Craniofacial skeletal pattern: is it really correlated with the degree of adenoid obstruction?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the cephalometric pattern of children with and without adenoid obstruction.METHODS: The sample comprised 100 children aged between four and 14 years old, both males and females, subjected to cephalometric examination for sagittal and vertical skeletal analysis. The sample also underwent nasofiberendoscopic examination intended to objectively assess the degree of adenoid obstruction.RESULTS: The individuals presented tendencies towards vertical craniofacial growth, convex profile and mandibular retrusion. However, there were no differences between obstructive and non-obstructive patients concerning all cephalometric variables. Correlations between skeletal parameters and the percentage of adenoid obstruction were either low or not significant.CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that specific craniofacial patterns, such as Class II and hyperdivergency, might not be associated with adenoid hypertrophy.

OBJETIVO: a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo comparar o padrão cefalométrico de crianças com e sem obstrução adenoidiana.MÉTODOS: a amostra consistiu de 100 crianças, com idades entre 4 e 14 anos, de ambos os sexos, submetidas a exames cefalométricos para a avaliação de variáveis cefalométricas horizontais e verticais. A amostra também foi submetida à nasofibroendoscopia, por meio da qual o grau de obstrução adenoidiana foi objetivamente aferido.RESULTADOS: os pacientes avaliados demonstraram tendência ao crescimento vertical acentuado, ao perfil convexo e à retrusão mandibular. No entanto, não houve diferenças entre pacientes portadores e não portadores de obstrução, em relação a todas as variáveis cefalométricas. As correlações estabelecidas entre os parâmetros esqueléticos e os percentuais de hipertrofia foram baixas ou não significativas.CONCLUSÕES: os resultados sugerem que padrões faciais específicos, tais como Classe II e hiperdivergência, parecem não estar associados à hipertrofia adenoideana.

Determination of clorazepate dipotassium via its acid induced degradation products

Two sensitive colorimetric methods are suggested for the determination of clorazepate dipotassium via its degradation products. The procedure is based on acid hydrolysis of clorazepate dipotassium yielding two degradation products namely, 2-amino, 5-chlorobenzophenone and glycine. The hydrolysis is carried out by heating clorazepate dipotassium in 6 N HCL at 100°C for 1 hr. The first procedure depend upon determination of the correspondding produced benzophenone degradation product [after extraction byorganic solvent] diazometrically by reacting quantitatively with nitrous acid forming a diazonium salt that subsequently react with a coupling agent as alpha naphthol to give a colored azodye having a maximum absorbance at 502 nm. Beer's law is obeyed over a concentration range of 10-70 mcg / ml of clorazepate dipotassium. The second procedure depend on determination of glycine [the second degradation product] left in the aqueous layer after extraction of the corresponding benzophenone by reacting with p. benzoquinone at pH5.6 where a pink colour is obtained which absorbs maximally at 490 nm. Beer's law is obeyed over a concentration range of 32-160 mcg/ml of clorazepate dipotassium. The proposed procedure is successfully applied for the determination of clorazepate dipotassium in Tranxene capsules with mean percentage recoveries of 99.93 +/- 0.195 and 100.08 +/- 0.29 via the corresponding benzophenone and glycine degradation products respectively. The validity of the method was ascertained by the standard addition technique. The suggested procedure is suitable for stability testing of clorazepate dipotassium in bulk powder and in pharmaceutical preparation

Determination of clorazepate dipotassium via its iodobismuthate complex

A spectrophotometric method and two titrimetric methods for the determination of clorazepate dipotassium via its Iodobismuthate complex are described. These methods depend on, the reaction of clorazepate dipotassium with potassium bismuth iodide which give an orange precipitate. Determination of clorazepate dipotassium in the precipitated complex is done iodometrically using standard potassium iodate solution or complexometrically using standard EDTA solution and xylenol orange indicator. Alternatively, the complex is dissolved in ethyl alcohol and its absorbance is measured at 322 nm. The three methods were successfully applied for the determination of authentic samples of clorazepate dipotassium in the concentration range of 5-25 mg [for the titrimetric method and 40-120 mcg [for the spectrophotometric method]. The mean percentage recoveries were found to be 99.61 +/- 0.81, 99.80 +/- 0.48 - and 99.97 +/- 0.50 for the three methods, respectively. The proposed methods described were successfully applied for the determination of clorazepate dipotassium in tranxene capsules and the validity of the suggested procedures was assessed by applying the standard addition technique

Estudio comparativo del diazepam, lorazepam y cloracepato dipotásico en medicación preanestesica / Comparative study of diazepam, lorazepam and dipotassium chloraceptate in premedication

Este estudio fue realizado para valorar grado de sedación, amnesia, estabilidad de signos vitales y dolor en el sitio de inyección utilizando Diazepam, Lorazepam y Cloracepato Dipotásico para medicación preanestésica. Se estudiaron 80 pacientes asignados al azar, divididos en 5 grupos de 20 pacientes cada uno. El grupo "A" recibió 2cc. de solución fisiológica y sirvió de control, grupo "B" 0.16 mgr/Kg/peso de Diazepam, grupo "C" 0.04 mg/Kg/peso de Lorazepam y el grupo "D" 2 mg/Kg/peso de Cloracepato Dipotásico. Todos fueron administrados vía intramuscular 1.15 horas antes de la cirugía. El grupo "C" que recibió Lorazepam resultó con mejor grado de sedación y mayor efecto amnésico (X2=60.28P<0,001). El grupo "D" que recibió Cloracepato Dipotásico mostró un buen grado de sedación, aunque su efecto fue menor que el grupo "B" que recibió Diazepam. Con respecto al dolor en el sitio de inyección solamente el grupo que no lo presentó fue el grupo "C" que recibió Lorazepam (X2=16.65P<0.001) ninguno de los medicamentos utilizados produce alteraciones clínicas significativas en los signos vitales