Distribution and Drug Resistance of Pathogens in Oral Mucositis Associated with Chemotherapy in Patients with Malignant Hematopathy / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens in oral mucositis associated with chemotherapy in hospitalized patients with malignant hematopathy, so as to provide scientific evidences for rational selection of antibiotics and infection prevention and control.@*METHODS@#From July 2020 to June 2022, 167 patients with malignant hematopathy were treated with chemical drugs in the Department of Hematology, Hainan Hospital, and secretions from oral mucosal infected wounds were collected. VITEK2 COMPECT automatic microbial identification system (BioMerieux, France) and bacterial susceptibility card (BioMerieux) were used for bacterial identification and drug susceptibility tests.@*RESULTS@#A total of 352 strains of pathogens were isolated from 167 patients, among which 220 strains of Gram-positive bacteria, 118 strains of Gram-negative bacteria and 14 strains of fungi, accounted for 62.50%, 33.52% and 3.98%, respectively. The Gram-positive bacteria was mainly Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, while Gram-negative bacteria was mainly Klebsiella and Proteus. The resistance of main Gram-positive bacteria to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin was low, and the resistance to penicillin, cefuroxime, ampicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin and levofloxacin was high. The main Gram-negative bacteria had low resistance to gentamicin, imipenem and penicillin, but high resistance to levofloxacin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, ampicillin and vancomycin. The clinical data of oral mucositis patients with oral ulcer (severe) and without oral ulcer (mild) were compared, and it was found that there were statistically significant differences in poor oral hygiene, diabetes, sleep duration less than 8 hours per night between two groups (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Gram-positive bacteria is the main pathogen of oral mucositis in patients with malignant hematopathy after chemotherapy. It is sensitive to glycopeptide antibiotics and aminoglycosides antibiotics. Poor oral hygiene, diabetes and sleep duration less than 8 hours per night are risk factors for oral mucositis with oral ulcer (severe).

Adenitis cervical con anaerobios sin causa aparente en lactante / Cervical adenitis with anaerobes without apparent cause in infant

Las adenopatías cervicales benignas en lactantes son relativamente frecuentes, se definen como el aumento de volumen ganglionar de más de 1 cm, sin síntomas sistémicos y cuando están presentes, el término correcto es adenitis. Para su estudio, las adenitis se dividen en: locales, sistémicas, unilaterales, bilaterales, agudas, crónicas, y por edad, con diferentes etiologías. Se presenta el caso clínico de un lactante de 11 meses de edad con diagnóstico de adenitis cervical abscedada unilateral aguda, con cuadro de 72 h de evolución, con crecimiento constante a nivel cervical derecho, compromiso del estado general, fiebre y anorexia, por lo que se inician antibióticos de primera línea para los agentes bacterianos más frecuentes (Staphylococcus aureus y Streptococcus pyogenes), con evolución tórpida a las 48 h, por lo que se solicita ultrasonido cervical, ya que la familia no contaba con recursos para solicitar cultivo o tomografía, reportando el ultrasonido ganglio cervical de 3,5 cm de diámetro abscedado, por lo que se agrega cobertura para anaerobios, con respuesta muy favorable a las 24 h. Queda la duda del origen de los anaerobios en la paciente, sin antecedentes de importancia y en grupo etario diferente al afectado por esos gérmenes. Consideramos este caso interesante por su comportamiento atípico, para el enriquecimiento del ejercicio de la otorrinolaringología, recalcando el invaluable apoyo de la clínica y solo con un ultrasonido, ya que no siempre se tendrán todos los recursos disponibles, pero siguiendo las pautas de lo reportado en la literatura, se tuvo una resolución exitosa.

Benign cervical lymphadenopathies in infants are relatively frequent, they are defined as an increase in lymph node volume of more than 1 cm, without systemic symptoms, and when they are present, the correct term is adenitis. For its study, adenitis is divided into: local, systemic, unilateral, bilateral, acute, chronic, and by age, with different etiologies. An 11-month-old infant with a diagnosis of acute unilateral abscessed cervical adenitis, with a 72 h evolution, with constant growth at the right cervical level, fever and anorexia, for which first-line antibiotics were started to the most frequent bacterial agents (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes), with torpid evolution at 48 h, for which only cervical ultrasound is requested, since the family did not have the resources to request culture or tomography, reporting the cervical ganglion ultrasound of 3.5 cm of abscessed diameter, so coverage for anaerobes is added, with a very favorable response at 24 hrs. There remains the doubt of the origin of the anaerobes in the patient, without important antecedents and in an age group different from that affected by these germs. We consider this case interesting due to its atypical behavior, for the enrichment of the otolaryngology exercise, emphasizing the invaluable support of the clinic, and only with an ultrasound, since other clinical tools were not available, but following the guidelines of what is reported in literature, there was a successful resolution.

Drug-induced chronic bullous disease of childhood in a two-year-old Filipino male triggered by cefaclor or cefuroxime: A case report

Introduction@#Chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC) is a rare immune-mediated subepidermal vesiculobullous eruption, characterized by linear IgA deposition along the basement membrane zone of the skin. Although mostly idiopathic, CBDC may be triggered by factors such as infection, and drugs. Clinical and immunohistopathological features of drug-induced cases are heterogeneous and indistinguishable from the idiopathic form.@*Case report@#A two-year-old Filipino male presented with pruritic vesicles and bullae on the back several days after finishing a course of cefuroxime, and cefaclor. Examination revealed multiple tense vesicles and bullae, some coalescing into a rosette pattern with central crusts on the perioral, scalp, neck, back, perineal, and perianal areas. Histopathology showed a subepidermal split with neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltrates. Direct immunofluorescence revealed strong linear deposition of IgA, and granular deposits of C3 and IgM at the basement membrane zone, thus confirming the di- agnosis of CBDC. Dapsone at 2mg/kg/day was started, with oral prednisolone (1.3mg/kg/day), and cloxacillin syrup (40mg/kg/day). Topical care with betamethasone dipropionate and mupirocin ointment was included. After eight weeks, patient showed significant im- provement with few vesicles and resolved lesions healing with post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.@*Conclusion@#We report a case of a two-year-old male presenting with vesiculobullous lesions after a course of cefuroxime, and cefaclor. As both were given and withdrawn in a period of close proximity, it is difficult to determine the probable culprit drug. Spontaneous resolution upon withdrawal of the suspected drug is variable. Systemic therapy such as dapsone may be necessary for treatment.

Quimioterapia intraperitoneal en aerosol presurizado (PIPAC) / Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC)

RESUMEN La técnica PIPAC se presenta como una variante de tratamiento para los pacientes con carcinomato sis peritoneal que no son candidatos a una resección. Se describen de manera detallada los pasos y el procedimiento quirúrgico para la administración de quimioterapia intraperitoneal presurizada con dispositivo PIPAC.

ABSTRACT Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is a therapeutic option for patients with unresectable peritoneal carcinomatosis. The steps and the surgical technique of the PIPAC technique are thoroughly described.

Synergistic antibacterial effect and mechanisms of dihydroartemisinin and cefuroxime incombination / 中国中药杂志

In this study, we explored the antibacterial effect and mechanism of dihydroartemisinin(DHA) combined with cefuroxime(CFX) or ampicillin against Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of DHA, cefuroxime, and ampicillin against E. coli was 300,25,25 μmol·L~(-1), respectively, determined by broth microdilution method and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride(TTC) method. The minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) was 25 μmol·L~(-1) for cefuroxime, above 600 μmol·L~(-1) for DHA. The fractional inhibitory concentration index(FICI) of DHA combined with cefuroxime or ampicillin was 0.375 and 0.75, respectively, determined by checkerboard microdilution assay, suggesting the synergistic effect or additive effect of the drug combination. Moreover, the time-effect curve showed that the antibacterial activity of DHA and CFX combination was much stronger than that of either of the drugs, suggesting that combination with DHA can decrease the CFX dosage. Then we studied the synergistic mechanism of DHA combined with cefuroxime and found that the combination of the two drugs had a significant inhibitory effect on the total protein bands, as shown by the results of polypropylene gel electrophoresis. The results of conductivity method and alkaline phosphatase test respectively showed that its conductivity value and alkaline phosphatase(AKP) leak were significantly higher than either of the drugs, suggesting that the integrity of bacteria may be damaged. The scanning electron microscope(SEM) results showed that the morphology of E. coli was destroyed most in the combination group. The quantitative fluorescence PCR technology showed that the combination of two drugs can inhibit the expression of superoxide stress gene soxS. In summary, the combination of dihydroartemisinin and cefuroxime has a synergistic antibacterial effect on E. coli.

Profilaxis de la endoftalmitis posquirúrgica con cefuroxima intracamerular / Prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis with intracamerular cefuroxime

RESUMEN Fundamento: La cirugía de catarata es la intervención oftalmológica más realizada en el mundo con exitosos resultados visuales posoperatorio, por lo cual una endoftalmitis posquirúrgica es una de las complicaciones más temidas y devastadoras. Objetivo: Caracterizar los pacientes operados de catarata a los cuales se les administró cefuroxima intracameral como método profiláctico para la endoftalmitis posquirúrgica durante los primeros 6 meses de su aplicación. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en el Hospital Provincial General Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus del 15 de octubre de 2015 al 15 de abril de 2016. El universo estuvo constituido por 575 pacientes operados de cirugía de cataratas y la muestra por 538 pacientes a los cuales se les aplicó cefuroxima intracamerular como método profiláctico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 538 pacientes de ellos 279 mujeres y 259 hombres con edad promedio de 46 a 60 años. Se presentaron complicaciones en 21 ojos. En ningún paciente se diagnosticó síndrome inflamatorio tóxico asociado al uso de medicamentos intraoculares. Se reportó un solo caso de endoftalmitis al cual se le realizó extracción extracapsular. Conclusiones: La inyección de cefuroxima intracameral es una maniobra sencilla, eficaz y segura para la profilaxis de la endoftalmitis posquirúrgica.

ABSTRACT Background: Cataract surgery is the most performed ophthalmologic intervention in the world with successful postoperative visual results, so a postoperative endophthalmitis is one of the most feared and devastating complications. Objective: To characterize cataract surgery patients who were given intracameral cefuroxime as a prophylactic method of postoperative endophthalmitis during the first 6 months of its application. Methodology: A retrospective study was carried out at Camilo Cienfuegos General Provincial Hospital in Sancti Spíritus from October 15, 2015 to April 15, 2016. The universe consisted of 575 patients operated on from cataract surgery with a sample of 538 patients which were applied intracamerular cefuroxime as a prophylactic method. Results: 538 patients were included, 279 women and 259 men with an average age of 46 to 60 years. There were complications in 21 eyes. In no patient was toxic inflammatory syndrome associated with the use of intraocular medications. A single case of endophthalmitis was reported and extracapsular extraction was performed. Conclusions: The injection of intracameral cefuroxime is a simple, effective and safe maneuver for the prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis.

Investigating the effect of intracameral cefuroxime on oxidative stress and apoptosis in the rat cornea / Investigando o efeito de cefuroxima intracameral sobre o estresse oxidativo e a apoptose na córnea de ratos

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: We examined the effect of intracameral administration of cefuroxime on oxidative stress and endothelial apoptosis in rat corneal tissue. METHODS: In total, 30 rats were divided into 3 groups of 10 rats each (intracameral administration of cefuroxime 0.1 mg/0.01 mL (cefuroxime group); intracameral administration of balanced salt solution 0.01 mL (control group); or absence of intracameral injection (sham group). Corneal endothelial apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis using caspase-3 and caspase-8. Total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, oxidative stress index, and paraoxonase and arylesterase levels were examined in corneal endothelial tissue and serum. RESULTS: Paraoxonase levels in the serum were significantly different between the sham and cefuroxime groups (p=0.027). A significant difference was also observed in total oxidant status levels between the cefuroxime and balanced salt solution groups (p=0.023). In addition, there were significant differences in total antioxidant status levels in corneal tissue between the cefuroxime and sham groups (p<0.001) and between the cefuroxime and balanced salt solution groups (p<0.001). Furthermore, significant differences were also observed in oxidative stress index levels between the cefuroxime and balanced salt solution groups (p=0.001) and between the cefuroxime and sham groups (p=0.026). According to the immunohistochemical staining results, a significant association with caspase-3 activity existed between the cefuroxime and balanced salt solution groups (p=0.007), while no significant difference was found with caspase-8 activity (p=0.541). Caspase-3 activity exhibited a significant relationship between the sham and balanced salt solution groups (p=0.018), but no relationship was found with caspase-8 activity (p=0.623). CONCLUSION: Immunohistochemical examination revealed that intracameral cefuroxime increased apoptosis when compared to the sham and balanced salt solution groups. Moreover, intracameral cefuroxime increased oxidative stress in the cornea and simultaneously induced apoptosis.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Examinamos o efeito da administração intracameral da cefuroxima sobre o estresse oxidativo e a apoptose endotelial no tecido corneano de ratos. MÉTODOS: No total, 30 ratos foram divididos em 3 grupos de 10 ratos cada (administração intracameral de cefuroxima 0,1 mg/0,01 mL (grupo cefuroxima), administração intracameral de solução salina balanceada 0,01 mL (grupo controle) ou ausência de injeção intracameral (grupo sham)). A apoptose endotelial da córnea foi avaliada por análise imuno-histoquimica usando caspase-3 e -8. O status oxidante total, o status antioxidante total, o índice de estresse oxidativo e os níveis de a paraoxonase e arilesterase foram investigados no tecido endotelial da córnea e no soro. RESULTADOS: Os níveis de paraoxonase no soro foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos sham e cefuroxima (p=0,027). Foi também observada uma diferença significativa nos níveis de estado oxidante total entre os grupos cefuroxima e solução salina balanceada (p=0,023). Além disso, houve diferenças significativas nos níveis de status antioxidante total no tecido da córnea entre os grupos cefuroxima e sham (p<0,001) e entre os grupos cefuroxima e solução salina balanceada (p<0,001). Diferenças significativas também foram observadas nos níveis do índice de estresse oxidativo entre os grupos cefuroxima e solução salina balanceada (p=0,001) e entre os grupos cefuroxima e sham (p=0,026). De acordo com os resultados de coloração imuno-histoquimica, houve associação significativa com a atividade da caspase-3 entre os grupos cefuroxima e solução salina balanceada (p=0,007), enquanto não houve diferença significativa com a atividade da caspase-8 (p=0,541). A atividade da caspase-3 exibiu uma relação significativa entre os grupos sham e solução salina balanceada (p=0,018), mas nenhuma relação foi encontrada com a atividade da caspase-8 (p=0,623). CONCLUSÃO: O exame imuno-histoquímico revelou que a cefuroxima intracameral aumentou a apoptose quando comparada com os grupos sham e solução salina balanceada. Além disso, a cefuroxima intracameral aumentou o estresse oxidativo na córnea e induziu simultaneamente a apoptose.

Preparation and characterization of cefuroxime axetil solid dispersions using poloxamer 188

The main objective of the present work was to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drug cefuroxime axetil (CA) by formulating it into solid dispersions (SDs) with water soluble carrier poloxamer 188. Different methods were employed to prepare the dispersion, such as: Solvent method (SM), Kneading method (KM), Melt evaporation method (MEM) and Physical mixture (PM) in different drug: carrier ratios 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 (cefuroxime axetil: poloxamer 188). The physical mixture(s) and solid dispersion(s) were characterized for drug carrier interaction, drug content, solubility, dissolution rate, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FT-IR study. The dissolution rate of the prepared solid dispersion systems was determined in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 1 h. The solubility of drug from different systems was also determined in water. All SD formulations were found to have a higher dissolution rate comparatively to pure CA. The dissolution rate was enhanced in the following order SM > MEM > KM. The enhancement of dissolution rate may be caused by increase wettability, dispersibillity reduction in particle size or the formation of CA ß crystalline. The FT-IR study probability revealed that there was no chemical interaction between drug and poloxamer 188

Perianesthetic refractory anaphylactic shock with cefuroxime in a patient with history of penicillin allergy on multiple antihypertensive medications / Choque anafilático refratário perianestésico com cefuroxima em paciente com história de alergia à penicilina recebendo vários medicamentos anti-hipertensivos

Abstract We report a case of perianesthetic refractory anaphylactic shock with cefuroxime in a patient with history of penicillin allergy on regular therapy with atenolol, losartan, prazosin and nicardipine. Severe anaphylactic shock was only transiently responsive to 10 mL of (1:10,000) epinephrine and needed norepinephrine and dopamine infusion. Supportive therapy with vasopressors and inotropes along with mechanical ventilation for the next 24 hours resulted in complete recovery. She was successfully operated upon 2 weeks later with the same anesthetic drugs but intravenous ciprofloxacin as the alternative antibiotic for perioperative prophylaxis.

Resumo Relatamos um caso de choque anafilático refratário no período perianestésico com cefuroxima em paciente com história de alergia à penicilina em terapia regular com atenolol, losartan, prazosina e nicardipine. O choque anafilático grave foi apenas transitoriamente responsivo a 10 mL de epinefrina (1:10000) e precisou de infusão de norepinefrina e dopamina. A terapia de apoio com vasopressores e inotrópicos, juntamente com ventilação mecânica por 24 horas, resultou em recuperação completa. A paciente foi operada com sucesso duas semanas mais tarde, com os mesmos agentes anestésicos, mas com ciprofloxacina intravenosa como antibiótico opcional para a profilaxia perioperatória.

Influence of cefuroxime sodium on synaptic plasticity of parallel fiber-Purkinje cells in young rats / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of cefuroxime sodium (CS) on the electrophysiological function of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) in Sprague-Dawley rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into early administration I and II groups (administered from P7 to P14) and late administration group (administered from P14 to P21), and all the groups received intraperitoneally injected CS. The control groups for early and late administration groups were also established and treated with intraperitoneally injected normal saline of the same volume. There were 10 rats in each group. The rats in the early administration I group and early administration control group were sacrificed on P15, and those in the early administration II group, late administration group, and late administration control group were sacrificed on P22. The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to record inward current and action potential of PCs on cerebellar slices, as well as the long-term depression (LTD) of excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) in PCs induced by low-frequency stimulation of parallel fiber (PF).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control groups, the early and late administration groups had a slightly higher magnitude of inward current and a slightly higher amplitude of action potential of PCs (P>0.05). All administration groups had a significantly higher degree of EPSC inhibition than the control groups (P<0.01), and the early administration II group had a significantly greater degree of EPSC inhibition than the late administration group (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Early CS exposure after birth affects the synaptic plasticity of PF-PCs in the cerebellum of young rats, which persists after drug withdrawal.</p>

Use of cefuroxime for women with community-onset acute pyelonephritis caused by cefuroxime-susceptible or -resistant Escherichia coli

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Efforts to decrease the use of extended-spectrum cephalosporins are required to prevent the selection and transmission of multi-drug resistant pathogens, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae. The objectives of this study were to assess the clinical efficacy of intravenous cefuroxime as an empirical antibiotic for the treatment of hospitalized women with acute pyelonephritis (APN) caused by Escherichia coli. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical and microbiologic database of 328 hospitalized women with community-onset APN. RESULTS: Of 328 women with APN, 22 patients had cefuroxime-resistant E. coli APN, and 306 patients had cefuroxime-susceptible E. coli APN. The early clinical success rates were significantly higher (p = 0.001) in the cefuroxime-susceptible group (90.8%, 278/306) than in the cefuroxime-resistant group (68.2%, 15/22) at 72 hours. The clinical cure rates at 4 to 14 days after completing antimicrobial therapy were not significantly different in the cefuroxime-resistant or -susceptible groups, with 88.2% (15/17) and 97.8% (223/228; p = 0.078), respectively. The microbiological cure rates were not significantly different and were 90.9% (10/11) and 93.4% (128/137), respectively (p =0.550). The median duration of hospitalization in the cefuroxime-resistant and -susceptible groups was 10 days (interquartile range [IQR], 8 to 13) and 10 days (IQR, 8 to 14), respectively (p =0.319). CONCLUSIONS: Cefuroxime, a second-generation cephalosporin, can be used for the initial empirical therapy of community-onset APN if tailored according to uropathogen identification and susceptibility results, especially in areas where the prevalence rate of ESBL-producing uropathogens is low.

Abordagem endovascular de paciente com fibrodisplasia de artéria renal bilateral associada a volumoso aneurisma renal / Endovascular approach of a patient with bilateral renal artery fibrodysplasia associated with a massive renal aneurysm

A fibrodisplasia muscular renal é de etiologia desconhecida, de origem não inflamatória e não aterosclerótica, estando associada ao desenvolvimento de estenoses e de aneurismas. Relatamos um caso de fibrodisplasia muscular renal bilateral associada a aneurisma volumoso de artéria renal tratado com angioplastia com balão e stent multicamadas.

Renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia is a condition of unknown etiology, with non-inflammatory, nonatheroscleroticorigin, associated to the development of stenosis and aneurysms. The authors report a case of bilateral renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia associated with a large renal artery aneurysm, treatedwith balloon angioplasty and a multilayer stent.

Comparison of Second- and Third-Generation Cephalosporin as Initial Therapy for Women with Community-Onset Uncomplicated Acute Pyelonephritis

PURPOSE: This study examined the clinical effectiveness of parenteral cefuroxime and cefotaxime as empirical antibiotics for treating hospitalized women with uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis (APN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was based on the clinical and microbiologic data of 255 hospitalized women with APN. Of these 255 women, 144 patients received cefuroxime and 111 received cefotaxime. RESULTS: There were no marked differences in the demographic features, clinical characteristics, and treatment duration between the populations of the cefuroxime and cefotaxime groups. The rates of defervescence showed no significant differences in the two groups at 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. The clinical cure rates observed at the follow-up visit 4 to 14 days after the completion of antimicrobial therapy were not statistically different between the cefuroxime and cefotaxime groups [94.9% (129 of 136) versus 98.0% (100 of 102), respectively; p=0.307], and the microbiological cure rates were also not significantly different [88.3% (91 of 103) versus 95.0% (76 of 80), respectively; p=0.186]. The median hospitalization periods in the cefuroxime and cefotaxime groups were 7 (6-8) and 7 (6-8) days (p=0.157), respectively. Microbiological success rates after 72-96 hours of initial antimicrobial therapy were also not statistically different in the cefuroxime and cefotaxime groups, 89.4% (110 of 123) versus 94.9% (93 of 98; p=0.140). CONCLUSION: Cefuroxime, a second-generation cephalosporin, is an appropriate antibiotic option for the initial treatment of uncomplicated APN and its efficacy does not differ from cefotaxime, a third-generation cephalosporin, in the initial parenteral therapy for community-onset APN.

Identification of the Bacteria Isolated from Oral Cavities in Korea

The aim of this study was to identify bacteria isolated from the oral cavities and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility against eight antibiotics. The bacterial strains were obtained from the Korean Collection for Oral Microbiology (KCOM). The bacteria were identified by comparing 16S rDNA sequences at the species level. The data showed that 77 bacterial strains were predominantly identified as streptococci (49.4%) and staphylococci (14.3%). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using a broth dilution assay to test the sensitivity of the bacterial strains. The MIC values of the oral bacterial strains against antibiotics were different. Streptococci were sensitive to clindamycin, cefuroxime axetil, and vancomycin, and they were resistant to tetracycline. Staphylococci also were sensitive to clindamycin, cefuroxime axetil, and vancomycin, and they were resistant to penicillin antibiotics. Gram-negative bacterial strains were sensitive to tetracycline and were resistant to clindamycin. These results suggest that the antimicrobial susceptibility test is necessary in deciding the prescription for antibiotics, to prevent the misuse or abuse of antibiotics.

Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility of the Bacteria from Non-odontogenic Infectious Lesions

The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria from the 4 patients with non-odontogenic infectious lesions (mucormycosis, chronic inflammation from wound infection, and two actinomycosis) and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility against eight antibiotics. Bacterial culture was performed under three culture conditions (anaerobic, CO2, and aerobic incubator). The bacterial strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) sequence comparison analysis method. For investigating the antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacteria against eight antibiotics, penicillin G, amoxicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime, erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and Augmentin(R) (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurement was performed using broth microdilution assay. Nosocomial pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, and Neisseria flavescens were isolated from mucormycosis. Veillonella parvula, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were isolated from chronic inflammatory lesion. Actinomyces massiliensis was isolated from actinomycosis in parotid gland. Capnocytophaga ochracea was isolated from actinomycosis in buccal region in anaerobic condition. There was no susceptible antibiotic to all bacteria in mucormycosis. Tetracycline was susceptible to all bacteria in chronic inflammation. C. ochracea was resistant to vancomycin and penicillin G; and other antibiotics showed susceptibility to all bacteria in actinomycosis. The results indicated that the combined treatment of two or more antibiotics is better than single antibiotic treatment in mucormycosis, and penicillin is the first recommended antibiotic to treat actinomycosis.

Formulation design and evaluation of Cefuroxime axetil 125 mg immediate release tablets using different concentration of sodium lauryl sulphate as solubility enhancer

Cefuroxime axetil immediate release tablets were formulated by direct compression method with different percentages of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) such as 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and also without SLS. Resulting batches of tablets were evaluated by both pharmacopeial and non-pharmacopeial methods to ascertain the physico-mechanical properties. Dissolution test were carried out in different medium like 0.07 M HCl, distilled water, 0.1M HCl of pH 1.2 and phosphate buffers at pH 4.5 and 6.8 to observe the drug release against the respective concentration of SLS used. Later, test formulations were compared by f1 (dissimilarity) and f2 (similarity) factors using a reference brand of cefuroxime axetil. Significant differences (p<0.05) in dissolution rate were recorded with the change in concentration of SLS in different media. Test formulation T3 containing 1% SLS was found to be best optimized formulation based on assay, disintegration, dissolution and similarity and dissimilarity factors.

Formularam-se comprimidos de liberação imediata à base de cefuroxima axetil, pelo método de compressão direta, com diferentes percentagens de lauril sulfato de sódio (LSS), tais como 0,5, 1,0, 1,5, e também sem SLS. Os lotes resultantes dos comprimidos foram avaliados por ambos os métodos da farmacopeia e não farmacopeicos para determinar as propriedades físico-mecânicas. O teste de dissolução foi realizado em meios diferentes, como HCl 0,07 M, água destilada, HCl 0,1 M com pH 1,2 e os tampões fosfato (pH 4,5 e 6,8) para observar a liberação do fármaco contra a correspondente concentração de LSS utilizado. Em seguida, as formulações de teste foram comparadas por fatores f1 (dissimilaridade) e f2 (similaridade), utilizando uma marca de referência de cefuroxima axetil. Diferenças significativas (p<0,05) na taxa de dissolução foram registradas com a mudança na concentração de LSS em diferentes meios de dissolução. A formulação T3 contendo LSS a 1% foi considerada a melhor formulação otimizada com base nos ensaios de desintegração, dissolução e fatores de semelhança e dissimilaridade.

Evaluación de efectividad y seguridad de cefaclor, cefprozil y cefuroxim a como primera línea para neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en menores de 5 años / Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of cefaclor, cefprozil and cefuroxim a as first line for community-acquired pneumonia in children under 5 years

Antecedentes: Descripción de la condición de salud de interés (indicación): La Neumonía Adquirida en la Comunidad (NAC), e s una enfermedad resultante de la inflamación del parénquima pulmonar generada por un agente infeccioso fuera del ambiente hospitalario. El cuadro clínico se caracteriza por tos, fiebre y signos de consolidación al examen físico, pero puede ser muy variable y mostrar otros síntomas locales como disnea, dolor torácico, expectoración, taquipnea, o generales como fiebre, escalofríos confusión y taquicardia. Información de la tecnología: La cefuroxima es muy activa frente a la mayoría de las bacterias gram-positivas (incluyendo las cepas productoras de penicilinasa) como los estafilococos (S. aureus, S. epidermis), estreptococos (a excepción de los enterococos) y algunas bacterias gram-positivas anaerobias. Entre las bacterias gram-negativas sensibles a la cefuroxima se encuentran los E.coli, Klebsiella, H.influenzae, Proteus mirabilis, N.meningitidis, y N.gonorrhoeae, incluyendo las cepas que son productoras de beta-lactamasas. Otros gérmenes sensibles son la Pasteurella multocida, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, y Yersinia. La cefuroxima tiene poca actividad frente a especies de Providencia, P. vulgaris, Serratia, o Pseudomonas. Tampoco es efectiva frente a la Listeria meningitis. Evaluación de efectividad y seguridad: ¿Cuál es la efectividad y seguridad de cefaclor, cefprozil y cefuroxima comparados con amoxicilina, amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico, eritromicina, claritromicina o azitromicina, como monoterapia ambulatoria de primera línea para NAC no complicada en niños menores de 5 años? La pregunta de evaluación fue refinada y validada con base en: autorización de mercadeo de las tecnologías para la indicación de interés (registro sanitario INVIMA), listado de medic\r\namentos vitales no disponibles, cobertura de las tecnologías en el Plan Obligatorio de Salud (POS) \r\n(Acuerdo 029 de 2011), revisión de grupos terapéuticos (clasificación ATC: Anatomical, Therapeutic, Chemical classification system), recomendaciones de guías de práctica clínica actualizadas, disponibilidad de evidencia sobre efectividad y seguridad (reportes de evaluación de tecnologías y revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura), uso de las tecnologías (listas nacionales de recobro, estadísticas de prescripc\r\nión, etc), estudios de carga de enfermedad. Población: Personas con diagnóstico de Neumonía Adquirida en la comunidad. Tecnología de interés: Amoxicilina, amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico, eritromicina, claritromicina o azitromicina. Metodología: Búsqueda de literatura, Búsqueda en bases de datos electrónica.Conclusiones: No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a efectividad al comparar tasas de curación de cefuroxima con amoxicilina. No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a efectividad al comparar tasas de curación de cefuroxima con claritromicina. No se encontraron comparaciones entre cefaclor, cefprozil con amoxicilina, amoxicilina/ácido, clavulánico, eritromicina, claritromicina y azitromicina. La revisión sistemática es de alta calidad, pero hacen falta estudios que permitan aclarar las diferencias entre cefuroxima y amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico, eritromicina, y azitromicina.

Preliminary exploration of the development of a collagenous artificial dura mater for sustained antibiotic release / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Intracranial infection is one of the most common complications of open craniocerebral injury and of conventional craniotomy in neurosurgery. The presence of blood-brain barrier leads to lower drug concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid than in the venous blood. Increasing the intravenous dosage or frequency carries the risk of systemic adverse reactions or infections in other parts of the body. Developing an artificial dura mater (ADM) for sustained antibiotic release for use during neurosurgery can solve the problems perfectly.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three types of drug-loaded ADMs made of collagen and containing cefuroxime sodium, ceftriaxone sodium, or norvancomycin were prepared. The antibacterial activity and sustained release characteristics of the ADMs were examined using bacteriostatic and release tests.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Single-layered collagen based ADMs (40 mm×50 mm×5 mm) containing 18 mg cefuroxime sodium or ceftriaxone sodium were not suitable for continued development because of drug preservation and stability issues. Using smaller ADMs (20 mm×30 mm×7 mm), containing 4.86 mg of norvancomycin, with increased collagen density and a three-layered film with two outer drug-free films above and below the antibiotic layer resulted in sustained cumulative release of 2.91 mg (59.9%) of norvancomycin over 72 hours. The similar factor (f2) comparison method proved that products from a same batch were statistically significant similar (f2 > 50).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Artificial ADMs made of collagen can be processed to provide a mature dural repair material for the sustained release of norvancomycin. This system may provide a basis for developing sustained release materials for other drugs.</p>

Efficacy and Safety of Fixed Dose Combination of Cefpodoxime Proxetil and Potassium Clavulanate (Cefchamp) in Comparison with Cefuroxime Axetil in Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Fixed Dose Combination of Cefpodoxime Proxetil and Potassium Clavulanate (Cefchamp) in comparison with Cefuroxime Axetil in patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections.Methods:In this open, randomized, and controlled, parallel-group study of 7 days, 57 patients of both gender above 18 years of age with diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection were randomized to receive Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) of Cefpodoxime Proxetil plus Potassium Clavulanate (Cefchamp), or Cefuroxime Axetil (CA) for a period of 7 days. Efficacy was assessed by symptoms of cough, dyspnoea, wheezing, Rhonchi, and chest pain based on 4-point scale as 0=none,1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe. Fever was recorded as the patient’s actual temperature. Safety assessment included adverse events and adverse drug reactions during the study period.Results: Three patients lost to follow up with CA.The improvement in all symptoms except cough was greater with CC as compared to CA group(p, >0.05). Fever improved from 37.18°C at baseline to 37.01 on day 3 with CC, whereas with CA the fever improved from 37.l5 at baseline to 37.05 on day 3 with CA. Fever subsided in all the patients in both treatments by day 5 of study therapy. Clinical cure was seen in 57.14% (16/28) patients on CC, whereas 42.3% patients (11/26) on CA had clinical cure.Conclusions:The fixed dose combination of Cefpodoxime Proxetil 200 mg and Potassium Clavulanate 125mg (Cefchamp) in comparison with Cefuroxime Axetil 500 mg showed improvement in the cure of respiratory tract infections in terms of decreasing the patient’s LRTI symptoms, improving the patient’s general health and with few adverse events and adverse drug reactions. However, further studies of greater sample size and blinded nature are needed to further substantiate this effect.

Comparison of single dose with multiple dose antibiotic prophylaxis with cefuroxime in open cholecystectomy

To compare single dose with multiple dose antibiotic prophylaxis with Cefuroxime in open cholecystectomy in terms of post operative surgical site infection, hospital stay and cost effectiveness. Study Design: Quasi experimental study. The study was conducted in the Surgical Unit of Punjab Employees Social Security Institution Islamabad and Ahmed Hospital Rawalpindi Teaching Hospitals of IMDC Islamabad, from 1st August 2010 to 30th September 2011. A total of one hundred and ten patients requiring elective open cholecystectomy were included. Patients with acute cholecystitis, jaundice, diabetes, malignancy, choledocholithiasis and co morbidity were excluded. Patients were divided in to two groups, 55 patients in each group, Group A received only single dose of Cefuroxime and Group B received multiple doses [six]. In this study, 97 [88%] patients were females and 13 [12%] were males. The mean age was 40.69 years. In Group A, 4 [5.5%] patients, and in Group B, 7 [12.7%] patients developed surgical site infection. Mean hospital stay in Group A was 2.18 days and in Group B 2.43 days. Cost of antibiotics in Group A was six times less than Group B. There is no difference in single dose and multiple doses prophylaxis with Cefuroxime in low risk patients for elective open cholecystectomy in terms of post operative surgical site infection and hospital stay however single dose is more cost effective