Síndrome compartimental bilateral de pierna tras posición de litotomía prolongada: presentación de un caso clínico / Bilateral leg compartment syndrome after prolonged lithotomy position: clinical case report

INTRODUCCIÓN: El síndrome compartimental es una complicación infrecuente pero severa que puede aparecer ante una posición de litotomía prolongada y el uso de perneras. OBJETIVO: Presentar un caso de síndrome compartimental bilateral tras posición de litotomía prolongada asociada con el uso de perneras. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Paciente varón de 43 años sometido a una cirugía urológica en posición habitual de litotomía durante un periodo de 6 horas. A las 2 horas de finalizar la cirugía, el paciente presentó dolor intenso y endurecimiento de compartimento anterior y lateral de ambas piernas, junto con una elevación de la creatina quinasa sérica (valor inicial de 109 U/L que se elevó hasta 7.689 U/L a las 12 horas) y una imposibilidad para la flexión dorsal pasiva de ambos tobillos. El paciente no sentía dolor en el resto de los compartimentos. RESULTADOS: Ante la sospecha de un síndrome compartimental anterolateral, se realizó fasciotomía bilateral urgente, y se observó una disminución de la perfusión muscular y mejoría de la misma tras apertura de la fascia. Se realizaron curas periódicas cada 48 horas, y se observó viabilidad del tejido hasta su cierre definitivo a los 4 días. A las 2 semanas, el paciente presentó fatiga ligera para la deambulación sin ayuda, con tumefacción en el compartimento lateral de ambas piernas. A los 10 meses de evolución, el paciente caminaba sin ayuda y con función muscular completa. CONCLUSIONES: El conocimiento de la asociación del síndrome compartimental y la cirugía laparoscópica prolongada es esencial para un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento quirúrgico inmediato, para evitar graves secuelas. Los buenos resultados de nuestro paciente se deben a la rápida actuación, ya que normalmente se suele demorar. Para evitar su aparición o disminuir su incidencia, la posición de litotomía debería limitarse a aquellos momentos de la cirugía en los que sea imprescindible, modificando la posición de las piernas cada dos horas en caso de cirugías prolongadas, para prevenir dicha complicación.

Compartment syndrome is a rare but severe complication resulting from a prolonged lithotomy position and the use of leg loops. PURPOSE: To present a case of bilateral compartment syndrome after prolonged lithotomy position associated with the use of leg loops. METHODS: A 43-year-old man underwent urological surgery in the usual lithotomy position for a 6-hour period. Two hours after the end of the surgery, the patient presented severe pain and stiffening of the anterior and lateral compartments of both legs, elevated serum creatine kinase levels (the baseline value of 109 U/L increased to 7,689 U/L at 12 hours), and inability for passive dorsiflexion of both ankles. The patient reported no pain in the other compartments. RESULTS: Suspicion of an anterolateral compartment syndrome resulted in an urgent bilateral fasciotomy; muscle perfusion was decreased, and it improved after fascial opening. Dressings were changed every 48 hours, and tissue viability was observed until the final closure at 4 days. At two weeks, the patient presented slight fatigue when walking with no assistance, in addition to swelling in the lateral compartment of both legs. Ten months after surgery, the patient walked with no assistance and with complete muscle function. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the association between compartment syndrome and prolonged laparoscopic surgery is essential for an early diagnosis and immediate surgical treatment to avoid serious sequelae. In our patient, the good outcomes resulted from quick action, since diagnosis is often delayed. Limiting the lithotomy position to those surgical moments in which it is essential and changing the position of the legs every 2 hours during prolonged procedures can reduce the occurrence and incidence of compartment syndrome, preventing this complication.

Factores de riesgo para amputación en pacientes manejados con fasciotomía de miembro inferior en un centro de alta complejidad / Risk factors for amputation in patients managed with lower limb fasciotomy in a high complexity center

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome compartimental del miembro inferior tiene el potencial de causar morbilidad devastadora en los pacientes y altos riesgos médico-legales para los médicos involucrados en su tratamiento. Una vez instaurado, la fasciotomía se constituye como el único tratamiento efectivo. La pérdida de la extremidad afectada es su complicación con mayor carga de enfermedad. Existen pocas descripciones sobre factores de riesgo para la necesidad de amputación de miembro inferior luego de haber sido sometido a fasciotomía en pacientes con lesiones traumáticas. Materiales y Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, analítico en el cual se recolectó información de pacientes con traumatismo de miembro inferior que requirieron fasciotomía de muslo o pierna durante un periodo de 10 años en busca de factores que pudieron influir en la pérdida de la extremidad. Resultados: 21 pacientes cumplían los criterios de inclusión de los cuales 6 (28,57%) fueron amputados y 2 fallecieron (9,52%). La mayoría de los individuos fueron menores de 30 años y casi la totalidad del sexo masculino. Encontramos que el porcentaje de amputación parece verse afectado de manera estadísticamente significativa por factores como un International Severity Score (ISS) elevado (media de 24), las parestesias al ingreso, la realización de fasciotomía tardía (> 6 h), la reactividad muscular al momento de la cirugía, la infección del sitio operatorio y la reintervención por trombosis del injerto vascular. Conclusiones: Existen factores de riesgo que pueden indicar la pérdida de la extremidad inferior luego de ser sometido a fasciotomía en el contexto de trauma. Un seguimiento prospectivo y un mayor número de pacientes podrían permitir dilucidar más de dichos factores.

Introduction: The lower limb compartment syndrome has the potential to cause devastating morbidity in patients and high legal medical risks for doctors involved in its treatment. Once established, fasciotomy is the only effective treatment. The loss of the affected limb is the complication with a greater burden of disease. There are few descriptions of risk factors for the need for lower limb amputation after having undergone fasciotomy in patients with traumatic injuries. Materials and Method: A retrospective, observational, analytical study was conducted in which information was collected from patients with lower limb trauma that required thigh or leg fasciotomy for a period of 10 years in search of factors that could influence limb loss. Results: 21 patients met the inclusion criteria of which 6 (28.57%) were amputated and 2 died (9.52%). The majority of the individuals were under 30 years old and almost all of the male sex. We found that the percentage of amputation seems to be affected statistically significantly by factors such as a high ISS (mean of 24), paresthesia at admission, performing late fasciotomy (> 6 h), muscle reactivity at the time of surgery, postoperative SSI and reintervention by vascular graft thrombosis. Conclusions: We found risk factors that may indicate the loss of the lower limb after being subjected to fasciotomy in the context of trauma. A prospective follow-up and a greater number of patients could make it possible to elucidate more of these factors.

Síndrome compartimental no primeiro interósseo dorsal: relato de caso / Compartment syndrome in the first dorsal interosseous compartment: case report

Resumo O diagnóstico da síndrome compartimental em regiões que não são frequentemente afetadas, por possuírem uma boa relação continente-conteúdo, pode se tornar difícil, uma vez que o cirurgião terá dificuldades em alcançar um diagnóstico apenas por um sinal ou sintoma isolado. Assim, muitas vezes, pode-se protelar a conduta adequada, desencadeando danos ao paciente. A paciente era uma mulher, de 29 anos, que foi atendida com dor em mão esquerda por queimadura, com lesão em região anterior à tabaqueira anatômica de tamanho significativo. A paciente já havia sido submetida a cirurgia na sua cidade de origem com desbridamento de pele e tecido subcutâneo há 30 dias, com evolução sem melhora do quadro doloroso. Estava em uso de antibioticoterapia (ceftriaxona 1 g de 12 em 12 horas) e analgesia com dose terapêutica de morfina de 8 em 8 horas.

Abstract In areas that are not commonly affected by compartment syndrome because they have a good content/container ratio, diagnosis of the condition can be a challenge, since surgeons will find it difficult to make a diagnosis on the basis of an isolated sign or symptom. As a result, the correct treatment can very often be delayed, causing harm to the patient. In this case, the patient was a 29-year-old woman who was seen for a painful left hand secondary to a large burn injury to the area anterior of the anatomical snuffbox. She had already undergone surgery in her home town 30 days previously, with debridement of skin and subcutaneous tissue, but the pain had not improved. She was on antibiotic therapy (ceftriaxone, 1g every 12 hours) and analgesia, with therapeutic morphine doses every 8 hours.

Early incision, decompression and screw fixation for the treatment of Lisfranc injuries with foot osteofascial compartment syndrome / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore clinical effect of early incision and decompression combined with screw fixation in treating Lisfranc injury and foot osteofascial compartment syndrome.@*METHODS@#Clinical data of 5 patients with Lisfranc injury and foot osteofascial compartment syndrome were retrospective analysized from January 2017 to December 2018, including 4 males and 1 female, aged from 19 to 62 years old. All patients were suffered from closed injuries. The time from injury to treatment ranged from 1 to 14 h. According to Myerson classification, 1 patient was type A, 1 patient was type B, and 3 patients were type C. All patients were performed early incision decompression and screw fixation. Maryland foot functional scoring standard at 12 months after opertaion was used to evaluate clinical effect.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 10 to 48 months. All fractures were achieved bone union, and healing time ranged from 3 to 9 months. All metatarsal and tarsal joints were reached to anatomical reduction. No infection, osteomyelitis, loosening or breaking of internal fixation occurred. Postopertaive Maryland foot function score at 12 months was from 44 to 97, and 2 patients got excellent result, 2 good, and 1 poor.@*CONCLUSION@#Early incision and decompression with screw fixation for the treatment of Lisfranc injury and foot osteofascial compartment syndrome, which has advantages of simple opertaion, thoroughly decompression, screw fixation does not occupy space, stable decompression and fixation, and could receive satisfied clinical effect.

Compartment syndrome after distal biceps brachii tendon rupture in an athlete / Síndrome compartimental em paciente atleta após ruptura do tendão distal do músculo bíceps do braço

ABSTRACT This is a case report of a previously healthy athlete who did not use oral anticoagulant, suffered a rupture of the distal biceps brachii tendon, and evolved with arm compartment syndrome. An emergency fasciotomy and the repair of the tendon were performed. After surgery the patient had a good recovery of the paresthesia and sensibility. This complication is rare and, when reported, is usually associated with patients who use anticoagulant therapy. Due to growth of rupture of distal biceps tendon cases, physicians should be aware that this complication must be treated as an emergency.

RESUMO Relato de caso de paciente atleta, previamente hígido e que não utilizava anticoagulantes orais, com lesão do tendão distal do músculo bíceps braquial, que evoluiu com síndrome compartimental do braço. Realizaram-se fasciotomia de emergência e reparo cirúrgico do tendão, apresentando bom seguimento com recuperação da parestesia e sensibilidade. Essa complicação é bastante rara e, quando relatada, geralmente é associada a pacientes em uso de medicamentos anticoagulantes orais. Contudo, com o aumento da incidência de rupturas do tendão do músculo bíceps braquial, é preciso estar atento à tal complicação que deve ser conduzida como emergência.

Síndrome compartimental posangioplastía coronaria transradial: a propósito de un caso / Post transradial coronary angioplasty compartimental syndrome

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome compartimental se genera por aumento de presión compartimental que sobrepasa a la de perfusión. Es una entidad rara en contexto posangioplastía coronaria. Requiere alta sospecha y medidas rápidas. Caso clínico: Hombre de 41 años con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) con supradesnivel ST (SDST) que fue trombolizado y derivado para angioplastía, que sufre sangrado en antebrazo derecho posprocedimiento y evoluciona con síndrome compartimental que requiere de fasciotomía en volar y medial. Discusión: La entidad clínica es rara en este contexto, por ende, requiere alta sospecha basándose principalmente en dolor de inicio súbito con aumento de volumen. El tratamiento es fasciotomía de urgencias. De no pesquisarse a tiempo puede evolucionar con severas alteraciones neuromusculares llevando a trastornos de la anatomía de la mano.

Introduction: The compartment syndrome is caused by an increase on the compartment pressure that exceed the perfusion pressure. In coronary postangioplasty context it is a rare entity. Requires a high suspicion and to take fast steps. Clinical case: Forty-one years old man with a STEMI thrombolysed and derived to angioplasty suffered a post-procedure bleeding on his right forearm and evolved with a compartment syndrome that required a volar and medial fasciotomy. Discussion: The clinical entity is rare in this context, so require a high suspicion based basically on sudden pain with an increase of volume. The treatment is the urgent fasciotomy. To not diagnose it at time could evolve with severe neuromuscular disorders and hand anatomy disorders.

Alternativas de cierre de fasciotomías en extremidades / Alternatives for the closure of extremity fasciotomy

Resumen La fasciotomía es el pilar del tratamiento y prevención del síndrome compartimental agudo. Una vez resuelto el cuadro agudo que derivó en la necesidad de ésta, el cierre de la herida resultante genera un importante desafío reconstructivo para el cirujano dado el importante edema residual de los tejidos. El objetivo de este artículo es entregar una actualización respecto a las alternativas de cierre de una fasciotomía de extremidades, para lo cual se realizó una búsqueda de artículos indexados en PubMed, Epistemonikos y Scielo. Se encontraron al menos 6 técnicas disponibles, cada una de ellas con determinadas ventajas y desventajas. Recomendamos que la elección sea de acuerdo a la experiencia del cirujano, los recursos disponibles y el contexto de cada paciente.

Fasciotomy is the mainstay of treatment and prevention of acute compartment syndrome. Given the important deep tissue edema, closure of the resulting wound generates a significant reconstructive challenge for the surgeon. The aim of this article is to provide an update concerning alternatives for closure of fasciotomy of limbs, for which a search of articles indexed in PubMed, Scielo and Epistemonikos databases was performed. At least 6 techniques were found, each of them with specific advantages and disadvantages. We recommend that the choice should be according to the surgeons experience, resources and context of each patient.

Cierre primario de fasciotomías con técnica con elásticos: experiencia nacional multicéntrica / Fasciotomy closure technique with vessel loops

Aim: Present and describe the progressive fasciotomy closure technique with vessel loops. Methods: Progressive and multicentric study in the period between June of 2007 and June of 2011. Results: In 2007 we initiated the complementary treatment for fasciotomy closure related to compartment syndrome or acute ischemia cases. Progressive closure with vessel loops, the shoelace technique. In 2010's preliminary report, we published a total of 56 fasciotomies closed by this technique, with an average closure time of 9.5 +/- 3.31 days. Current report is the result of a 4 years prospective study intending to prove that is possible to associate this technique to the initial management of fasciotomies closure. This final report shows a total of 122 fasciotomies cases closed in 7.9 +/- 3.31 days, without skin grafts. Conclusion: The technique is easy to learn, reproducible and not expensive. Results show that this technique is useful in reduce the time for fasciotomy closure.

Objetivos: Presentar y describir la técnica de cierre progresivo de fasciotomías con elásticos. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico realizado en Santiago de Chile entre junio de 2007 y junio de 2011. Resultados: En el año 2007 se inició un protocolo de manejo del cierre de las fasciotomías realizadas a pacientes portadores de síndrome compartimental o isquemia aguda de extremidades. Utilizando una técnica de entrelazado con elásticos vasculares se realizó el cierre de las fasciotomías. En el 2010 se publicó un reporte preliminar, presentando una serie de 56 fasciotomías cerradas con esta técnica, con un promedio de cierre de 9,5 +/- 3,31 días. La serie actual es el resultado de un estudio prospectivo de 4 años de duración que ha buscado demostrar que resulta posible asociar esta técnica con elásticos al manejo inicial del cierre de las fasciotomías. Nuestro reporte final muestra un total de 122 fasciotomías cerradas en un promedio de 7,9 +/- 3,31 días sin requerir de injertos de piel. Conclusiones: Presentamos una técnica quirúrgica fácil de reproducir, de bajo costo y con buenos resultados. El uso de elásticos vasculares muestra beneficios en el tiempo de cierre de las fasciotomías.

[Comparison of intra-abdominal pressure measurement and physical exam for diagnosis of surgery indication in patients with abdominal compartment syndrome due to blunt trauma]

Increase in abdominal pressure can lead to the so-called intra-abdominal compartment syndrome [ACS] that is often observed during the first 24 hours after sever abdominal trauma and surgery. Measurement of the intra abdominal pressure through the bladder as a non-invasive measurement can provide a quick and accurate assessment of abdominal pressure changes. This study was performed to compare the diagnostic value of intra-abdominal pressure measurement through the bladder with that of physical exam in the diagnosis of surgery indication. This descriptive-analytical study was performed on patients with intra-abdominal compartment syndrome due to blunt abdominal trauma referred to Nemazee hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Tools for data collection included a check list consisting demographic information, and intra-abdominal pressure measurement instruments. Data analysis was done through SPSS software. Of 100 patients with abdominal trauma whose abdominal pressures were measured, 28 ones had abdominal compartment syndrome of whom, 21 ones [75 percent] were referred to the operation room by physician. Among all patients who were sent to the surgery room, 5 patients [23.80%] were survived and all those who were not sent to the surgery room died. Mean diagnosis time of measuring abdominal pressure for detection of operation indication was significantly lower than that of physical exam [P<0.01]. Age, sex, type of trauma and type of injury to internal organ had no significant relationship with the rate of abdominal compartment syndrome. Also, there was no significant difference between the two methods in finding surgery indication. Implementing education on methods of early diagnosis of intra-abdominal pressure increase for medical team especially nurses is one of the treatment priorities

Afrontamiento primario con elásticos vasculares en el manejo del cierre progresivo de fasciotomías / Vessel loops for primary closure of fasciotomies

Background: Compartment syndrome of the extremity may occur after severe trauma with vascular lesions secondary to fractures, crushes or gunshots. To prevent it a fasciotomy must be done. Aim To report the use vessel loop shoelace technique for the progressive closure of the fasciotomy. Material and methods: Descnptive study of 24 patients aged 26 +/- 9 years (21 males) that required fasciotomy to prevent compartment syndromes. The fasciotomy wound was closed progressively using vessel loops anchored to the skin with staples or sutures, which were tightened progressively, according to the evolution. Results: The studied patients required a total of 56 fasciotomies. In all patients a complete or near complete closure of the wound was achieved. The mean closure time was 9.5 +/- 3.3 days. Mean hospital stay was 12.3 +/- 4.3 days. Conclusions: Vessel loop shoelace technique is effective for fasciotomy wound closure.

Frente al cada vez más frecuente manejo del trauma vascular en extremidades, debido a lesiones de distinta etiología, ya sea por accidentes de tránsito de alta velocidad, caídas de altura, o las crecientes tasas de lesiones en la vida civil por arma blanca y por arma de fuego, es que nos vemos enfrentados a múltiples tipos de lesiones vasculares que comprometen arterias y venas, asociados a extenso compromiso de partes blandas o a reintervenciones en períodos posteriores a las 6 hrs post trauma. De este modo es que el manejo asociado de la fasciotomía como método de prevención o tratamiento del síndrome compartamental es fundamental. Se presentan un total de 24 casos en los que se efectuaron 56 fasciotomías primarias o secundarias como profilaxis o tratamiento del síndrome compartamental, en las que se utilizaron elásticos vasculares para el cierre progresivo del defecto cutáneo de las fasciotomías, para disminuir el tiempo de evolución y así evitar el uso de injertos de piel en el cierre de los defectos.

Peroneal nerve palsy due to compartment syndrome after facial plastic surgery

A 25-year-old white man, right after bilateral rhytidoplasty, presented with agitation, necessiting use of haloperidol. Some hours after, he developed severe pain in his legs and a diagnosis of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) was considered. Even with treatment for NMS he still complained of pain. A diagnosis of lower limb compartment syndrome (CS) was done only 12 hours after the initial event, being submitted to fasciotomy in both legs, disclosing very pale muscles, due to previous ischemia. This syndrome was not explained only by facial surgery, his position and duration of the procedure. It can be explained by a sequence of events. He had a history of pain in his legs during physical exercises, usually seen in chronic compartment syndrome. He used to take anabolizant and venlafaxine, not previously related, and the agitation could be related to serotoninergic syndrome caused by interaction between venlafaxine and haloperidol. Rhabdomyolisis could lead to oedema and ischmemia in both anterior leg compartment. This report highlights the importance of early diagnosis of compartment syndrome, otherwise, even after fasciotomy, a permanent disability secondary to peripheral nerve compression could occur.

Logo após ritidoplastia bilateral, um jovem de 25 anos apresentou agitação, necessitando uso de haloperidol. Algumas horas após, desenvolveu dor intensa em membros inferiores, e o diagnóstico de síndrome neuroléptica maligna foi considerado. Mesmo com o tratamento para tal, persistiu com dor. Após 12 horas do início do quadro, foi realizado o diagnóstico de síndrome compartimental de membros inferiores e o jovem foi submetido a fasciotomia bilateral. Uma seqüência de eventos desencadeou esta síndrome, já que sua ocorrência dificilmente seria justificada pela cirurgia facial e/ou posição do paciente durante o procedimento. O jovem apresentava previamente dor em membros inferiores aos exercícios, sugerindo a ocorrência de uma síndrome compartimental crônica. Ele fazia uso de anabolizantes e venlafaxina, não relatado no início do quadro, e a agitação poderia ser explicada por uma síndrome serotoninérgia desencadeada pela interação deste último medicamento e haloperidol. A rabdomiólise secundária a estes eventos causou edema e isquemia nos compartimentos anteriores de ambos os membros inferiores, levando a uma compressão secundária do nervo fibular. O caso em questão ilustra a importância do diagnóstico precoce da síndrome compartimental pois, caso contrário, mesmo com fasciotomia, uma complicação permanente devido à compressão de nervos periféricos pode se estabelecer.

Mannitol extravasation during partial nephrectomy leading to forearm compartment syndrome

We present the first known complication of forearm compartment syndrome after mannitol infusion during partial nephrectomy. We stress the importance of excellent intravenous catheter access and constant visual monitoring of the intravenous catheter site during and after mannitol infusion as ways to prevent this complication. Prompt recognition of compartment syndrome with appropriate intervention can prevent long-term sequelae.

Diagnosis and management of severe acute pancreatitis complicated with abdominal compartment syndrome / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Presented in this paper is our experience in the diagnosis and management of abdominal compartment syndrome during severe acute pancreatitis. On the basis of the history of severe acute pancreatitis, after effective fluid resuscitation, if patients developed renal, pulmonary and cardiac insufficiency after abdominal expansion and abdominal wall tension, ACS should be considered. Cystometry could be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Emergency decompressive celiotomy and temporary abdominal closure with a 3 liter sterile plastic bag must be performed. It is also critical to prevent reperfusion syndrome. In 23 cases of ACS, 18 cases received emergency decompressive celiotomy and 5 cases did not. In the former, 3 patients died (16.7%) while in the later, 4 (80%) died. Total mortality rate was 33.3% (7/21). In 7 death cases, 4 patients developed acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis (AOSC). All the patients who received emergency decompressive celiotomy 5 h after confirmation of ACS survived. The definitive abdominal closure took place mostly 3 to 5 days after emergency decompressive celiotomy, with longest time being 8 days. 6 cases of ACS at infection stage were all attributed to infected necrosis in abdominal cavity and retroperitoneum. ACS could occur in SIRS stage and infection stage during SAP, and has different pathophysiological basis. Early diagnosis, emergency decompressive celiotomy and temporary abdominal closure with a 3L sterile plastic bag are the keys to the management of the condition.

Compartment syndrome of the thigh. A case report and review of the literature

A case of compartment syndrome of the thigh following a gunshot injury that resulted in significant morbidity is presented. Early diagnosis of this uncommon condition requires a high index of suspicion in order to reduce morbidity and mortality. Timely diagnosis, emergency three-compartment decompression, prophylaxis against reperfusion syndrome and aggressive rehabilitation are necessary for a favourable outcome.

Acute renal failure due to abdominal compartment syndrome: report on four cases and literature review

We report on 4 cases of abdominal compartment syndrome complicated by acute renal failure that were promptly reversed by different abdominal decompression methods. Case 1: A 57-year-old obese woman in the post-operative period after giant incisional hernia correction with an intra-abdominal pressure of 24 mm Hg. She was sedated and curarized, and the intra-abdominal pressure fell to 15 mm Hg. Case 2: A 73-year-old woman with acute inflammatory abdomen was undergoing exploratory laparotomy when a hypertensive pneumoperitoneum was noticed. During the surgery, enhancement of urinary output was observed. Case 3: An 18-year-old man who underwent hepatectomy and developed coagulopathy and hepatic bleeding that required abdominal packing, developed oliguria with a transvesical intra-abdominal pressure of 22 mm Hg. During reoperation, the compresses were removed with a prompt improvement in urinary flow. Case 4: A 46-year-old man with hepatic cirrhosis was admitted after incisional hernia repair with intra-abdominal pressure of 16 mm Hg. After paracentesis, the intra-abdominal pressure fell to 11 mm Hg

Síndrome compartimental abdominal / Abdominal compartment syndrome

El SCA es un acomplicación grave en pacientes con HIA que trae por resultado alteraciones cardiovasculares, renales, pulmonares, intraabdominales y de la pared. Aunque este síndrome se caracteriza por los síntomas clínicos, existen parámetros de laboratorio, que ayudan al disgnóstico del SCA (Presión Intravesical PIV >20 mmHg; Indice de Aporte de Oxígeno DO2 <600 ml/min/m²; Presión Vía Aérea Máxima >45 cm H2O; Diuresis <015 ml/Kg/h). La PIV medida a través de una sonda Foley en la vejiga, muestra buena correlación con la PIA y sirve como control y monitoreo durante el tratamiento del SCA. De la misma manera, su empleo profiláctico permite el diagnóstico precoz en pacientes postoperados, ya que la HIA produce alteraciones fisiopatológicas antes de presentarse los primeros síntomas de SCA. Cambios fisiopatológicos leves pueden ser corregidos mediante el incremento del volumen intravascular a base de soluciones cristaloides. En pacientes con un SCA establecido, hay que descomprimir y eventualmente reexplorar la cavidad abdominal. En la mayoría de los casos, el cuadro clínico se corrige a través de la disminución de la PIA como tratamiento de la causa, apoyado por el tratamiento sintomático de las alteraciones hemodinámicas y metabólicas. Más importante que el tratamiento sintomático es la profilaxis: para evitar un SCA no se debe cerrar la pared abdominal bajo gran tensión. En vez de cerrar la fascia se debe adaptar solamente la piel sobre las vísceras mediante pinzas de Backhaus, lo cual facilita la reexploración de la cavidad abdominal en caso necesario. Si esta maniobra no es posible de llevar a efecto, se sugiere el uso de una malla o de la llamada bolsa de Bogotá para cubrir la evisceración programada, por pocos días, hasta que se haya corregido el cuadro agudo y permita la reconstrucción transitoria y/o definitiva de la pared abdoninal. Varios estudios demostraron la eficacia de estos métodos, con lo cual se mejoró el cuadro crítico en un 95 por ciento de los casos estudiados