A high-carbohydrate diet enhances the adverse effect of the S2 allele of APOC3 SstI polymorphism on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in young Chinese females

Both genetic background and diet have profound effects on plasma lipid profiles. We hypothesized that a high-carbohydrate (high-CHO) diet may affect the ratios of serum lipids and apolipoproteins (apo) differently in subjects with different genotypes of the SstI polymorphism in the apoCIII gene (APOC3). Fifty-six healthy university students (27 males and 29 females, 22.89 ± 1.80 years) were given a washout diet of 54 percent carbohydrate for 7 days, followed by a high-CHO diet of 70 percent carbohydrate for 6 days without total energy restriction. Serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apoB100, apoAI, and the APOC3 SstI polymorphism were analyzed. The ratios of serum lipids and apoB100/apoAI were calculated. At baseline, the TG/HDL-C ratio was significantly higher in females, but not in males, with the S2 allele. The differences in the TG/HDL-C ratio between genotypes remained the same after the washout and the high-CHO diet in females. When compared with those before the high-CHO diet, the TC/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 3.13 ± 1.00 vs 2.36 ± 0.65, P = 0.000; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.97 ± 0.74 vs 2.09 ± 0.55, P = 0.000; female S2 carriers: 2.68 ± 0.36 vs 2.24 ± 0.37, P = 0.004; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.69 ± 0.41 vs 2.09 ± 0.31, P = 0.000) and LDL-C/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 1.44 ± 0.71 vs 1.06 ± 0.26, P = 0.012; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.35 ± 0.61 vs 1.01 ± 0.29, P = 0.005; female S2 carriers: 1.18 ± 0.33 vs 1.00 ± 0.18, P = 0.049; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.18 ± 0.35 vs 1.04 ± 0.19, P = 0.026) ratios were significantly decreased after the high-CHO diet regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. However, in female S2 carriers, the TG/HDL-C (1.38 ± 0.46 vs 1.63 ± 0.70, P = 0.039) ratio was significantly increased after the high-CHO diet. In conclusion, the high-CHO diet has favorable effects on the TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. Somehow, it enhanced the adverse effect of the S2 allele on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in females.

Efeitos de hipolipemiantes e polimorfismos sobre a expressão dos genes HMGCR, LDLR, SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP e NPC1L1 em indivíduos hipercolesterolêmicos / Lipid lowering and polymorphisms effects on the expression of HMGCR, LDLR, SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP and NPC1L1 genes in hypercholesterolemic subjects

A homeostase do colesterol é mediada por proteínas envolvidas na absorçao (NPC1L1), regulação (SREBP1, SREBP2, SCAP), síntese (HMGCR) e remoção plasmática (LDLR). Os fármacos inibidores da síntese (vastatinas) e absorção (ezetimiba) do colesterol são potentes agentes hipocolesterolemiantes. Alteracões em vários genes têm sido associadas a diferenças na resposta a diversos agentes terapêuticos. Com a finalidade de estudar os efeitos de hipolipemiantes e polimorfismos sobre a expressão dos genes HMGCR, LDLR, SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP e NPC1L1, foram selecionados 25 indivíduos com hipercolesterolemia familial (HF), 72 com hipercolesterolemia não familial (HNF) e 125 indivíduos normolipidêmicos e sem doença cardiovascular (NL). Os indivíduos HF foram tratados com sinvastatina (40 mg/dia/4 sem) combinada ou não com ezetimiba (10 mg/dia/4sem) e os HNF foram tratados com atorvastatina (10 mg/dia/4sem). Amostras de sangue foram obtidas antes e após o tratamento para a extração de DNA e RNA e analise do perfil lipídico sérico. A expressão de mRNA dos genes SREBF1a, SREBF2, SCAP, HMGCR, LDLR e NPC1L1 em células mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) foi determinada por RT-PCR em tempo real empregando-se o gene da GAPD como controle endógeno...

Hipercolesterolemia familiar / Familial hypercholesterolemia

A hipercolesterolemia familiar é uma doença genética, caracterizada por elevações dos níveis de colesterol plasmático, resultante da fração que não é removida adequadamente da circulação. São descritas mais de 600 mutações envolvidas nos mecanismos de síntese e expressão dos receptores da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL), o que se traduz em redução ou em não funcionamento desses mecanismos. A forma de transmissão da mutação é autossômica dominante, o que resulta em dois fenótipos distintos: a forma homozigótica, rara, com prevalência de 1 em 1 milhão de indivíduos e valores de LDL-Colesterol acima de 600 mg/dl, além da presença de aterosclerose precoce, com acometimento cardiovascular já na primeira infância e adolescência; e a forma heterozigótica, mais frequente, que acomete 1 em 500 indivíduos, em que os níveis de LDL-colesterol plasmático se situam, geralmente entre 200 mg/dl e 400 mg/dl, e na ausência de tratamento adequado a doença coronariana vai se estabelecer em homens antes dos 50 anos e em mulheres antes dos 60 anos. o diagnóstico é estabelecido por meio de critérios clínicos e pode ser confirmado pela determinação da mutação. O tratamento, bem como as metas lipídicas a serem alcançadas, baseiam-se na estratificação de risco desses pacientes, o qual avalia, entre outros fatores, a presença de aterosclerose subclínica por meio da avaliação do complexo íntima média da carótida e do cálcio coronário. O diagnóstico de hipercolesterolemia familiar permite a identificação dessa doença em outros componentes assintmáticos em uma mesma família, podendo-se estabelecer o tratamento adequado da hipercolesterolemia, o que irá prevenir eventos cardiovasculares futuros

Genetics of gallstone disease.

Gallstone disease is a complex disorder where both environmental and genetic factors contribute towards susceptibility to the disease. Epidemiological and family studies suggest a strong genetic component in the causation of this disease. Several genetically derived phenotypes in the population are responsible for variations in lipoprotein types, which in turn affect the amount of cholesterol available in the gall bladder. The genetic polymorphisms in various genes for apo E, apo B, apo A1, LDL receptor, cholesteryl ester transfer and LDL receptor-associated protein have been implicated in gallstone formation. However, presently available information on genetic differences is not able to account for a large number of gallstone patients. The molecular studies in the animal models have not only confirmed the present paradigm of gallstone formation but also helped in identification of novel genes in humans, which might play an important role in pathogenesis of the disease. Precise understanding of such genes and their molecular mechanisms may provide the basis of new targets for rational drug designs and dietary interventions.

Molecular basis of cholesterol feedback lesion in CNS tumours.

An important feature of malignant transformation of tumours is the loss of cholesterol feedback inhibition mechanism (cholesterol-feedback lesion) that regulates mevalonate pathway recognized to play a crucial role in cellular growth, death and differentiation. Recently, it was shown that Receptor-C(k)-dependent signalling regulates genes involved in maintaining cellular cholesterol homeostasis through a transcription factor sterol response element binding protein (SREBP) having affinity for sterol regulatory element (SRE) present in the promoter region of these genes. The present study revealed that CNS tumours exhibit overexpression of Receptor-C(k) gene product which was accompanied by their inability to express SREBP gene product and this phenomenon has the inherent capacity to initiate the cholesterol feedback lesion in these tumours. Based upon these and our earlier studies, we propose for the first time that this loss of cholesterol feedback control may be responsible for the initiation of these tumours.

Colesterol y triglicéridos sanguíneos en adolescentes durante el desarrollo sexual / Blood cholesterol and triglycerides in adolescents during sexual development

Se midieron las concentraciones séricas de colesterol y triglicéridos en 152 adolescentes (53 varones y 99 mujeres) que acudieron a control de salud al Consultorio Integral de Adolescentes Valparaíso. Las concentraciones de colesterol total fluctuaron entre 120 mg/dl (percentil 10) y 220 mg/dl (percentil 90) y 20,4%estaban sobre 200 mg/dl. Las de triglicéridos fluctuaron entre 57 mg/dl (percentil 10) y 161 mg/dl (percentil 90) siendo 11,9%mayores que 150 mg/dl. Sólo se encontró una tendencia a la asociación entre concentraciones de colesterol total y desarrollo mamario, en cambio se encontró asociación clara entre colesterol e índice de masa corporal (p < 0,01) y antecedente familiar de enfermedad coronaria (p < 0,02)