Duplicación del colédoco asociado a unión biliopancreática anómala: Reporte de caso / Common bile duct duplication associated with anomalous biliopancreatic junction: A case report

Introducción. La duplicación del colédoco es una anomalía congénita poco frecuente. En la mayoría de los casos este defecto se asocia a cálculos en la vía biliar, unión pancreatobiliar anómala, pancreatitis, cáncer gástrico o colangiocarcinoma. Por esta razón, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento temprano son importantes para evitar las complicaciones descritas a futuro. Métodos. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 30 años, con antecedente de pancreatitis aguda, con cuadro de dolor abdominal crónico, a quien se le realizaron varios estudios imagenológicos sin claro diagnóstico. Fue llevada a manejo quirúrgico en donde se documentó duplicación del colédoco tipo II con unión pancreatobiliar anómala. Resultados. Se hizo reconstrucción de las vías biliares y hepatico-yeyunostomía, con adecuada evolución postoperatoria y reporte final de patología sin evidencia de tumor. Conclusión. El diagnóstico se hace mediante ecografía endoscópica biliopancreática, colangiorresonancia o colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica. El tratamiento depende de si está asociado o no a la presencia de unión biliopancreática anómala o cáncer. Si el paciente no presenta patología neoplásica, el tratamiento quirúrgico recomendado es la resección del conducto con reconstrucción de las vías biliares.

Introduction. Double common bile duct is an extremely rare congenital anomaly. This anomaly may be associated with bile duct stones, anomalous biliopancreatic junction, pancreatitis, bile duct cancer, or gastric cancers. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment is important to avoid complications. Clinical case. We report a rare case of double common bile duct associated with an anomalous biliopancreatic junction in a 30-year-old female, with prior history of acute pancreatitis, who presented with chronic abdominal pain. She underwent several imaging studies, without clear diagnosis. She was taken to surgical management where duplication of the type II common bile duct was documented with anomalous pancreatobiliary junction. Results. Reconstruction of the bile ducts and hepatico-jejunostomy were performed, with adequate postoperative evolution and final pathology report without evidence of tumor. Conclusion. Diagnosis is usually performed by an endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance cholangiopancrea-tography, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Treatment depends on the presence of anomalus biliopancreatic junction or concomitant cancer. In cases without associated malignancy, resection of bile duct and biliary reconstruction is the recommended surgical treatment.

O uso da pinça de biópsia como técnica auxiliar na visualização da papila duodenal maior utilizando-se o esofagogastroduodenoscópio de visão frontal / The use of the forceps biopsy as an auxiliary technique for the visualization of the major duodenal papilla using the foward-viewing upper endoscopy

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: - Conventional esophagogastroduodenoscopy is the best method for evaluation of the upper gastrointestinal tract, but it has limitations for the identification of the major duodenal papilla, even after the use of the straightening maneuver. Side-viewing duodenoscope is recommended for optimal examination of major duodenal papilla in patients at high risk for lesions in this region. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of the biopsy forceps during conventional esophagogastroduodenoscopy as an additional tool to the straightening maneuver, in the evaluation of the major duodenal papilla. METHODS: A total of 671 patients were studied between 2013 and 2015, with active major duodenal papilla search in three endoscope steps: not straightened, straightened and use of the biopsy forceps after straightening. In all of them it was recorded whether: major duodenal papilla was fully visualized (position A), partially visualized (position B) or not visualized (position C). If major duodenal papilla was not fully visualized, patients continued to the next step. RESULTS: A total of 341 were female (50.8%) with mean age of 49 years. Of the 671 patients, 324 (48.3%) major duodenal papilla was identified in position A, 112 (16.7%) in position B and 235 (35%) in position C. In the 347 patients who underwent the straightening maneuver, position A was found in 186 (53.6%), position B in 51 (14.7%) and position C in 110 (31.7%). Of the 161 remaining patients and after biopsy forceps use, position A was seen in 94 (58.4%), position B in 14 (8.7%) and position C in 53 (32.9%). The overall rate of complete visualization of major duodenal papilla was 90%. CONCLUSION: The use of the biopsy forceps significantly increased the total major duodenal papilla visualization rate by 14%, reaching 604/671 (90%) of the patients (P<0.01) and it can be easily incorporated into the routine endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Esofagogastroduodenoscopia convencional é o melhor método para avaliação do trato gastrointestinal superior, mas apresenta limitações para identificação da papila duodenal maior, mesmo após emprego da manobra de retificação. Exame completo da papila duodenal maior está indicado para pacientes de alto risco para adenocarcinoma da papila duodenal maior. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a utilização da pinça de biópsia durante esofagogastroduodenoscopia convencional como ferramenta adicional à manobra de retificação na avaliação da papila duodenal maior. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 671 pacientes entre 2013-2015 com busca ativa da papila duodenal maior em três etapas: endoscópio não retificado, endoscópio retificado e uso da pinça de biópsia após retificação. Em todas se registrou: se a papila duodenal maior foi totalmente visualizada (posição A), se parcialmente visualizada (posição B) ou se não visualizada (posição C). Caso a papila duodenal maior não tenha sido completamente visualizada, o paciente foi direcionado para a etapa seguinte. RESULTADOS: Um total de 341 era do sexo feminino (50,8%) com idade média de 49 anos. Dos 671 pacientes, em 324 (48,3%) a papila duodenal maior foi identificada na posição A, 112 (16,7%) em posição B e, 235 (35%) em posição C. Dos 347 pacientes submetidos à manobra de retificação, posição A foi encontrada em 186 (53,6%), posição B em 51 (14,7%) e posição C em 110 (31,7%). Dos 161 pacientes restantes que utilizaram a pinça de biópsia, posição A foi vista em 94 (58,4%), posição B em 14 (8,7%) e posição C em 53 (32,9%). A taxa acumulativa de visualização completa da papila duodenal maior foi de 90%. CONCLUSÃO: O uso da pinça de biópsia aumentou a taxa de visualização completa da papila duodenal maior em 14%, alcançando 604/671 (90%) dos pacientes (P<0,01) avaliados e pode ser facilmente incorporada aos exames endoscópicos de rotina do trato gastrointestinal superior.

Agenesis of the gallbladder and choledocholithiasis. case report

ABSTRACT Introduction. The most frequent elective surgery in General Surgery is the gallbladder surgery (cholecystectomy) in General Surgery in adults. There are many abnormalities of the gallbladder and the common bile duct. The most uncommon case is gallbladder agenesis. It could be difficult even for a experimented surgeon. It's the most erratic biliar duct malformation, and there are near 500 cases reported.(l) Case presentation. We present a case report of a 44 years old female patient, with abdominal pain in right superior quadrant, history of jaundice and acholia, with higher hepatic enzymes and direct bilirubin, with high probability of Choledocholithiasis. The images had not finding of the gallbladder (ultrasonography, Magnetic Resonance). The endoscopic retrograde colangiopancreatography (ERCP) was done, without removal of lithiasis and it used stent. Finally we did laparoscopy common bile duct exploration, and the surgery confirmation of agenesis of the gallbladder, with mecanic lithotripsy, and the success with total resolution of the patology in the posterior medical control. Conclusion. Agenesis of the gallbladder is a rare pathology that not many surgeons have the opportunity to treat. However, a surgeon must be prepared for any malformation and anatomical variant.

RESUMEN Introducción. Una de las cirugías electivas que más desarrolla el cirujano general en adultos, es la colecistectomía. Sin embargo, el cirujano debe estar preparado para múltiples hallazgos, entre ellas las malformaciones. El caso más exótico que puede encontrar el mismo, es la agenesia de la vesícula biliar, el cual puede desorientar completamente a un cirujano incluso experimentado, debido a que es la malformación con más baja incidencia de las vías biliares y sólo hay cerca de 500 casos reportados en la literatura.1 Presentación del caso. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 44 años, con cuadro clínico de dolor abdominal en cuadrante superior derecho, historia clínica de ictericia y acolia, con elevación del perfil hepático (hiperbilirrubinemia directa) y alta probabilidad de coledocolitiasis. En los estudios imagenológicos (Ultrasonografia y Resonancia Nuclear Magnética de Vías biliares), no hubo hallazgo de vesícula biliar. Por ende, se realizó la colangiografía pancreática retrograda endoscópica (CPRE) en la cual no se logró la extracción de cálculos, y requirió uso de Endoprótesis. Finalmente, el tratamiento derivó a exploración de Vías biliares por laparoscopia, en dónde se confirmó el hallazgo de agenesia de vía biliar sospechado por la Resonancia Magnética y ecografías previas, se realizó entonces litotripsia mecánica dirigida con resolución completa del cuadro clínico. Y seguimiento posterior exitoso, con mejoría de la sintomatología inicial de la paciente. Conclusión. La agenesia vesicular una patología extraordinaria que incluso el cirujano general no se pueda encontrar alguna vez en su vida. Sin embargo, este debe estar preparado para todas las malformaciones y variantes anatómicas.

Cólico biliar inducido por morfina / Morphine induced biliary pain: case report

Morphine produces contraction of Oddi’s sphincter, which can be severe and of longer duration in some pathological conditions. This exaggerated response can manifest as a colicky biliary pain, frequently accompanied by a dramatic increase in hepatic enzymes. We report a 32 years old female who consulted in the emergency room for severe low abdominal pain of gynecologic origin, which was completely controlled by morphine. However, she presented a sudden epigastric colicky pain irradiating in the back, which persisted for several hours in spite of the repeated administration of analgesics. Transaminases elevated from previously normal value to over 1,000 U/L, and returned to the normal level without further treatment after several days. Magnetic resonance cholangiography showed normal fine bile duct, without stones. This transient increase in hepatic enzymes was considered as a consequence of high biliary pressure secondary to morphine-induced spastic contraction of Oddi’s sphincter and a consecutive hepatocellular necrosis.

New Technique of Endoscopic Sphincterotomy with Iso-Tome(R) to Incise the Distal Papillary Roof in Patients with Choledocholiths and Choledochoduodenal Fistula

BACKGROUND/AIMS: It is sometimes difficult to incise the distal papillary roof (PR) completely in patients with choledocholiths and choledochoduodenal fistula (CDF). The Iso-Tome(R) (MTW-Endoskopie W. Haag KG), which is helpful in preventing electrical leakage, has good orientation capabilities and can be easily placed at the orifice of the CDF or ampulla of Vater (AV). We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) with the Iso-Tome(R) for cutting the distal PR. METHODS: Between May 2003 and July 2012, 35 patients were analyzed retrospectively. The distal PR was cut downward and/or upward using the Iso-tome(R) until the pink intrapapillary mucosa was fully exposed. Downward incisions were performed from the opening of the CDF to the orifice of the AV; upward incisions were performed in reverse. RESULTS: Spontaneous or artificial CDF occurred in four and 31 patients, respectively. The technical and therapeutic success rates were 94.3% (33/35) and 94.3% (33/35), respectively. There was no case of electrical damage to the pink intrapapillary mucosa. Adverse events occurred in 2.9% (1/35; 1, mild bleeding) of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The new technique of ES with the Iso-tome(R) is feasible and useful for effectively incising the distal PR in patients with CDF and choledocholiths.

New Technique of Endoscopic Sphincterotomy with Iso-Tome(R) to Incise the Distal Papillary Roof in Patients with Choledocholiths and Choledochoduodenal Fistula

BACKGROUND/AIMS: It is sometimes difficult to incise the distal papillary roof (PR) completely in patients with choledocholiths and choledochoduodenal fistula (CDF). The Iso-Tome(R) (MTW-Endoskopie W. Haag KG), which is helpful in preventing electrical leakage, has good orientation capabilities and can be easily placed at the orifice of the CDF or ampulla of Vater (AV). We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) with the Iso-Tome(R) for cutting the distal PR. METHODS: Between May 2003 and July 2012, 35 patients were analyzed retrospectively. The distal PR was cut downward and/or upward using the Iso-tome(R) until the pink intrapapillary mucosa was fully exposed. Downward incisions were performed from the opening of the CDF to the orifice of the AV; upward incisions were performed in reverse. RESULTS: Spontaneous or artificial CDF occurred in four and 31 patients, respectively. The technical and therapeutic success rates were 94.3% (33/35) and 94.3% (33/35), respectively. There was no case of electrical damage to the pink intrapapillary mucosa. Adverse events occurred in 2.9% (1/35; 1, mild bleeding) of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The new technique of ES with the Iso-tome(R) is feasible and useful for effectively incising the distal PR in patients with CDF and choledocholiths.

Estenosis crítica de conducto hepático común por anillo vascular: reporte de un caso / Common bile duct stricture caused by vascular ring: A case report

Introduction: The most common congenital malformations of the bile duct are biliary atresia and choledochal cyst. In addition, the most common liver anatomical variation is the right hepatic artery aberration. The goal of this study is to characterize a patient with this disease and propose the hepatoduodenal anastomosis as surgical treatment. Case report: One-month-old patient with suspected congenital biliary atresia due to progressive jaundice and acholia since birth. Liver tests consistent with a cholestatic pattern and brain MRI scan consistent with biliary atresia. Periods of decreased bilirubin and sporadic slight pigmentation of depositions were described. The surgical finding was a bile duct stricture due to a vascular ring caused by aberrant right hepatic artery. Resection of bile duct and hepatic-duodenal bypass were performed. The patient evolved satisfactorily from this condition. Conclusion: There are few reports of biliary obstruction due to vascular malformations. It is important to keep in mind that not all neonatal jaundice episodes are caused by biliary atresia or choledo-chal cyst. The clinical course, laboratory tests and imaging should be considered and in the case of suspicion, further exploration should take place.

Introducción: Las malformaciones congénitas de la vía biliar más frecuentes son la atresia de vías biliares y quiste de colédoco. Por otro lado, la variante anatómica hepática más común es la aberración de la arteria hepática derecha. El objetivo es caracterizar un paciente portador de esta patología y plantear la hepato-duodeno anastomosis como tratamiento quirúrgico. Caso clínico: Paciente de 1 mes de edad, con sospecha de Atresia de Vía Biliar congénita por ictericia progresiva y acolia desde recién nacido. Pruebas hepáticas concordantes con un patrón colestásico y resonancia magnética compatible con atresia de vías biliares. Evolucionó con períodos de descenso de bilirrubina y leve pigmentación, esporádica, de deposiciones. El hallazgo quirúrgico fue una estenosis crítica de vía biliar a nivel del conducto hepático común debido a un anillo vascular por una arteria hepática derecha aberrante. Se realizó una sección de vía biliar y una derivación hepato-duodenal. Evolucionó con una resolución completa de su patología. Conclusión: Existen pocos reportes de obstrucción de vía biliar por malformaciones vasculares. Es importante tener presente que no todas las ictericias neonatales son por atresia de vías biliares o quiste de colédoco. Se debe considerar la evolución clínica, laboratorio e imágenes, y si existen sospechas, explorar.

Mirizzi: o homem e a síndrome / Mirizzi: the man and the syndrome

A síndrome de Mirizzi é uma importante complicação da doença calculosa biliar. Pablo Luís Mirizzi, de Córdoba, Argentina, descreveu uma condição hoje conhecida como síndorme de Mirizzi, em 1948. Ele dedicou sua vida à Cirurgia e aos estudantes.

Mirizzi syndrome is an important complication of gallstone disease. Pablo Luís Mirizzi, from Córdoba, Argentina, described a condition now know as the Mirizzi syndrome, in 1948. He dedicated his life to surgery and his students.

Litiasis coledociana: variación en su frecuencia de acuerdo a la edad / Cholelithiasis: variation in frequency according to age

Introducción: Si bien hay datos que informan del aumento en la frecuencia de la litiasis coledociana con la edad no establecen una descripción clara del comportamiento en las distintas décadas de la vida, que permitan definir mejor las poblaciones de riesgo. Objetivos: Investigar la frecuencia de litiasis coledociana por décadas. Lugar de aplicación: Hospital Privado asociado a la UBA. Diseño: Retrospectivo, observacional. Material y Métodos: todos los pacientes colecistectomizados por litiasis biliar entre mayo de 1992 y mayo de 1998. Se incluyeron los casos programados y de urgencia con colangiografía intraoperatoria. Se formaron 7 grupos por edad. GI: menores de 30 años, G2: 30-39 años, G3: 40-49 años, G4: 50-59 años, G5: 60-69 años, G6: 70-79 años, G7: 80 años o mayores. Loa análisis estadísticos se realizaron enel programa Arcus Quickstat Biomedical. Resultados: Se incluyeron 879 pacientes. Promedio de edad 59 años (ds 14). Femenino 72%. 133 litiasis coledociana (15.1%). Litiasis coledociana 50 de 629 pacientes sin sospecha preoperatoria (7%). La frecuencia de litiasis coledociana fue de 21% en el primer grupo, entre 3.1 y 7% en los grupos 2,3, y 4; 15.4% en el grupo 5; 22.4% en el grupo 6 y 50% en el grupo 7. Conclusiones: 1) Existen diferencias estadisticamente significativas en la frecuencia de presentación de la litiasis coledociana relacionadas con la edad. 2) Existe una distribución bimodal con picos en los extremos de la vida. 3) Se duplica por décadas luego de los 60 años.

Hallazgos anatomopatológicos en pacientes con disfunción biliar / Pathological findings in patients with biliary dysfunction

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo de 84 pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital General Docente D Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba desde enero de 2010 hasta igual mes de 2011, a los cuales se realizó colecistectomía por presentar manifestaciones clínicas de disfunción biliar; pero después de extirparles la vesícula, acudieron a la consulta externa de la especialidad con dolor abdominal y cuadros diarreicos, entre otros síntomas y signos. En busca de datos más precisos, se comparó el diagnóstico preoperatorio con los hallazgos anatomopatológicos, de donde se derivó que a pesar de que en muchos casos no coincidían, ello no obstaculizó la obtención de resultados satisfactorios en los integrantes de la casuística.

A descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective study with 84 patients assisted at Gastroenterology Service from Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso General Teaching Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January, 2010 to January, 2011. These patients underwent a colecistectomy for having clinical manifestations of biliary dysfunction. After removing the gallbladder, patients having abdominal pain and diarrhea, among other symptoms and signs, attended the outpatient department related to this speciality. Searching for precise data, the pre-surgical diagnosis was compared to the pathological findings, in which case it was concluded that, in spite of many cases did not match, this fact did not hinder the obtaining of satisfactory results in the case material.

Ampullary tumours (ampullomas) in the elderly – an interdisciplinary problem.

Background & objectives: Ampullary cancer is one of the periampullary tumours with better prognosis, but relapses occur early in some patients. This study was carried out to assess whether pancreatoduodenectomy (PDE, Whipple operation) could be a safe therapeutic procedure for elderly patients with periampullary tumours. Methods: Between 2005 and 2007, 19 patients (12 male, 7 female) aged over 65 yr (range 66 and 83 yr) with diagnosis of ampulloma were operated. Results: Of the 19 patients, 6 underwent local surgical ampullectomy with reinsertion of ductus choledochus and Wirsungi’s duct for benign or early cancer lesion and 13 underwent PDE (Whipple operation). Of these 13, only one was in T1 stage, one was in T4 stage, two patients were T3 and the rest in T2 stage. Lesion of lymphatic system had 40 per cent of patients in T2 stage and all in T3 and T4 stages. One patient died of pulmonary embolism several days after operation. Post-operative complications occurred in 3 cases: 1 patient with partial dehiscence of gastroenteroanastomosis – treated by conservative approach, 2 patients with dehiscence of pancreatojejunoanastomosis. Interpretation & conclusions: Diagnosis and therapy of ampullary tumours is multimodal. With careful patient selection, PDE can be performed in elderly people (>65 yr) safely. The post-operative morbidity in this group is essentially influenced by their multi-morbidity.

Reconstrucción de lesiones de la vía biliar principal: la evolución hacia la técnica de Hepp-Couinaud / Surgical repair of bile duct injuries: experience in 25 patients

Background: Bile duct injury (BDI) is a complex problem, where adequate reconstruction has an impact on quality of life of patients. Aim: To describe the experience and results of bile duct reconstruction in BDI at reference center. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of 25 patients aged 44 +/- 14 (76 percent females) with BDI that were subjected to a surgical repair in a regional hospital between January 2000 and June 2009. The protocol, repair technique and postoperative morbidity and mortality are described. Results: In 40 percent of cases, the injury occurred during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The repair was performed using a Roux-en-Y hepato-jejunostomy (RYHJ) in 20 patients. In 14 patients (70 percent), the modified Hepp-Couinaud technique was used. Thirty two percent of patients had postoperative complications and one patient died due to a sepsis and liver failure. One patient presented RYHJ stenosis that was managed with percutaneous dilatation. Conclusions: The majority of patients of this series were managed using a RYHJ with the Hepp-Couinaud technique, with acceptable results in terms of postoperative morbidity and stenosis.

Introducción: La lesión de vía biliar (LVB) es una complicación de enfrentamiento complejo, donde una adecuada reconstrucción tiene impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia y resultados de la reconstrucción de via biliar por LVB en un centro de referencia. Material y Método: Diseño de estudio: Cohorte retrospectiva. Período de estudio: Enero de 2000 a Junio de 2009. Población: Pacientes mayores de 18 años con LVB que fueron sometidas a reconstrucción de vía biliar por el equipo de cirugía hepatopancreática y biliar del Hospital Regional de Temuco. Maniobra: Se describe el protocolo de evaluación y la técnica de reconstrucción. Resultados: La cohorte está constituida por 25 pacientes. La edad promedio es 44 +/- 13,7 años y el 76 por ciento género femenino. La lesión se produjo más frecuentemente en una colecistectomía laparoscópica (40 por ciento). La reparación se ha realizado con hepaticoyeyuno anastomosis en Y de Roux (HPYA) en 20 pacientes, utilizando la técnica de Hepp-Couinaud modificada en el 70 por ciento de ellos. Ocho pacientes presentaron alguna morbilidad asociada a la reparación y un paciente falleció en el postoperatorio. Un paciente presentó estenosis de HPYA cuya terapia fue dilataciones por vía percutanea. Conclusión: La HPYA con técnica de Hepp-Couinaud es la técnica más utilizada por nuestro equipo en la reconstrucción de vía biliar por LVB con resultados aceptables en términos de morbilidad postoperatoria y estenosis.

Efficacy of a Self-designed Protective Lead Shield in Reduction of Radiation Exposure Dose During Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The increasing use of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) calls for greater consideration of radiation exposure risk to endoscopists and assistants, and emphasizes the proper system of radiation protection. This study was designed to assess the effect of a newly developed, self-designed, protective lead shield. METHODS: A curtain-shaped protective shield composed of seven movable lead plates was developed, each with the following dimensions: depth, 0.1 cm; width, 15 cm; length, 70 cm. The curtain-shaped protective shield was designed to be located between the patient and the endoscopist. Twenty-nine patients (11 men and 18 women) undergoing ERCP between January 2010 and March 2010 were selected for this study. The dose of radiation exposure was recorded with or without the protective lead shield at the level of the head, chest, and pelvis. The measurement was made at 50 cm and 150 cm from the radiation source. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 64 years. The mean patient height and weight was 161.7+/-6.9 cm and 58.9+/-9.9 kg, respectively. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.5+/-3.0 kg/m2. Endoscopists received 1522.2+/-537.0 mR/hr without the protective lead shield. At the same distance, radiation exposure was significantly reduced to 68.8+/-88.0 mR/hr with the protective lead shield (p-value<0.0001). The radiation exposure to endoscopists and assistants was significantly reduced by the use of a protective lead shield (p value<0.0001). The amount of radiation exposure during ERCP was related to the patient's BMI (r=0.749, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This self-designed, protective lead shield is effective in protecting endoscopists and assistants from radiation exposure.

Safety and Efficacy of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatograpy in Very Elderly Patients / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograpy (ERCP) is often used for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreaticobiliary diseases in the elderly patients. However, few studies have assessed its efficacy and safety in the very elderly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of ERCP in the very elderly patients. METHODS: Eight hundreds two patients who underwent ERCP at Seoul National University Bundang hospital were enrolled retrospectively. They were divided into three groups according to their ages (non-elderly group, elderly group and very-elderly group; or =80, respectively). The indications and clinical outcomes including the complications of ERCP were compared among groups. RESULTS: The most common indication of ERCP was acute cholangitis in all the three groups. Periampullary diverticulum was more frequently observed in elderly and very-elderly patients than in younger patients. Mean duration of hospitalization was not different among three groups. ERCP success rate in all enrolled patients was approximately 90%, and there was no difference in terms of technical success rate between groups (p=0.1). However, the number of ERCP sessions was significantly higher in the very-elderly patients compared to in the non-elderly and elderly (1.38 vs. 1.13 and 1.18 respectively; p<0.001). There was no difference in mortality and complication rate between groups. CONCLUSIONS: ERCP can be performed safely in very-elderly patients. Therefore, only age should not be regarded as one of the major determining factors whether to perform ERCP.

Safety and Efficacy of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatograpy in Very Elderly Patients / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograpy (ERCP) is often used for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreaticobiliary diseases in the elderly patients. However, few studies have assessed its efficacy and safety in the very elderly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of ERCP in the very elderly patients. METHODS: Eight hundreds two patients who underwent ERCP at Seoul National University Bundang hospital were enrolled retrospectively. They were divided into three groups according to their ages (non-elderly group, elderly group and very-elderly group; or =80, respectively). The indications and clinical outcomes including the complications of ERCP were compared among groups. RESULTS: The most common indication of ERCP was acute cholangitis in all the three groups. Periampullary diverticulum was more frequently observed in elderly and very-elderly patients than in younger patients. Mean duration of hospitalization was not different among three groups. ERCP success rate in all enrolled patients was approximately 90%, and there was no difference in terms of technical success rate between groups (p=0.1). However, the number of ERCP sessions was significantly higher in the very-elderly patients compared to in the non-elderly and elderly (1.38 vs. 1.13 and 1.18 respectively; p<0.001). There was no difference in mortality and complication rate between groups. CONCLUSIONS: ERCP can be performed safely in very-elderly patients. Therefore, only age should not be regarded as one of the major determining factors whether to perform ERCP.

A Case of Hyperplastic Polyp at Distal Common Bile Duct / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

The Usefulness of Endoscopic Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Choledocholithiasis without Common Bile Duct Dilatation / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the most accurate modality in diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. However, it carries some complications. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is less invasive than ERCP and used for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis. Recent studies showed that a usefulness of EUS for the diagnosis of small choledocholithiasis without common bile duct (CBD) dilatation. For such a reason, ERCP is being replaced by EUS in the diagnosis of bile duct stones. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of EUS for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis without CBD dilatation. METHODS: A total of 66 patients with suspected choledocholithiasis without CBD dilatation were enrolled. EUS were performed in all cases within 48 hours after computed tomography (CT) or ultrasonography (US). Final diagnosis was obtained by ERCP or clinical course (minimum 6 months follow-up). We analyzed the accuracy of US, CT, and EUS, respectively. RESULTS: CT and US were performed in 51 and 15 cases, respectively. CBD stones were detected in 23 (35%) patients by ERCP. EUS showed 100% sensitivity, 95% specificity, 92% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value for identifying CBD stones. CT or US showed 26%, 93%, 67%, and 70%, respectively. There were no EUS-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: EUS was more effective than CT or US and as accurate as ERCP for the diagnosis of small choledocholithiasis without CBD dilatation. Thus, EUS may help to avoid unnecessary diagnostic ERCP and its complication.

Audit of ERCP at Ibn Sina Hospital from 2009-2010

Surgeons are expected to deal with expect some failure of ERCP in extraction of missed CBD stones. Re-do surgery is difficult; however surgeons have to stand for it. To audit the outcome of ERCP in extraction of CBD stone for patients referred to Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital. This is prospective, hospital based study; carried in the period from January 2009 to June 2010 in Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital .A total of 119 patients referred for ERCP extraction of CBD stones were studied. Male to female ratio was 1:5. The mean age [ +/- SD] is 55.4 [ +/- 17.57]. Post cholecystectomy missed stones were 7[6%], post CDB exploration retained stones were 4[3.4%] and re-do ERCP was done in 9[7.6%] patients. Failure of stone extraction occurred in 10[25%] cases due to failure of cannulation while another 10[25%] cases had multiple impacted stones and nine [22.2%] had too big stone to be extracted. In addition, five [12.5%] cases had CBD stricture, and the procedure was not completed because of bleeding in two cases and impaction of the dormia basket in two [5%] cases. The success of redo ERCP is seven out of nine cases. Complication occurred in seven [5.88%] patients. These were bleeding in two [1.68%], cholangitis in one [0.84%] CBD and retro-peritoneal duodenal perforations in two [1.68%] and retained dormia basket in two [1.68%] cases. The mortality rate was one [0.8%] patient. ERCP, at Ibn Sina Hospital, has success rate in stone extraction in 79[66.4%] and complication rate in seven [5.88%] patients. About one third of cases attending ERCP for stone extraction were referred back for open exploration of CBD

Una presentación inusual de compromiso hepático en telangiectasia hemorrágica hereditaria: enfermedad biliar / An unusual presentation of liver involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia biliary disease

Telangiectasia Hemorrágica Hereditaria es un desorden autosómico dominante sub reconocido y relativamente común caracterizado por lesiones angiodisplásicas que afectan múltiples órganos, entre ellos el hígado. Reportamos el caso de una mujer de 76 años de edad con historia de dolor en el tercio inferior del hemitórax derecho, presencia de tenues telangiectasias en pulpejos de dedos de manos, labios y lengua además de dolor a la palpación del hipocondrio derecho; la ecografía abdominal inicial de esta paciente fue compatible con dilatación de la vía biliar intrahepática. La paciente cumple el criterio diagnóstico de Curacao para Telangiectasia Hemorrágica Hereditaria. La presencia de malformaciones arteriovenosas en hígado fue confirmada por ECO-DOPPLER y Tomografía Espiral Multicorte.

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia is a relatively common, under-recognized autosomal dominant disorder characterized by angiodysplastic lesions that affect multiple organs, like liver. This is a case of a 76 years old woman with history of pain in the lower third of right hemithorax, presence of tiny telangiectases in fingers, lips and tongue, in additionto pain on palpation of right hypochondrium; the initial abdominal ultrasound assessment showed biliary intrahepatic dilation. Patient meets The Diagnostic Criteria of Curacao for Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. The presence of liver arteriovenous malformations was confirmed by DOPPLER-ECHO and CT scan.