations of triglycerides, glucose, total cholesterol and HDLc. Six common Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in CAV1 were genotyped (rs926198, rs3779512, rs10270569, rs11773845, rs7804372 and rs1049337). Allelic and genotypic frequencies were determined by direct count and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) was assessed. Case and control groups were compared with null-hypothesis tests. Results: A total of 220 cases and 220 controls were included. For rs3779512 an excess in homozygotes frequency was found within case group (40.4% (GG), 41.3% (GT) and 18.1% (TT); Fis=0.13, p=0.03). Another homozygotes excess among case group was found in rs7804372 (59.5% (TT), 32.3% (TA) and 8.2% (AA); Fis= 0.12, p= 0.04). In rs1049337, cases also showed an excess in homozygotes frequency (52.7% (CC), 35.0% (CT) and 12.3% (TT); Fis= 0.16, p= 0.01). Finally, for rs1049337 there were differences in genotype distribution between case and control groups (p <0.05). Conclusion: An increased frequency of homozygote genotypes was found in subjects with high serum triglycerides. These findings suggest that minor alleles for SNPs rs3779512, rs7804372 and rs1049337 might be associated to higher risk of hypertriglyceridemia.

Resumen Introducción: En humanos, el gen Caveolina 1 (CAV1) ha sido asociado con resistencia a la insulina, síndrome metabólico e hipertensión. Además, ha sido relacionado con hipertrigliceridemia en roedores, sin embargo existe poca evidencia de esta relación en humanos. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia de variaciones comunes del gen CAV1 en adultos con hipertrigliceridemia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles con adultos del Caribe Colombiano. Fue usada una muestra de sangre venosa periférica para medir las concentraciones séricas de triglicéridos, glucosa, colesterol total y colesterol HDL. Fueron genotipificados seis Polimorfismos de Nucleótido Simple (SNP) en CAV1 (rs926198, rs3779512, rs10270569, rs11773845, rs7804372 y rs1049337). Las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas se determinaron por conteo directo y se evaluó el equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Los grupos de casos y controles se compararon con pruebas de hipótesis nula. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 220 casos y 220 controles. Para rs3779512 se encontró un exceso de homocigotos en el grupo de casos (40.4% (GG), 41.3% (GT) y 18.1% (TT); Fis= 0.13, p= 0.03). Fue encontrado otro exceso de homocigotos en el grupo de casos al analizar el rs7804372 (59.5% (TT), 32.3% (TA) y 8.2% (AA); Fis= 0.12, p= 0.04). En rs1049337, los casos también tuvieron un exceso en la frecuencia de homocigotos (52.7% (CC), 35.0% (CT) y 12.3% (TT); Fis= 0.16, p= 0.01). Finalmente, hubo diferencias en la distribución genotípica del rs1049337 entre los grupos de casos y controles (p <0.05). Conclusiones: Se encontró una elevada frecuencia de homocigotos en los sujetos con hipertrigliceridemia. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los alelos menores de los SNPs rs3779512, rs7804372 y rs1049337 podrían estar asociados con trigliceridemia elevada.

Expression dynamics of caveolin-1 in fibroblasts of newborn rats with chronic lung disease and its impact on lung fibroblast proliferation

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the changes of caveolin-1 in lung fibroblasts in newborn Wistar rats when exposed to hyperoxic conditions, as well as lung fibroblasts cell cycle. Methods: One hundred newborn Wistar rats were randomly divided (50 rats/group) into experimental and control groups, exposed to hyperoxic conditions or normal air, respectively. The fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) in the experimental group was 90%, whereas this value was 21% in the control group. Lung fibroblasts were collected on days 3, 7, and 14 of the experiment. Caveolin-1 expression dynamics in lung fibroblasts was assayed in each group by immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to assess the proportions of lung fibroblasts at different stages of the cell cycle. Results: On day 3, no significant difference in caveolin-1 expression was observed between the hyperoxic and control groups; however, on days 7 and 14, caveolin-1 expression was significantly lower in the hyperoxic group than in the control (P<0.05). No apparent differences were observed in caveolin-1 expression in the control group at the different time points. Using FCM analysis, we showed that the proportion of lung fibroblasts in G0/G1 phase in the hyperoxic group decreased compared to that of the control group on day 7, while the proportion of S-phase cells increased (P<0.05). These differences were more significant when the groups were compared on day 14 (P<0.01). Conclusion: After seven days the exposure to hyperoxic conditions, lung fibroblasts proliferated and caveolin-1 expression decreased.

Caveolin-1 is involved in high glucose accelerated human glomerular mesangial cell senescence

BACKGROUND/AIMS:: We demonstrated the role of caveolin-1 involved in high glucose (HG)-induced glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) senescence. METHODS:: HG was used to stimulate GMCs. The telomere lengths were analyzed by Southern blot. β-Galactosidase staining was determined. The expressions of caveolin-1 and P53 proteins were determined by Western blot. RESULTS:: Treatment with high concentrations of glucose induced GMC senescence accompanied by shortened telomere length and increase of β-galactosidase staining as well as P53 protein, which was abrogated after application of caveolin-1-siRNA. CONCLUSIONS:: This study proved that HG induced cell senescence in GMCs. The caveolin-1 is involved in HG-induced mesangial cell senescence, and blocking caveolin-1 significantly reduced cell senescence. The effect of caveolin-1 is mediated by P53 pathway.

Versatile Functions of Caveolin-1 in Aging-related Diseases / 전남의대학술지

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a trans-membrane protein that is a major component of the caveolae structure on the plasma membrane. Cav-1 is involved in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, endocytosis, and in particular it has been implied in cellular senescence. Here we review current knowledge about Cav-1 in cellular signaling and discuss the role of Cav-1 in aging-related diseases.

Molecular mechanisms of androgens regulating the eNOS expression in rat corpus cavernosum / 中华男科学杂志

Objective@#To investigate whether androgens can regulate the expression of eNOS in rat corpus cavernosum through AKT3, PIK3CA, CALM, and CAV1 and influence erectile function.@*METHODS@#Thirty-six 8-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into groups A (4-week control), B (6-week control), C (4-week castration), D (6-week castration), E (4-week castration + testosterone replacement), and F (6-week castration + testosterone replacement). Both the testis and epididymis were removed from the rats in groups C, D, E and F, and on the second day after surgery, the animals of groups E and F were subcutaneously injected with testosterone propionate at 3 mg per kg of the body weight qd alt while all the others with isodose oil instead. At 4 weeks (for groups A, C and E) and 6 weeks (for groups B, D and F) after treatment, we detected the maximum intracavernous pressure (ICPmax), the mean carotid arterial pressure (MAP) and their ratio (ICPmax/MAP), measured the level of serum testosterone (T), and determined the expressions of eNOS, P-eNOS, AKT3, PIK3CA, CALM and CAV1 in the corpus cavernosum by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.@*RESULTS@#No statistically significant differences were observed in the body weight and MAP among different groups. The serum T level and ICPmax/MAP were remarkably lower in groups C and D than in the other four groups (P<0.01) as well as in groups E and F than in A and B (P<0.05) but exhibited no significant differences either between E and F or between A and B. Immunohistochemistry showed that eNOS and P-eNOS were mainly expressed in the vascular endothelial cell membrane and cavernous vascular lumen, while AKT3, PIK3CA, CALM and CAV1 chiefly in the vascular endothelial cell cytoplasm and membrane, with a few in the smooth muscle cells. Western blot analysis manifested that the expressions of eNOS, P-eNOS, AKT3, PIK3CA, CALM and CAV1 were markedly lower in groups C and D than in A, B, E and F (P<0.01) as well as in D than in C (P<0.05) but those in groups E and F did not showed any significant difference from those in A and B, nor E from F or A from B.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Androgens can improve erectile function by upregulating the expressions of AKT3, PIK3CA, CALM and CAV1 protein molecules and activating eNOS after its phosphorylation, though the exact molecular mechanisms are yet to be further studied.

Different subtypes of estrogen receptor α and related signal molecules in the hippocampus are associated with spatial cognitive impairment of diabetic mice / 生理学报

To study the correlation between the spatial cognitive impairment and different subtypes of estrogen receptor α (ERα) of hippocampus in diabetic mice, we used alloxan (intraperitoneal injection) to induce type 1 diabetes in male Kunming mice and compared the spatial cognitive ability of the model mice with that of control mice through Morris water maze test. Meanwhile, using Western blot, we detected the protein expressions of ER-α36, ER-α66, caveolin-1, PKCα, cAMP-response element binding protein 2 (CREB2), and synaptophysin (Syn) in the hippocampus of the mice. The results showed that on the 3rd and 5th days of training, the ability of spatial learning and memory in the diabetic mice was significantly inferior to that of the control mice (P < 0.05). In the diabetic mice, the protein expressions of caveolin-1 and PKCα were decreased (P < 0.05), but ER-α66 expression was unaffected, while ER-α36 and CREB2 expressions were significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared with those of the control mice. The results suggest that abnormal expression of ER-α36 and related signal molecules may be important factors for diabetes-induced spatial cognitive impairment.

Versatile Functions of Caveolin-1 in Aging-related Diseases / 전남의대학술지

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a trans-membrane protein that is a major component of the caveolae structure on the plasma membrane. Cav-1 is involved in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, endocytosis, and in particular it has been implied in cellular senescence. Here we review current knowledge about Cav-1 in cellular signaling and discuss the role of Cav-1 in aging-related diseases.

The Pathophysiology of Moyamoya Disease: An Update / 대한뇌졸중학회지

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a unique cerebrovascular disease characterized by the progressive stenosis of large intracranial arteries and a hazy network of basal collaterals called moyamoya vessels. Because the etiology of MMD is unknown, its diagnosis is based on characteristic angiographic findings. Re-vascularization techniques (e.g., bypass surgery) are used to restore perfusion, and are the primary treatment for MMD. There is no specific treatment to prevent MMD progression. This review summarizes the recent advances in MMD pathophysiology, including the genetic and circulating factors related to disease development. Genetic and environmental factors may play important roles in the development of the vascular stenosis and aberrant angiogenesis in complex ways. These factors include the related changes in circulating endothelial/smooth muscle progenitor cells, cytokines related to vascular remodeling and angiogenesis, and endothelium, such as caveolin which is a plasma membrane protein. With a better understanding of MMD pathophysiology, nonsurgical approaches targeting MMD pathogenesis may be available to stop or slow the progression of this disease. The possible strategies include targeting growth factors, retinoic acid, caveolin-1, and stem cells.

The Pathophysiology of Moyamoya Disease: An Update / 대한뇌졸중학회지

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a unique cerebrovascular disease characterized by the progressive stenosis of large intracranial arteries and a hazy network of basal collaterals called moyamoya vessels. Because the etiology of MMD is unknown, its diagnosis is based on characteristic angiographic findings. Re-vascularization techniques (e.g., bypass surgery) are used to restore perfusion, and are the primary treatment for MMD. There is no specific treatment to prevent MMD progression. This review summarizes the recent advances in MMD pathophysiology, including the genetic and circulating factors related to disease development. Genetic and environmental factors may play important roles in the development of the vascular stenosis and aberrant angiogenesis in complex ways. These factors include the related changes in circulating endothelial/smooth muscle progenitor cells, cytokines related to vascular remodeling and angiogenesis, and endothelium, such as caveolin which is a plasma membrane protein. With a better understanding of MMD pathophysiology, nonsurgical approaches targeting MMD pathogenesis may be available to stop or slow the progression of this disease. The possible strategies include targeting growth factors, retinoic acid, caveolin-1, and stem cells.