Atresia de coana unilateral: reporte de un caso pediátrico / Unilateral coana atresia. A pediatric case report

La atresia de coanas se caracteriza por la obliteración de la abertura nasal posterior. Es la anomalía congénita más frecuente de las fosas nasales. Tiene una incidencia de 1 cada 5000 a 7000 neonatos, con predominio en el sexo femenino. Puede presentarse en forma aislada o asociada a otros síndromes como el CHARGE (coloboma [C], malformaciones cardíacas [H], atresia de coanas [A], retraso psicomotor y/o en el crecimiento [R], hipoplasia de genitales [G], malformaciones auriculares y/o sordera [E, por su sigla en inglés]). Las manifestaciones clínicas son la obstrucción nasal, cianosis y dificultad respiratoria desde el nacimiento cuando es bilateral. Las atresias unilaterales se caracterizan por insuficiencia ventilatoria nasal y rinorrea unilateral, y pueden pasar inadvertidas. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante endoscopia y estudios por imágenes. El tratamiento es quirúrgico; existen diferentes técnicas y vías de abordaje. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 7 años con atresia unilateral de coana derecha con resolución microendoscópica, colocación de tutor externo, con buena resolución.

Choanal atresia is characterized by obliteration of the posterior nasal opening. It is the most common congenital anomaly of the nasal passages. It has an incidence of 1 in 5000 to 7000 newborns; predominantly female. It can occur in isolation or in association with other syndromes such as CHARGE (coloboma [C], cardiac malformations [H], choanal atresia [A], psychomotor and/or growth retardation [R], genital hypoplasia [G], atrial malformations and/or deafness [E]. Clinicallypresents nasal obstruction, cyanosis and respiratory distress from birth when bilateral, unilateral atresias are characterized by nasal ventilatory insufficiency and unilateral rhinorrhea, which may go unnoticed. Diagnosis is made by endoscopy and imaging tests. Treatment is surgical, with different techniques and approaches.A 7-year-old male patient is presented with unilateral atresia of the right choana with microendoscopic resolution, placement of an external tutor, with good resolution.

Atresia congénita bilateral de coanas en una adolescente: reporte de un caso / Congenital bilateral choanal atresia in an adolescelent: a case report

La atresia congénita de coanas se caracteriza por la presencia de placas que obliteran la comunicación entre la cavidad nasal y la nasofaringe desde el nacimiento. Se considera como incompatible con la vida cuando la condición es bilateral. El siguiente es el caso de una paciente femenina, de 17 años, sin síndromes asociados, con obstrucción y descarga nasal anterior bilateral, asociado a respiración oral desde el periodo neonatal. El diagnóstico de atresia bilateral de coanas fue confirmado por medio de endoscopía nasal y tomografía computarizada (TC). La imagen confirmó la presencia de placas atrésicas de composición mixta. La paciente recibió tratamiento quirúrgicamente por vía transnasal con resección de las placas y modelado de neocoana.

Congenital choanal atresia is characterized by the presence of plates obliterating the communication between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx from birth. If bilateral, this condition is incompatible with life. This following is the case of a 17-year-old female patient, without associated syndromes, with bilateral nasal obstruction and anterior discharge, associated to oral breathing, starting in her neonatal period. The diagnosis of bilateral choanal atresia was confirmed by nasal endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) scan, due to the presence of atretic plates of mixed composition. The patient was surgically treated with plate resection and modeling of a neochoana by means of a transnasal surgical approach.

Estenosis de la apertura piriforme y síndrome de incisivo central único: casos clínicos / Piriform aperture stenosis and solitary median maxillary central incisor: clinical cases

El síndrome incisivo central único es un trastorno que involucra anomalías de la línea media. Se puede presentar con dificultad respiratoria poniendo en peligro la vida del recién nacido, debido a malformaciones nasales. Estas malformaciones incluyen atresia de coanas y la estenosis de la apertura del orificio piriforme. Debe pensarse en esta última en todo recién nacido con estridor y dificultad respiratoria de grado variable, asociado a la dificultad de pasar una sonda a través de la región anterior de las fosas nasales. El diagnóstico se confirma por tomografía computarizada del macizo craneofacial y el examen nasofibroscópico. La conducta terapéutica dependerá de la gravedad de los síntomas, pero en general si es que no hay compromiso respiratorio severo, se prefiere una conducta expectante, y esperar el crecimiento craneofacial del niño, para aumentar permeabilidad nasal. Presentamos dos casos clínicos.

Solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome is a rare disorder involving midline abnormalities. It may present with life threatening respiratory distress in the neonate secondary to nasal malformations. These include choanal atresia and pyriform aperture stenosis. The last to be thought in any newborn with stridor and respiratory distress associated with the difficulty of passing a tube through the anterior region of the nostrils. The diagnosis is confirmed by craniofacial CT scan and nasolaryngoscope evaluation. The therapeutic approach depends on the severity of symptoms.

Atresia de coana unilateral: o uso de molde na cirurgia da reestenose / Unilateral choanal atresia: the use of cast in surgery for restenosis

Introdução: A atresia de coana (AC) é a anomalia nasal congênita mais comum. Estima-se a incidência de 1 caso para cada 8000-10000 nascidos vivos. Relato do caso: Paciente feminina, 9 anos, com obstrução nasal em fossa nasal direita (FND) desde o nascimento. Apresentava roncos e apneia em vigência de infecção de via aérea superior. À rinoscopia anterior direita, secreção hialina abundante. À videonasoendoscopia flexível não foi possível visualizar cavum pela FND, observando-se estase de secreção em região posterior; à esquerda cavum livre, sem lesão expansiva. Tomografia de nariz e seios paranasais evidenciou atresia de coana mista à direita. Foi realizada cirurgia para correção da malformação. Após 30 dias, observou-se reestenose do cavum. Na reintervenção, a coana foi ampliada com remoção do osso palatino e do septo posterior, realizada dilatação com balão e posicionado molde de silicone. Realizada aplicação de Mitomicina. A remoção do molde foi feita em bloco cirúrgico após 42 dias, com permeabilidade coanal preservada. Nasofibroendoscopia após 6 meses mostrou fossas nasais pérvias. Discussão: Ainda há controvérsias na literatura quanto à efetividade das diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas e ao uso de stents e de agentes antineoplásicos no pós-operatório. Neste relato, a dilatação com balão pode ter contribuído para o sucesso da cirurgia, porém o molde foi fundamental para evitar a reestenose. Considerações finais: O uso do molde mostrou um excelente resultado nesta reintervenção de correção de atresia de coana. A baixa reação inflamatória e o sucesso do pós-operatório mostraram que esta é uma opção a ser utilizada para evitar a reestenose (AU)

Introduction: Choanal atresia (CA) is the most common congenital nasal anomaly. Its incidence is estimated as 1 case for every 8,000-10,000 live births. Case report: Female patient, 9 years old, with obstruction in the right nasal cavity (RNC) since birth. She presented snoring and apnea in the presence of upper airway infection. At right anterior rhinoscopy, abundant hyaline secretion. Flexible videonasoendoscopy failed to visualize cavum through RNC, with secretion stasis in posterior region; left cavum free, without expansive lesion. Tomography of the nose and paranasal sinuses revealed mixed choanal atresia on the right. Surgery was performed to correct the malformation. Thirty days later, restenosis of the cavum was observed. At reoperation the choana was enlarged with removal of the palatine bone and posterior septum, balloon dilatation was performed and a silicone cast was positioned. Mitomycin application was performed. Removal of the cast was done in surgical ward after 42 days, with preserved choanal permeability. Nasofibroscopy at 6 months postoperatively showed permeable nasal cavities. Discussion: There is still controversy in the literature regarding the effectiveness of different surgical techniques and the use of stents and anti-neoplastic agents in the postoperative period. In this report, balloon dilatation may have contributed to the success of the surgery, but the cast was crucial to avoid restenosis. Final considerations: The use of the cast had an excellent outcome in this re-intervention of choanal atresia correction. The low inflammatory reaction and postoperative success have shown that this is an effective option to be used to avoid restenosis (AU)

Congenital Complete Arhinia: Report of a Rare Case.

Congenital absence of the nose (arhinia) is extremely rare. Arhinia leads to severe airway impairment and poor feeding in the neonate. Th e degree of nasal absence varies from case to case. Here, we present a case of congenital complete arhinia associated with other craniofacial anomalies. Arhinia leads to severe respiratory distress and feeding problems in newborn warranting emergency management, but our case diff ers as the child was adapted to mouth breathing and naso-gastric tube feeding, giving us the opportunity to delay the defi nitive management for a few weeks yet avoiding the risk of operating in a small child to create nasal airway or tracheostomy on an emergency basis.

Atresia de coanas, revisión y una mirada desde la evidencia / Choanal atresia, review and a look from the evidence

La atresia de coanas es la anomalía congénita nasal más común. Cuando es bilateral, se presenta con dificultad respiratoria desde el nacimiento. La atresia unilateral se manifiesta con insuficiencia ventilatoria y rinorrea unilateral, pudiendo pasar inadvertida. El diagnóstico se sospecha ante la ausencia de paso de aire en las fosas nasales y la imposibilidad de hacer progresar una sonda nasogástrica. Se confirma mediante examen endoscópico y tomografía computarizada. El tratamiento definitivo es quirúrgico, existiendo diferentes técnicas y vías de abordaje. Se presenta una revisión de la literatura, con especial énfasis en el tratamiento pos-quirúrgico con stents y mitomicina-C a través de una mirada desde la evidencia.

Choanal atresia is the most common congenital nasal anomaly. When bilateral, it presents with respiratory distress at birth. Unilateral atresia is manifested by respiratory failure and unilateral rhinorrhea, and may go along unnoticed. Diagnosis is suspected in the absence of airflow in the nasal cavity and for the inability to advance a nasogastric tube. Diagnosis is confirmed by endoscopic examination and computed tomography. The definitive treatment is surgical, and there are different techniques and surgical approaches. A review of the literatureis presented, with special emphasis onthepost-surgical treatmentwithstents and Mitomycin-Cview from the evidence.

Atresia coanal bilateral em paciente de 34 anos / Bilateral choanal atresia in 34 year-old patients

Introdução: A atresia de coanas (AC) pode ser definida como a falha no desenvolvimento da comunicação entre a cavidade nasal e a nasofaringe. Pode ocorrer como uma placa ósteo-membranosa, óssea ou membranosa. O diagnóstico depende de alto grau de suspeição clínica e exames complementares, o tratamento é cirúrgico. Objetivo: Relatar um caso de uma paciente adulta com diagnóstico de atresia coanal bilateral e que foi submetida a tratamento cirúrgico. Relato do Caso: MLSM, 34 anos,sexo feminino, com história de obstrução nasal bilateral, rinorreia hialina desde a infância. Na endoscopia nasal e Tomografia Computadorizada de seios da face evidenciou atresia ósteo-membranosa bilateral. Paciente foi submetida a tratamento cirúrgico endoscópico via transnasal, com confecção de retalho mucoso cobrindo a área cruenta, sem colocação de stent. Foi feito Tomografia de controle que evidenciou coanas abertas e amplas. Paciente evoluiu bem e apresenta respiração nasal normal. Comentários Finais: A AC bilateral, embora rara, pode ocorrer em pacientes adultos...

Introduction: Choanal atresia (CA) can be defined as a failure to develop the communication between the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. May occur as a plate osteo-membranous, bony or membranous. Diagnosis depends on high clinical suspicion and laboratory tests, treatment is surgical. Objective: To report a case of an adult patient diagnosed with bilateral choanal atresia and underwent surgery. Case Report: MLSM, 34 years old female with a history of bilateral nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea hyaline since childhood. On nasal endoscopy and CT scan of the sinuses showed bilateral membranous atresia osteo. Patient underwent endoscopic transnasal route, with production of mucosal flap covering the wound, without stent placement. Tomography was performed which showed control choanae open and broad. The patient progressed well and has normal nasal breathing. Conclusion: AC bilateral, although rare, can occur in adult patients...

Atresia de coanas, tratamiento quirúrgico endoscópico, 5 años de experiencia / Choanal atresia, endoscopic surgical repair, a 5 year experience

Atresia de coanas es la obstrucción congénita de la región posterior de las fosas nasales. Múltiples técnicas quirúrgicas han sido empleadas para su reparación. En el presente estudio se recopiló la información de 5 años de trabajo en el Hospital Universitario del Valle en la ciudad Santiago de Cali - Colombia, entre los años 2003 y 2008. Se obtuvo un total de 16 casos.La información demográfica documentada incluyó datos como edad, sexo, síntomas iniciales, método diagnóstico, lateralidad, tipo de atresia de coanas, comorbilidades, tratamiento inicial, edad de intervención quirúrgica, técnica quirúrgica usada. La técnica quirúrgica consistió en el fresado y apertura de la placa atrésica vía endoscópica transnasal utilizando taladro, previa realización de colgajos mucosos en cruz y resecando parcialmente paredes del vómer.La experiencia observada en estos 5 años de trabajo demuestra que el abordaje endoscópico transnasal presenta grandes ventajas, entre ellas la baja tasa de reestenosis.

Choanal atresia is a congenital disorder where the back of the nasal passage is blocked. Many surgical techniques have been used to repair this disorder. In this study we collected information from 5 years of work at the Hospital Universitario del Valle in the city of Santiago de Cali - Colombia, between 2003 and 2008. A total of 16 cases were obtained. The documented data included demographic information like age, sex, initial symptoms, diagnostic methods, laterality, type of atresia, comorbilities, initial treatment and surgical technique used. The surgical technique consisted in endoscopic opening of the atretic plate using drill. Mucosal flaps and resection of partial plate of vomer were made previously.The experience observed in these 5 years of work shows that the endoscopic transnasal approach has major advantages, including low restenosis rate.

Experiencia de 30 años de trabajo en el tratamiento de la imperforación de coanas / Thirthy years of experience in imperforate choana treatment

Se realizó un estudio transversal y retrospectivo sobre los 11 pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital infantil Sur de Santiago de Cuba con el diagnóstico de imperforación de coanas, donde se expone la experiencia del equipo médico en el tratamiento de estos niños durante más de 30 años de trabajo (1970-2000).

A retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted in 11 patients diagnosed with imperforate choanas, who were attended in the Otorhinolaringology Service of the Southern Children Hospital from Santiago de Cuba, where the experience of the medical team in the treatment of these children for more than 30 working years (1970-2000) is stated.

Obstrução nasal no recém-nascido: diagnóstico diferencial / Nasal obstruction of the newborn: a differential diagnosis

Introdução: A obstrução nasal é potencialmente grave quando acomete os recém-nascidos, respiradores nasais preferenciais. Os neonatos com obstrução nasal podem apresentar desde um quadro assintomático até uma situação grave de obstrução da via aérea, com cianose cíclica. A cianose piora com alimentação e melhora com choro. Apesar de a causa mais comum de obstrução no neonato ser o edema de mucosa secundário à rinite viral ou à rinite idiopática do lactente, é importante estar atento para o diagnóstico das alterações anatômicas nasais. Embora pouco frequentes, são afecções nas quais o diagnóstico e manejo precoces são fundamentais para evitar, além da obstrução da via aérea, as dificuldades de alimentação com aspiração recorrente. Objetivo: O objetivo da presente série de casos é descrever as três causas mais comuns de obstrução nasal anatômica no neonato: a atresia de coanas, a dacriocistocele e a estenose da abertura piriforme anterior. Considerações Finais: As características clínicas, investigação diagnóstica e tratamento dessas três patologias são apresentadas. Através disso, buscamos alertar para a importância de que a passagem de uma sonda nasal faça parte do exame físico de todo recém-nascido, em especial se ele apresentar disfunção respiratória ao nascimento e/ou cianose às mamadas.

Introduction: The nasal obstruction is potentially severe when affecting newborns, preferential nasal breathers. The newborns with nasal obstruction may present from an asymptomatic affection up to a severe situation of airway obstruction, with cyclical cyanosis. The cyanosis worsens with feeding and improves with crying. Despite the most common cause of obstruction in the newborn is mucosa edema secondary to viral rhinitis or idiopathic rhinitis of the child, it is important to be attentive to the diagnosis of the nasal anatomic alterations. Although not much frequent, they represent affections in which the early diagnosis and management are basic to prevent airway obstruction and feeding difficulties with recurrent aspiration. Objective: The objective of this case report is to describe the three most common causes of anatomic nasal obstruction in newborns: the choanal atresia, dacryocystocele and anterior piriform opening stenosis. Final Comments: The clinical characteristics, diagnostic investigation and treatment of these three pathologies are presented. Therefore, we seek to alert as to the importance that the nasal probe passage be part of the physical exam of every newborn, specially when it has breathing disorder upon birth and/or cyanosis when breastfeeding.

Atresia bilateral de coanas em crianças: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Bilateral choanal atresia in childhood: case report and literature review

Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente de 14 anos de idade com imperfuração bilateral das coanas ao exame físico e que, à tomografia computadorizada, apresentou sinais compatíveis com atresia das coanas bilateralmente do tipo misto. Na prática clínica, é comum o encontro de atresiaunilateral de coanas em crianças e adolescentes; já a atresia bilateral pode ser potencialmente fatal e geralmente é diagnosticada em neonatos. O objetivo deste relato é demonstrar as características tomográficas dessa doença, incomum na faixa etária do paciente, e fazer uma revisão da literatura dos aspectos clínicos, métodos de diagnóstico e aspectos de imagem encontrados nos pacientes acometidos.

The authors report a case of a 14-year-old child with choanal bilateral imperforation observed in clinical examination. A multidetector computed tomography scan revealed bilateral choanal atresia. No other congenital anomaly was noted. With this relatewe aim to describe the clinic and radiographic aspects of the disease,associated with a review of the iterature.

Atresia de coanas en la edad adulta / Choanal atresia in adults

La atresia de coanas (AC), se define como la falta de conexión entre la cavidad nasal y el tracto aerodigestivo, produciendo obstrucción parcial o total de una o ambas coanas. La etiología más frecuente es congénita, y muchas veces se presenta asociada con otras malformaciones. La causa adquirida es menos frecuente, se han reportado casos en pacientes que han requerido el uso de sondas por vía nasal por periodos prolongados. A continuación se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 44 años con el diagnóstico de atresia de coanas adquirida, quien tiene el antecedente de uso prolongado de sonda nasoyeyunal.

Choanal atresia (AC) is defined as the lack of connection between the nasal cavity and the aerodigestive tract, resulting in partial or total obstruction of one or both choanae. The most frequent etiology is congenital, and in many cases it is associated to other malformations. Acquired choanal atresia is less frequent; although cases have been reponed in which patients had required nasal tubing for prolonged periods of time. The clinical case of a 44 year-old female diagnosed with acquired choanal atresia is presented here. The patient had a history of prolonged use of a nasojejunal feeding tube.

Comparative evaluation of preoperative CT Scan and intraoperative endoscopic sinus surgery findings in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis [CRS] is a common condition in medical practice. The diagnosis generally relies on clinical judgment, but computed tomography [CT] together with sinonasal endoscopy, provide the majority of the objective data. This study was carried out to determine the agreement between preoperative CT findings and intraoperative endoscopic sinus surgery [ESS] findings in patients with CRS. Statistical analysis of collected data from paranasal sinus CTs of 51 patients aged between 15 and 77 who subsequently underwent ESS for CRS at two training hospitals during a 2-year period, was performed. The agreement between CT and ESS findings was assessed by Kappa statistics, Chi-square and t test were also used for data analysis. The most common co-morbidity found among the patients with chronic sinusitis was allergy in 18 [35%] patients. Hypertrophy of the inferior turbinate was the most obvious finding in CT [71%] and during endoscopic evaluation [69%]. No significant correlation was found between clinical symptoms and gender or the length of disease. In 8 unusual patients [one with choanal atresia, one with bone wax in nasal cavity, and 6 with small polyposis], CT could not show the problem. There are good to excellent agreements between the two diagnostic procedures, except for the choanal atresia, which showed no agreement [K = 0]. The results of nasal fossa findings obtained by nasal endoscopy are more conclusive in the elucidation of diagnosis than those obtained by paranasal sinus CTs. In spite of a good agreement between CT and ESS findings in most patients, it seems in some unusual cases, CT may miss many patients

[Endonasal surgery in the management of choanal atresia]

To assess results after surgical management of choanalatresia in order to determine indications and advantages of endonasal surgery. We carry a retrospective study about 25 patients having choanal atresia treated in our department between 1987 and 2005. All patients had had nasal endoscopy and sinonasal CT. Treatment was surgical in all cases. Three surgical techniques were performed. Postoperative follow-up was endoscopic with a mean period of 4 years. Atresia was unilateral in 21 patients and bilateral in 4 neonates. After emergently putting of a Mayo cannula and endoscopic control, divulsion was performed in the 4 bilateral forms. For unilateral atresias, transpalatal approach was performed in 4 cases and endonasal approach in 17 cases. Fibrous restenosis occurred in 6 cases. It happened in 3 children operated by endonasal approach, in 2 operated by transpalatal approach and in one that underwent divulsion. All revision surgeries were performed by endonasal approach using the laser diode. Thus, a definitive repermeabilisation of malformed choana was achieved for all cases. Endonasal surgery is now the treatment of choice of choanal atresia, with a high success rate and minimal risks of complications

Presentation of choanal atresia in Saudi children

To present data of cases with choanal atresia [CA] from Saudi patients, and to compare them to the data from the international literature. A retrospective analysis of the data available from the files of 37 consecutive patients with the diagnosis of CA at King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between January 1999 and December 2005. This involved reviewing the age, gender, presenting symptoms, associated anomalies, surgical intervention, and outcomes. Twenty-three of our cases had unilateral and 14 had bilateral CA. Strikingly, 83% of unilateral CA involved the right side. In our study, we found the female to male ratio to be 2:1. Approximately, 95% of the cases had mixed bony and membranous CA. Thirty-two percent of the cases had other associated congenital anomalies. Most of our cases had their surgical intervention by endoscopic technique. Choanal atresia is a rare anomaly. In Saudi children, female is more commonly affected than male. There is a striking rate of involvement of the right side in the cases of unilateral CA

Atresia de coana: análise de 16 casos - a experiência do HRAC-USP de 2000 a 2004 / Choanal atresia: analysis of 16 cases - the experience of HRAC-USP from 2000 to 2004

Atresia de coanas é uma patologia rara cuja incidência varia de 1:5.000-8.000 nascidos vivos, sendo mais comum no sexo feminino e associada a outras malformações. FORMA DE ESTUDO: clínico retrospectivo. Quando unilateral, tem seu diagnóstico retardado pela carência de sintomas, porém, quando bilateral, necessita de tratamento imediato devido à insuficiência respiratória e à incapacidade de o recém nascido realizar respiração oral. Neste artigo relatamos a incidência e a experiência do HRAC-USP.

Choanal atresia is a rare disease and the incidence is 1: 5000-8000 newborns alive. It is more comom among female and usually is associated with others malformations. STUDY DESIGN: clinical retrospective. When unilateral its diagnose may be postpone because its symptoms are less life threating. But when bilateral children have important respiratory insuficency. This articles will report incidence and the expirience of HRAC-USP.

Estenose congênita da abertura piriforme / Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis

A estenose congênita da abertura piriforme é uma rara causa de obstrucão nasal que pode ocorrer no recém-nascido. É provocada pelo crescimento excessivo do processo nasal medial da maxila causando um estreitamento do terco anterior da fossa nasal. Inicialmente foi relatada uma deformidade isolada, posteriormente a estenose congênita da abertura piriforme foi considerada como apresentacão de forma menor da holoprosencefalia. Neste artigo relatamos um caso de recém-nascido do sexo masculino que apresentava desde o parto dispnéia, cianose e episódios de apnéia. O paciente foi submetido a cirurgia com alargamento da abertura piriforme por acesso sublabial. No seguimento apresentou boa evolucão durante o acompanhamento. O relato desta deformidade mostra sua importância como causa de obstrucão nasal congênita e diagnóstico diferencial de atresia coanal. A estenose congênita da abertura piriforme pode ser reparada adequadamente, quando necessário, através de procedimento cirúrgico.

Bilateral congenital choanal atresia.

Our experience with the diagnosis and management of bilateral choanal atresia is presented. Four patients were treated by endoscopic transnasal approach followed by stenting with portex endotracheal tube for four to six weeks. Meticulous postoperative care particularly stent management is crucial for successful treatment of choanal atresia.