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1.
Einstein (Säo Paulo) ; 18: eGS4913, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1039744

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate indications, results and strategy of retinal exams requested at Primary Care Units. Methods A retrospective study that analyzed the indications and results of retinal exams, in the modalities clinical dilated fundus exams and color fundus photographs. In the following situations, patients were considered eligible for color fundus photographs if visual acuity was normal and ocular symptoms were absent: diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension, in use of drugs with potential retinal toxicity, diagnosis or suspicion of glaucoma, stable and asymptomatic retinopathies, except myopia greater than -3.00 diopters. Results A total of 1,729 patients were evaluated (66% female, age 63.5±15.5 years), and 1,190 underwent clinical dilated fundus exam and 539 underwent color fundus photographs. Diabetes was present in 32.2%. The main indications were diabetes (23.7%) and glaucoma evaluation (23.5%). In 3.4% of patients there was no apparent indication. The main results were a large cup/disc ratio (30.7%) and diabetic retinopathy (13.2%). Exam was normal in 9.6%, detected peripheral changes in 7% and could not be performed in 1%. Considering patients eligible for fundus photographs (22.4%), more than half underwent clinical dilated fundus exams. Conclusion Regarding exam modality, there were no important differences in the distribution of indications or diagnosis. Color fundus photograph is compatible with telemedicine and more cost-effective, and could be considered the strategy of choice in some scenarios. Since there are no clear guidelines for retinal exams indications or the modality of choice, this study may contribute to such standardization, in order to optimize public health resources.


RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar as indicações, os resultados e a estratégia de exames de retina solicitados em Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo no qual foram analisados as indicações e os resultados de exames de retina, nas modalidades mapeamento de retina e retinografia. Em casos de boa acuidade visual e sintomas oculares ausentes, foram considerados elegíveis para avaliação por retinografia: pacientes com diabetes mellitus e/ou hipertensão arterial sistêmica, em uso de medicação com potencial toxicidade retiniana, diagnóstico ou suspeita de glaucoma, e retinopatias estáveis e assintomáticas, exceto miopia maior que -3,00 dioptrias. Resultados Foram avaliados 1.729 pacientes (66% do sexo feminino, idade 63,5±15,5 anos). Destes, 1.190 realizaram mapeamento de retina e 539 realizaram retinografia. Diabetes estava presente em 32,2%. As principais indicações para solicitação do exame foram diabetes (23,7%) e investigação de glaucoma (23,5%). Em 3,4%, não havia indicação aparente. Os principais resultados foram aumento da escavação papilar (30,7%) e retinopatia diabética (13,2%). O exame foi normal em 9,6%; detectou alterações periféricas em 7%; e sua realização foi impossível em 1%. Dos pacientes elegíveis para retinografia (22,4%), mais da metade foi submetida ao mapeamento de retina. Conclusão Não houve diferenças importantes nas distribuições de indicações ou diagnósticos em relação à modalidade de exame. A retinografia, compatível com telemedicina e mais custo-efetiva, pode ser considerada a modalidade de escolha em determinadas situações. Na ausência de consenso quanto às indicações para a solicitação de exames da retina ou sua modalidade, este estudo pode contribuir para tal padronização, de modo a otimizar recursos do sistema público de saúde.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Primary Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Retina , Retinal Diseases/diagnosis , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological/economics , Physical Examination , Photography , Visual Acuity , Retrospective Studies , Telemedicine , Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis , Fundus Oculi , Middle Aged
2.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2020. 110 p. ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1553668

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Estimar o impacto orçamentário da incorporação da retinografia digital portátil para a triagem de doenças causadoras de baixa visão e cegueira infantis no município do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: Apenas os custos diretos através da técnica de microcusto dos modelos de triagem no cenário atual (oftalmoscopia binocular indireta e teste do reflexo vermelho) e do cenário alternativo (retinografia digital portátil) foram calculados para a análise do impacto orçamentário total e incremental. A população de referência corresponde a todos os nascidos vivos em maternidades públicas no município do Rio de Janeiro. O horizonte temporal é de cinco anos (2020 a 2024) e foram utilizados três cenários alternativos (cobertura de 100, 75 e 50% das maternidades) para a difusão da nova tecnologia. Por fim, foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade para testar a influência de parâmetros de incerteza do modelo nos resultados do impacto orçamentário. Resultado: No cenário de 100% de cobertura, o impacto orçamentário total esperado entre 2020-2024 seria de R$ 14.958.162,91 podendo variar entre R$ 12.167.161,22 e R$ 23.549.785,30. Esses valores correspondem a um custo adicional aos cofres públicos entre R$ 10.491.273,99 a R$ 18.747.312,54, com um custo esperado de R$ 12.422.314,20. Conclusão: O custo para a implementação da retinografia digital portátil para rastreio de doenças causadoras de deficiência visual infantil representa menos de 1% do orçamento do SUS destinado ao município do Rio de Janeiro. Os achados do presente estudo podem auxiliar o gestor de saúde a avaliar a viabilidade da implementação da nova tecnologia a nível municipal.


Purpose: To estimate the budgetary impact of portable digital retinography incorporation for screening of neonatal causes of childhood low vision and blindness in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Methods: For the budgetary impact analysis, a microcosting technique was performed. Direct costs of screening models in the current scenario (indirect ophthalmoscopy and red reflex test) and in the alternative scenario (digital imaging screening) were calculated. The eligible population is all live births in Rio de Janeiro's government maternity wards. The time horizon will be five years (2020 to 2024) and three alternative scenarios (100, 75 and 50% coverrage) for the diffusion of the technology were used. Finally, uncertainty analyses was be performed to test the impact of different input parameter values on the outcomes of the budget-impact analysis. Results: Considering coverage of 100% of maternity wards, the total budgetary impact between 2020-2024 would range from R$ 12,167,161.22 to R$ 23,549,785.30, with an expected value of R$ 14,958,162.91. Additional cost ranged from R$ 10,491,273.99 to R$ 18,747,312.54, with an expected value of R$ 11,232,019.80. The cost per exam would be R$ 57.15. Conclusion: The cost of universal digital imaging retinography screening corresponds to less than 1% of the public health budget of Rio de Janeiro city. The information provided in this paper may help the budget holder to evaluate the feasibility of implementing the new technology at the municipal setting.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Blindness/diagnosis , Neonatal Screening , Visually Impaired Persons , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological/economics , Analysis of the Budgetary Impact of Therapeutic Advances , Unified Health System , Brazil
3.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 1723-1732, 2015.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-164164

ABSTRACT

This study involved a cost-utility analysis of early diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy depending on the screening strategy used. The four screening strategies evaluated were no screening, opportunistic examination, systematic fundus photography, and systematic examination by an ophthalmologists. Each strategy was evaluated in 10,000 adults aged 40 yr with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (hypothetical cohort). The cost of each strategy was estimated in the perspective of both payer and health care system. The utility was estimated using quality-adjusted life years (QALY). Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) for the different screening strategies was analyzed. After exclusion of the weakly dominating opportunistic strategy, the ICER of systematic photography was 57,716,867 and that of systematic examination by ophthalmologists was 419,989,046 from the perspective of the healthcare system. According to the results, the systematic strategy is preferable to the opportunistic strategy from the perspective of both a payer and a healthcare system. Although systematic examination by ophthalmologists may have higher utility than systematic photography, it is associated with higher cost. The systematic photography is the best strategy in terms of cost-utility. However systematic examination by ophthalmologists can also be a suitable policy alternative, if the incremental cost is socially acceptable.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological/economics , Early Diagnosis , Fluorescein Angiography/economics , Health Care Costs , Markov Chains , Mass Screening/economics , Models, Economic , National Health Programs/economics , Quality-Adjusted Life Years , Republic of Korea
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