Reposta proliferativa das células T contra a cruzipaina na cardiopatia chagásica crônica / T cells proliferative responses to cruzipaina in chronic chagasic cardiopathy

In this paper, we sought to determine if chronic chagasic patients with cardiopathy could be distinguished from those displaying non-chagasic cardiopathy on the basis of T cell proliferative responses to cruzipain (GP57/51), a major antigen of T. cruzi. Assays were performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 24 individuals classified as follows: normal donors (n = 8), patients with non-chagasic cardiopathy (n = 8), patients with chronic chagasic cardiopathy without morbid associations (n = 8). The analysis of variance indicated that the proliferative responses stimulated by cruzipain were significantly higher in the group of chagasic patients (p = 0.0001). Turkey's multiple comparison test showed that the proliferative index medium from normal and non-chagasic cardiopathy was not significantly different from each other. We conclude that the T cell responses against T. cruzipain, as measured by proliferative indices of cells found in peripheral blood, are exclusively associated with Chagas, disease. In view of the abundance of cruzipain antigen in amastigotes it is possible that these T cell specificities contribute to the heart tissue damage observed in chronic Chagas, disease patients.

The MHC-class II restricted immune response against parasitic proteinases: clearance-receptors as an alternative pathway for their endocytic uptake into antigen presenting cells

We have recently characterized the partial structure of a relatively dominant T cell epitope from the major T. cruzi cysteinyl proteinase (GP57/51 or cruzipain), and showed that it can trigger the secretion of gamma-interferon from CD4+ lymphocytes from chagasic patients. As generally observed for soluble antigens, T cell recognition of imunogenic peptides from cruzipain requires their prior uptake by antigen presenting cells (APC). Following endocytosis by the APC, cruzipain (a lysosomal proteinase by itself) has to unsergo intracellular degradation in acidic endosomes or lysosomes. The analysis of the fine specificity of cruzipain recognition by T lymphocytes (class II restricted responses) from chronic patients has implicated epitopes mapped to the catalytic domain of cruzipain rather than to its long COOH-terminal extension. Structural differences between these two domains may render them differentially susceptible to intracellular digestion in the APC. We now suggest that the functional inactivation of extracellular cruzipain by proteinase inhibitors available in tissue fluids may increase the efficieny of T cell responses. Recent data indicate that plasma inhibitor alpha2-macroglobulin M (alpha2M) can bind covalently to cruzipain, this being followed by APC uptake by means of the alpha2 macroglobulin receptor (alpha2MR) on monocytes. Similar clearance methanisms may allow highly efficient focusing, degradation and MHC-class II presentation of T cell stimulatory peptides from proteinases originating from allergens and other pathogenic parasites.

Parasite enzymes as a tool to investigate immune responses

Previous evidences reported by us and by other authors revealed the presence of IgG in sera of Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients to immunodominant antigens which are enzymes. Besides their immunological interest as possible inductors of protection, several of these enzume antigens might be also intersting markers of infection in antibody-detecting immunocapture assays which use the intrinsic catalytic property of these antigens. It was thus thought important to define some enzymatic and immunological characteristics of these molecules to better exploit their use as antigens. Four different enzymes from adult worms were partially characterized in their biochemical properties and susceptibility to react with antibodies of infected patients, namely alkaline phosphatase (AKP, Mg*+, pH 9.5), type I phosphodiesterase (PDE, pH 9.5), cysteine proteinase (CP, dithiothreitol, pH 5.5) and N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase (NAG, pH 5.5). The AKP and PDE are distinct tegumental membrane-bound enzymes whereas CP and NAG are soluble acid enzymes. Antibodies in infected human sera differed in their capacity to react with and to inhibit these enzyme antigens. Possibly, the specificity of the antibodies related to the extent of homology between the parasite and the host enzyme might be in part responsible for the above differences. The results are also discussed in view of the possible functional importance of these enzymes