Optimization of lipids production by Cryptococcus laurentii 11 using cheese whey with molasses

This study aimed the optimization of culture condition and composition for production of Cryptococcus laurentii 11 biomass and lipids in cheese whey medium supplemented with sugarcane molasses. The optimization of pH, fermentation time, and molasses concentration according to a full factorial statistical experimental design was followed by a Plackett-Burman experimental design, which was used to determine whether the supplementation of the culture medium by yeast extract and inorganic salts could provide a further enhancement of lipids production. The following conditions and composition of the culture medium were found to optimize biomass and lipids production: 360 h fermentation, 6.5 pH and supplementation of (g L-1): 50 molasses, 0.5 yeast extract, 4 KH2PO4, 1 Na2HPO4, 0.75 MgSO4•7H2O and 0.002 ZnSO4•H2O. Additional supplementation with inorganic salts and yeast extract was essential to optimize the production, in terms of product concentration and productivity, of neutral lipids by C. laurentii 11. Under this optimized condition, the production of total lipids increased by 133% in relation to control experiment (from 1.27 to 2.96 g L-1). The total lipids indicated a predominant (86%) presence of neutral lipids with high content of 16- and 18- carbon-chain saturated and monosaturated fatty acids. This class of lipids is considered especially suitable for the production of biodiesel.

Conservación de cultivos fúngicos de alto riesgo de Histoplasma y Cryptococcus / Preservation of high risk fungal cultures of Histoplasma and Cryptococcus

Introducción: las colecciones de cultivos microbianos son las encargadas de garantizar el material biológico requerido para el desarrollo de las ciencias biológicas. Entre los métodos de conservación de cultivos fúngicos, la inmersión en agua destilada, por su bajo costo y sencillez, constituye una ventajosa alternativa. Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad de este método de conservación en los cultivos fúngicos de Histoplasma y Cryptococcus. Métodos: se realizó una evaluación del estado de conservación de las especies de mayor riesgo biológico, pertenecientes a los géneros Histoplasma y Cryptococcus de la colección de cultivos de hongos del Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí". Se analizaron 102 cepas conservadas en agua destilada, de las cuales 92 por ciento estaba preservado por más de 10 años. Resultados: los porcentajes de recuperación para H. capsulatum, C. neoformans y C. gattii fueron 64,3; 79,1 y 100 por ciento, respectivamente. Se demostró que este método de conservación resulta satisfactorio para cultivos fúngicos en laboratorios de recursos limitados. Se implementó sobre plataforma web una base de datos digital con la información de interés de la colección. Se hizo una valoración de la importancia del estricto cumplimiento de las medidas de bioseguridad para el trabajo de las colecciones, especialmente frente a patógenos de alto riesgo. Conclusiones: la conservación de cultivos de hongos en agua destilada es un método de gran utilidad en laboratorios de recursos limitados. El trabajo de las colecciones de cultivos debe considerarse una actividad imprescindible para enfrentar los nuevos retos del desarrollo de las ciencias biomédicas.

Introduction: culture collections are responsible for providing the microbial resources for development of biological sciences. Storage in distilled water is one of the easiest and least expensive method for long-term fungal preservation. Objective: to evaluate the usefulness of this preservation method in fungal culture of Histoplasma and Cryptococcus. Methods: the preservation condition of the highest biological risk species from Histoplasma y Cryptococcus genera, included in the fungal culture collection of "Pedro Kourí" Institute of Tropical Medicine in Havana, was evaluated in this study. One hundred and two strains stored in distilled water, 92 percent of which had been preserved for more than 10 years, were analyzed. Results: the percentages of recovered strains from H. capsulatum, C. neoformans and C. gattii were 64.3 percent; 79.1 percent and 100 percent respectively. This method of preservation proved to be satisfactory for fungal culture in labs with limited financial resources. A web-based database with interesting information about the collection was made. The importance of strict compliance with the biosafety measures in these collections, particularly with high risk pathogens. Conclusions: preservation of fungal cultures in distilled water is a very useful method for laboratories with limited resources. Culture collections should be assumed as an essential activity in order to solve increasing challenges in the development of biomedical sciences.

Different culture media containing methyldopa for melanin production by Cryptococcus species / Avaliação de diferentes meios de cultura contendo metildopa para a produção de melanina por espécies de Cryptococcus

INTRODUCTION: Melanin production by species of Cryptococcus is widely used to characterize C. neoformans complex in mycology laboratories. This study aims to test the efficacy of methyldopa from pharmaceutical tablet as a substrate for melanin production, to compare the production of melanin using different agar base added with methyldopa, and to compare the melanin produced in those media with that produced in Niger seed agar and sunflower seed agar by C. neoformans, C. laurentii, and C. albidus. Two isolates of each species, C. neoformans, C. laurentii, and C. albidus, and one of Candida albicans were used to experimentally detect conditions for melanin production. METHODS: The following media were tested: Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA), brain and heart infusion agar (BHIA), blood agar base (BAB), and minimal medium agar (MMA), all added with methyldopa, and the media Niger seed agar (NSA) and sunflower seed agar (SSA). RESULTS: All isolates grew in most of the culture media after 24h. Strains planted on media BAB and BHIA showed growth only after 48h. All isolates produced melanin in MMA, MHA, SSA, and NSA media. CONCLUSIONS: Methyldopa in the form pharmaceutical tablet can be used as a substrate for melanin production by Cryptococcus species; minimal medium plus methyldopa was more efficient than the BAB, MHA, and BHIA in the melanin production; and NSA and SSA, followed by MMA added with methyldopa, were more efficient than other media studied for melanin production by all strains studied.

INTRODUÇÃO: A produção de melanina por espécies de Cryptococcus é uma característica amplamente utilizada em laboratórios de micologia para caracterização do complexoC. neoformans. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a eficácia da metildopa na forma farmacêutica de comprimido, como substrato para a produção de melanina por Cryptococcus, comparar diferentes bases de meios de cultura acrescidas de metildopa para produção de melanina e comparar o pigmento produzido nestes meios com o produzido em ágar Níger e ágar girassol por C. neoformans, C. laurentii e C. albidus. MÉTODOS: Foram testados dois isolados de cada uma das espécies, C. neoformans, C.laurentii e C.albidus, e um de C. albicans para avaliar a produção de melanina nos meios de cultura ágar Müeller-Hinton (MH), ágar brain heart infusion (BHI), ágar base sangue (BS), meio mínimo (MM), todos acrescidos de metildopa, e ainda ágar girassol e ágar Níger. RESULTADOS: Todos os isolados cresceram na maioria dos meios após 24h. O crescimento nos meios BS e BHI somente ocorreu após 48h. Todos os isolados produziram melanina nos meios MM, MH, girassol e Niger. CONCLUSÕES: A metildopa de origem farmacêutica pode ser utilizada como substrato para a produção de melanina por espécies de Cryptococcus; o MM acrescido de metildopa mostrou-se mais eficiente na produção de melanina do que os meios BS, MH e BHI; ágar girassol e ágar Níger seguidos de MM acrescido de metildopa foram os mais eficientes na produção de melanina pelos isolados estudados.

Association between Cryptococus laurentii and Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Ninety five samples of plant debris collected from November 1993 to July 1995 under the canopies of Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation in the northeastern state of Sergipe, Brazil, were examined for yeast of the genus Cryptococcus growth. C. laurentii was repeatedly isolated from samples collected under the canopies of the trees during all the period of study. The long lasting positivity suggest colonization of these microenviroments and point to a saprobiotic natural of C. laurentii related to E. camaldulensis. Flower buds and green leaves, also examined, produced negative results. Essential oils extracted from E. camaldulensis showed ability to inhibit the growth of C. laurentii and both varieties of C. neoformans.These findings argue against the possibility of endophytic relation between these yeasts and E. camaldulensis.

Optimal conditions for scp production by mixed cultures of A. niger and Cr. laurentti grown in sugar cane vinasse medium

Foi estudado o crescimento da cultura mista de Aspergillus niger e Cryptococcus laurentii em vinhaça, em frascos agitados, para a otimizaçäo das proporçöes ideais de carbono, nitrogênio e fósforo (20 a 30:3.0:0.1); concentraçäo de carboidrato (3 a 32 g/l); pH inicial (3,5 a 5,5); temperatura (25 a 35oC) e tempo de incubaçäo, objetivando produçäo de biomassa e depuraçäo biológica da vinhaça, um resíduo de destilarias. A adiçäo de nitrogênio e fósforo ao meio de vinhaça alterou significativamente a produçäo de biomassa, o consumo de carboidrato e a reduçäo de DBO. No entanto, com concentraçöes maiores que 3 g/l de carboidrato no meio de cultura, o conteúdo proteíco da biomassa aumentou. O pH inicial do meio de cultura e a temperatura de incubaçäo näo alteraram a reduçäo de DBO que permaneceu por volta dos 50 por cento. O pH da vinhaça esteve sempre jperto de 7.0 depois de 48 horas de cultivo. O crescimento do cultivo misto alcançou a máxima produçäo de biomassa depois de 24 horas, com os melhores resultados para reduçäo de DBO (cerca de 80 por cento) e teor de proteína (40 por cento) após 72 horas em meio otimizado (20:3.0:0.1 pa C:N:P, 8g/l de carboidrato, pH 4,6 e 30oC para incubaçäo). Os resultados obtidos, quando comparados com os dados dos cultivos puros, näo sugerem ainda a utilizaçäo do cultivo misto de A. niger + Cr. laurentii para a produçäo de SCP a partir de vinhaça, pois a concentraçäo em biomassa foi baixa