Culex quinquefasciatus vitellogenesis: morphological and biochemical aspects

The vitellogenic process in Culex quinquefasciatus, which is triggered by a blood meal, involves the synthesis, distribution and storage of the nutrients necessary for embryo development. The fat body of an adult female Cx. quinquefasciatus revealed two cell types: large trophocytes and small, eosinophilic, "oenocyte-like" cells, which show no morphological changes throughout the gonotrophic cycle. Trophocytes, which only begin to synthesise vitellogenin (Vg) 12 h post-blood meal (PBM), undergo a series of morphological changes following engorgement. These changes include the expansion of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi complex, which are later destroyed by autophagosomes. At 84 h PBM, trophocytes return to their pre-engorgement morphology. The ovarian follicles of non-blood-fed Cx. quinquefasciatus contain a cluster of eight undifferentiated cells surrounded by follicular epithelium. After engorgement, the oocyte membrane facing the perioocytic space increases its absorptive surface by microvilli development; large amounts of Vg and lipids are stored between 24 and 48 h PBM. Along with yolk storage in the oocyte, follicular cells exhibit the development of RER cisternae and electron-dense granules begin to fill the perioocytic space, possibly giving rise to endochorion. Later in the gonotrophic cycle, electron-dense vesicles, which are possible exochorion precursors, fuse at the apical membrane of follicular cells. This fusion is followed by follicular cell degeneration.

Análise da refratariedade do Aedes aegypti à toxina binária do biolarvicida Bacillus sphaericus / Analysis of Aedes aegypti refractoriness to Bin toxin of biolarvicide Bacillus sphaericus

O principal fator larvicida do Bacillus sphaericus (Bsp) para culicídeos é a protoxina Bin, produzida sob a forma de um cristal, durante a esporulação. Quando ingerido pelas larvas o cristal é processado e a toxina Bin reconhece e liga-se a receptores específicos do epitélio intestinal. O receptor em Culex quinquefasciatus é uma alfa-glicosidase de 60 kDa, ligada à membrana intestinal por uma âncora GPI, denominado Cqm1. Larvas de Aedes aegypti são consideradas refratárias ao Bsp, pois a toxina Bin não reconhece receptores no microvilli intestinal. No entanto, a análise do genoma do Ae. aegypti, revelou a presença do gene aam1, que codificaria uma proteína ortóloga e com 83 por cento de similaridade ao receptor Cqm1. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi elucidar a base molecular da refratariedade do Ae. aegypti ao Bsp, determinada pela ausência de ligação da toxina Bin ao epitélio intestinal das larvas. Para tal, foi feita uma investigação da expressão da proteína Aam1 e do perfil de alfa-glicosidases de Ae. aegypti, tendo como referência o receptor Cqm1. Os resultados mostraram que larvas e adultos de Ae. aegypti expressam uma alfa-glicosidase de membrana de 70 kDa, reconhecida pelo anticorpo anti-Cqm1, e que provavelmente trata-se da proteína Aam1. Tal proteína é expressa no microvilli intestinal das larvas em níveis superiores à Cqm1, no entanto, não apresenta capacidade de ligação à toxina Bin. Em uma segunda etapa, a avaliação de proteínas Aam1 e Cqm1 recombinantes, produzidas em lisado de reticulócitos de coelho, mostrou que ambas não foram capazes de se ligar específicamente à toxina Bin. A falha na ligação da proteína Cqm1 à toxina Bin pode ser decorrente da ausência do processamento pós-traducional adequado neste sistema de expressão, indicando que certas modificações podem ser críticas para a sua funcionalidade. O tratamento da proteína Cqm1 nativa à temperatura de 100 °C aboliu a sua capacidade de ligação à toxina Bin, indicando que a conformação da proteína pode ser essencial para a sua funcionalidade. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, apesar dos altos níveis de expressão da Aam1 nas larvas de Ae. aegypti, a proteína não é capaz de ligar-se à toxina Bin. Tal fato estar relacionado a outros fatores críticos para sua funcionalidade, tais como diferenças conformacionais e/ou modificações pós-traducionais que determinem o status de refratariedade do Ae. aegypti

Decrease of mosquito salivary gland proteins after a blood meal: an implication for pathogenesis of mosquito bite allergy.

Salivary gland protein profiles ofAedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) pre- and post-blood feeding were analyzed. SDS-PAGE studies before blood feeding of Ae. aegypti demonstrated 8 major polypeptide bands of 20, 35, 37, 42, 45, 47, 70 kDa and a high molecular weight band >118 kDa, whereas those of Cx. quinquefasciatus demonstrated 9 major polypeptide bands of 20, 26, 36, 38, 45, 47, 49 kDa and 2 high molecular weight bands >118 kDa. After a blood feeding, salivary gland polypeptides of Ae. aegypti at 35, 37, 45, 47, 70 kDa and high molecular weight band >118 kDa were depleted, while the polypeptide bands of 20, 26, 36, 38 kDa were depleted in Cx. quinquefasciatus. The presented study suggests that these major polypeptides were introduced into vertebrate hosts when a mosquito took a blood meal. Further investigation in molecular, biochemical and immunological aspects of these salivary gland polypeptides may provide information for better understanding in the role of these proteins in mosquito bite allergy.

Effect of quassin on the metabolism of catecholamines in different life cycle stages of Culex quinquefasciatus.

Quassin, a mosquito larvicide isolated from Quassia amara, inhibits tyrosinase activity in the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Since tyrosinase is directly involved in sclerotisation of the cuticle, it is suggested that quassin, as a larvicide, inhibits development of the cuticle. In presence of quassin phenylalanine, tyrosine and L-dopa levels were increased in larvae. In the larval stages, mosquitoes have a high concentration of phenylalanine and tyrosine with the level of the latter being very high just before pupation and then declines sharply. Monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme directly involved in the metabolism of catecholamines, remained unaffected by quassin, in fact the level of adrenaline also remained unchanged in larvae during quassin poisoning. MAO showed high variation in its activity between synthetic and natural substrates. Tyramine is not a substrate for MAO. Tyrosinase activity was high in developing stages and negligibly low in adults and showed specificity to L-dopa. Phenylalanine and tyramine are unaffected by tyrosinase. Blood feeding did not influence the activity of both these enzymes.