Efficacy and safety of intermediate-dose cytarabine in the treatment of children with refractory high risk Langerhans cell histiocytosis / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To analyze the efficacy, safety, and long-term prognosis of intermediate-dose cytarabine (Ara-c) regimen in the treatment of children with refractory risk organ involvement Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Methods: Clinical data of 17 children with multisystem and risk organ involvement LCH who failed the first-line therapy and were treated with intermediate-dose Ara-c (250 mg/m2, twice daily) regimen in the Hematology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital from January 2013 to December 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. In addition to the basic treatment of vindesine and dexamethasone, the patients received two regimens: regimen A: the intermediate-dose Ara-c combined with cladribine and regimen B: the intermediate-dose Ara-c alone. The efficacy, safety and prognosis of the two regimens were analyzed. Results: Among all 17 patients, there were 11 males and 6 females, with the diagnosis age of 2.1 (1.6, 2.7) years. Ten children received regimen A, all of them achieved active disease-better (AD-B) after 8 courses of induction therapy. The disease activity scores (DAS) decreased from 5.5 (3.0, 9.0) to 1.0 (0, 2.3). Seven children received regimen B, and 6 of them achieved AD-B after 8 courses of induction therapy. The DAS decreased from 4.0 (2.0, 4.0) to 1.0 (0, 2.0). The follow-up time was 6.2 (4.9,7.2) and 5.2 (3.7,5.8) years in group A and B. The 5-year overall survival rate was 100.0% in both groups, and the 5-year event free survival rate was (88.9±10.5)% and (85.7±13.2)% in group A and B. Grade 3 or 4 myelosuppression was observed in 8 patients in group A and 2 patients in group B. Conclusions: The intermediate-dose Ara-c regimen (with or without cladribine) is effective and safe for patients with refractory high-risk LCH, with a good long-term prognosis.

Bradicardia inducida por quimioterapia en pacientes oncológicos / Chemotherapy-induced bradycardia in oncology patients

Resumen Introducción: cada día se reportan efectos tóxicos de la quimioterapia en el corazón, entre ellos las arritmias; sin embargo, las publicaciones sobre bradicardia ocasionada por antineoplásicos son escasas. Objetivo: describir y analizar la presencia de bradicardia posquimioterapia en el paciente oncológico. Materiales y métodos: estudio no experimental, descriptivo, retrospectivo, en el que se incluyeron pacientes atendidos durante el año 2017 en un Servicio de Cardiología, a causa de bradicardia posquimioterapia. Resultados: se evaluaron 59 pacientes, 31 varones (52,5%) y 28 mujeres (47,5%), con una mediana de edad de 42 años. La mediana de la frecuencia cardiaca fue 46 latidos por minuto. La bradicardia fue más frecuente en leucemia mielocítica aguda (25,42%), seguida por leucemia linfoblástica aguda (20,34%). Fue asintomática en el 88,13% de los casos. Los fármacos quimioterápicos relacionados con bradicardia en leucemia mielocítica aguda fueron la citarabina en combinación con la daunorubicina, mientras que en leucemia linfoblástica aguda fueron la vincristina en combinación con la daunorubicina. Se presentó intervalo QTc largo en 12 casos (20,34%). El tiempo entre quimioterapia y el inicio de la bradicardia fue 24 a 48 horas en 35,6% y la recuperación de la frecuencia cardiaca fue entre 24 a 48 horas en el 61,02%. Conclusiones: la bradicardia sinusal como efecto adverso de la quimioterapia, es más frecuente en la leucemia mielocítica aguda, mientras que los medicamentos antineoplásicos relacionados con la bradicardia más comunes fueron la citarabina y la daunorubicina.

Abstract Introduction: There are daily reports of the toxic effects of chemotherapy on the heart, among them are the arrhythmias. However, there are very few publications on bradycardia caused by anti-neoplastic treatment. Objective: To describe and analyse the presence of post-chemotherapy bradycardia in the oncology patient. Materials and methods: A non-experimental, descriptive and retrospective study was conducted on patients seen during the year 2017 in a Cardiology Department due to post-chemotherapy bradycardia. Results: A total of 59 patients were evaluated, of whom 31 (52.5%) were males and 28 (47.5%) women, and with a median age of 42 years. The median heart rate was 46 beats per minute. The bradycardia was more common in acute myelocytic leukaemia (25.42%), followed by acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (20.34%). It was asymptomatic in 88.31% of cases. The chemotherapy drugs associated with bradycardia in acute myelocytic leukaemia were cytarabine in combination with daunorubicin, whilst in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia they were vincristine in combination with daunorubicin. A prolonged QTc interval was present in 12 (20.34%) of cases. The time between the chemotherapy and the onset of bradycardia was 24 to 48 hours in 35.6%, and the recovery of the heart rate was between 24 and 48 hours in 61.02%. Conclusions: Sinus bradycardia as an adverse effect of chemotherapy is more frequent in acute myelocytic leukaemia, whilst the most common anti-neoplastic drugs associated with bradycardia were cytarabine and daunorubicin.

Síndrome de degeneración combinada de la médula espinal y radiculopatía en dos pacientes por quimioterapia intratecal con metrotrexato y citarabina: casos clínicos / Spinal subacute combined degeneration after intrathecal chemotherapy: report of two cases

Intrathecal chemotherapy may be complicated with the development of myelopathies or toxic radiculopathies. This myeloradicular involvement, of toxic character, is unpredictable, since these patients have repeatedly received Intrathecal chemotherapy with the same drugs without apparent injury. The toxic effect should be mainly attributed to Cytarabine and not to methotrexate, since the central nervous system lacks Cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that degrades Cytarabine. We report two patients, an 18-year-old woman and a 16 years old male, who received systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy (methotrexate, cytarabine) for the treatment of an acute lymphoblastic leukemia and developed, in relation to this procedure, a spinal subacute combined degeneration. They had a proprioceptive and motor alteration of the lower extremities and neuroimaging showed selective rear and side spinal cord hyper intensity produced by central axonopathy. Two weeks later the woman developed a quadriplegia and the young man a flaccid paraplegia due to added root involvement.

Citarabina y reacciones cutáneas en leucemia aguda mieloide / Cytarabine and skin reactions in acute myeloid leukemia

La citarabina es un antimetabolito utilizado en el tratamiento de las leucemias agudas mieloides (LAM). Esta droga presenta numerosos efectos adversos (mielosupresión, toxicidad en sistema nervioso central, hepática, gastrointestinal, ocular y cutánea). La toxicidad dermatológica es habitualmente descrita como rara, sin embargo existen diferencias en la incidencia comunicada. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo donde se incluyeron todas las LAM tratadas con quimioterapia que incluía citarabina, entre el 1º de julio 2006 y el 1° de julio 2012. Se incluyeron 46 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 55 años. La incidencia global de reacciones cutáneas fue de 39% (n = 18). La presencia de lesiones cutáneas no se asoció con sexo, edad, antecedentes de atopía, de reacciones medicamentosas, tipo de LAM ni dosis de citarabina utilizada. Las lesiones se observaron entre 2 a 8 días de iniciado el tratamiento. En cuanto al grado lesional, 27.8% presentaron grado 1, 38.9% grado 2 y 33.3% grado 3. No existieron lesiones grado 4 ni muerte vinculada a toxicidad cutánea. En cuanto al tipo de lesiones, 55.6% se presentaban con máculas, 22.2% con pápulas y 22.2% con eritema. Con respecto a la distribución de las lesiones, 52% de los pacientes presentaron una distribución difusa, 39.3% acral y 8.7% a nivel flexural. Las reacciones adversas cutáneas con la administración de citarabina son frecuentes en nuestro medio, en algunos casos con afectación grave. Si bien suelen resolverse espontáneamente, pueden determinar mayor riesgo de infección, así como comprometer la calidad de vida.

Cytarabine is an antimetabolite used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It has many adverse effects as: myelosuppression, toxic reactions involving central nervous system, liver, gastrointestinal tract, eyes or skin. Dermatologic toxicity is often described as rare; nevertheless there are differences in the reported frequency. We performed a retrospective study including all AML treated with chemotherapy that involved cytarabine between 1st July of 2006 and 1st July of 2012; 46 patients were included with a median age of 55 years. The overall incidence of skin reactions was 39% (n = 18). Sex, age, history of atopy, history of drug reactions, or dose of cytarabine used, were not associated with them. Skin reactions were observed from 2 to 8 days after treatment started. Considering injury degree: 27.8% had grade 1, 38.9% grade 2 and 33.3% grade 3. We did not find any injury grade 4 or death associated with skin toxicity. As for the type of injury: 55.6% presented macules, 22.2% papules and 22.2% erythema. Lesions distribution was diffuse in 52% of patients, acral in 39.3%, and at flexural level in 8.7%. Adverse cutaneous reactions secondary to the administration of cytarabine are frequent in our service and include some cases with severe involvement. Although these reactions usually resolve spontaneously, they determine an increased risk of infection and a compromise of the patient quality of life.

A Case of Treatment-Related Myelodysplastic syndrome and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Following High-Dose Chemotherapy with Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Treatment-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (t-AML) are now well established as complications of cytotoxic chemotherapy. We experienced a 28-yr-old female patient who developed t-MDS/t-AML with characteristic chromosomal abnormalities including 11q23 chromosomal rearrangement following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The patient was admitted with bulky abdominal masses of B cell lineage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. After 2 cycles of systemic chemotherapy of the Vanderbilt regimen, the patient underwent ASCT with high dose chemotherapy of the BEAC regimen. She also received radiation of 48 Gy for the residual periportal lymphadenopathy. The initial cytogenetic analysis of the infused mononuclear cells revealed a normal karyotype. Twenty two months after the ASCT, pancytopenia was noted and her bone marrow aspirate showed dysplastic hemopoiesis with myeloblasts up to 12% of nonerythroid nucleated cells. The patient was diagnosed as t-MDS (refractory anemia with an excess of blasts). Cytogenetic analysis showed complex chromosomal abnormalities including 11q23 rearrangement, which is frequently found in topoisomerase II inhibitor-related hematologic malignancies. Four months later, it was noted that the t-MDS had evolved into an overt t-AML. Cytogenetic analysis showed an evolving pattern with more complex abnormalities. The patient was treated with combination che-motherapy, but her leukemic cells were resistant to the therapy.

Empleo de agentes quimioterápicos / Use of oncological drugs

En el presente artículo se hace una introducción en el tratamiento de la quimioterapia a pacientes afectados por cáncer, se explica la acción de los mismos en la célula y se detallan las características de cuatro drogas oncológicas de uso frecuente en la terapia inmunosupresora

Intensive post remission chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia

To establish the spectrum of toxicities and supportive care required during intensive post remission chemotherapy with high dose Ara-c in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. A retrospective study. From Aug. 95 to Feb. 98. Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology CMH Rawalpindi and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi. Eleven patients of acute myeloid leukaemia achieving complete remission, received total of 36 courses of HidAC. Toxicities occurring and supportive care required during intensive post remission chemotherapy with HidAC. Most common toxicities included fever, bleeding and conjunctivitis. Two patients died due to cerebral bleeding and DIC. Patients were managed with antibiotics, platelet concentrates and topical steroids. No patient developed CNS toxicity

Behenoyl cytarabine-associated reversible encephalopathy in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia

We report a case of reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a 16-year-old girl with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), who is undergoing during consolidation chemotherapy composed of BH-AC (N4-behenoyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine) and idarubicin. On the 6th day of chemotherapy, she was in a drowsy state following generalized tonic clonic seizure lasting 20 minutes. MR images revealed extensive cortical and subcortical white matter brain edema. Alertness returned over the 24 hr following by the discontinuation of BH-AC and intravenous administration of diphenylhydantoin, although she complained of intermittent headaches and visual disturbance. She gradually recovered from these symptoms during subsequent 7 days. Previously noted abnormal signal intensities have nearly disappreared on follow-up MRI obtained on the 22nd day after the first seizure. She was discharged without any neurologic sequela. This case suggests that BH-AC, a derivative of cytosine arabinoside (1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine) could be a cause of reversible encephalopathy syndrome.

Necrólise epidérmica tóxica secundária ao uso da citosina-arabinosídeo em dose intermediária / Toxic epidermal necrolysis after the use of intermediate dose of cytosine arabinoside

A necrólise epidérmica tóxica é afecçao dermatológica secundária ao uso de drogas e corresponde à síndrome de Lyell, relacionada ao eritema multiforme e à síndrome de Stevens-Johnson. Objetivos. Relatar um caso de necrólise epidérmica fatal secundária à citosina-arabinosídeo (Ara-C) em dose intermediária. Relato de Caso. Paciente do sexo feminino, com 16 anos de idade, portadora de leucemia linfóide aguda - LLA-L1. Iniciou tratamento segundo o protocolo do Grupo Brasileiro de Tratamento da Leucemia Infantil/85, alto risco. Na fase II da induçäo, após o uso de Ara-C na dose de 1,5g/m2, intravenoso, 12/12h x três dias, desenvolveu múltiplas lesöes cutâneas bolhosas, que aumentaram rapidamente por progressäo das bordas. As bolhas continham secreçäo serosa, evoluíram para ulceraçäo superficial central, com infecçäo secundária múltipla. Faleceu por septicemia, no 13 dia após o início do quadro dermatológico. Conclusäo. O Ara-C tem sido relacionado a diversas manifestaçöes de toxicidade dermatológica; no entanto, até o momento, näo há relato de necrólise epidérmica tóxica, sendo este o primeiro caso da literatura.

Insuficiência respiratória aguda associada a estreptococcia secundária a altas doses de citosina arabinosídeo / Acute respiratory insufficiency associated with streptococcal infection secondary to high dose of cytosine arabinoside

Um quadro de insuficiência respiratória aguda tem sido descrito em pacientes submetidos a quimioterapia com Citarabina em altas doses, concomitante à detecçäo de Streptococcus sp. O quadro clínico pode ser fatal e envolve múltiplos fatores. Profilaxia com penicilina tem sido utilizada para evitar esta complicaçäo. Aqui, descrevemos a evoluçäo de um caso clínico após o uso de Citarabina altas doses com insuficiência respiratória aguda, onde foi detectado Streptococcus Viridans.

Enterocolitis neutropénica. Estudio de 16 casos en pacientes con leucemia en un periodo de 12 años / Neutropenic enterocolitis. a study of 16 cases in patients with leukemia during a 12 years period

La enterocolitis neutropénica es una complicación que se observa principalmente en pacientes con leucemia tratados con inmunosupresores citotóxicos que posteriormente, debido a su estado de inmunodepresión, presentan infección por agentes oportunistas como bacterias, virus u hongos. En este estudio se encontró que el 4 por ciento de 325 casos de leucemia en material de autopsias del Hospital General de México, presentaron esta complicación. En todos los casos hubo afección extensa del colon e ileon; en dos casos la muerte se debió a perforación y peritonitis. Además se encontraron casos con afección en sitios extraintestinales como lengua, esófago, bronquio y cérvix, por lo que consideramos que esta complicación no es exclusiva de la región enterocólica y proponemos el término de ®lesión neutropénica sistémica¼ cuando exista afección fuera de este sitio en múltiples órganos

Esquemas de quimioterapia y bacteriemias en pacientes adultos con leucemia aguda / Chemotherapy schedules and bacteremias in adult patients with acute leukemia

En un estudio efectuado para evaluar la utilidad de la profilaxis con fluoroquinolonas en pacientes neutropénicos afebriles, se encontró una asociación inesperada entre el esquema de poliquimioterapia utilizado y la posterior documentación de bacteriemias durante los episodios de neutropenia y fiebre. Se analizaron 25 episodios de neutropenia febril secundaria a quimioterapia antileucémica. Los pacientes recibieron etoposide y mitoxantrona o bien citarabina - en dosis estándar, intermedia o alta - asociada a daunomicina o mitoxantrona. El análisis de los datos microbiológicos demostró una mayor incidência de bacteriemias con el uso combinado de antraciclinas y citarabina en dosis intermedia o alta en comparación con la administración de etoposide y mitoxantrona (p = 0,000387). Ambos grupos de pacientes desarrollaron una neutropenia igualmente veloz y severa con una mucositis digestiva equivalente. El esquema de poliquimioterapia fue el único dato que se asoció con la aparición o no de bacteriemias en el episodio de neutropenia febril subsiguiente. Se concluye en que otros efectos - además de la aplasia medular y la mucositis digestiva - podrían ser relevantes en la susceptibilidad a las infecciones que originan los citostáticos.

Quimioterapia antineoplástica y comportamiento en la recuperación celular, receptores Fc y C3 de médula ósea / Antineoplastic chemotherapy, recovery of bone marrow cells and Fc and C3 cellular receptors

La acción de los fármacos antibeoplásicos in vitro cultivo de médula ósea murina ha mostrado ser un buen modelo experimental para valorar los efectos citotóxicos en la proliferación mioloide y el daño a receptores Fc y F3 de granulocito-monocito. En este trabajo se expusieron los cultivos celulares a la acción de dósis medias terapéuticas en el plasma de Amethopterina, Ara-C, Vincristina y Doxorrubicina, mostrando daño a la proliferación celular y a receptores FC y C3, estadisticamente significativo, comparado con el testigo positivo. Se intentó además verla recuperación celular después de haber eliminado el quimioterápeutico del cultivo y volver a poner los estimulos para tal fin. Como resultado encontramos que la recuperación celular fue tan rápida en los cultivos donde cesó el efecto de la quimioterápia, como en el testigo positivo que no habia recibido medicamento pero sí los factores estimulantes (MCP), lo cual, comparado con el testigo nehativo que no habia recibido éstod, la diferencia fue significativa (p<0.05). Algo paredcido sucedió con los receptores a Fc Y C3 de granulocitos-monocitos .