Esotropía comitante aguda del adulto. Presentación de un caso / Acute concomitant esotropia of adulthood

Fundamentación. La esotropía aguda del adulto es un estrabismo no frecuente, de aparición tardía, por encima de los 7 años de edad y puede verse en edades avanzadas, el comienzo es brusco; se caracteriza desde el punto de vista clínico por diplopía, comitancia y relación binocular normal. Objetivo: Ofrecer una enseñanza clínico-quirúrgica de esotropía comitante aguda del adulto, relacionada con el estrés físico, además de ser infrecuente. Presentación de caso: Paciente femenina de 29 años de edad ,que acudió a la consulta de Oftalmología en agosto del 2014, la que refirió que hace 13 años después de sumergirse en un río notó desviación del ojo derecho hacia adentro de forma súbita, acompañado esto de visión doble permanente. En el examen oftalmológico se le realizó de forma minuciosa exploración sensorial y se llegó al diagnóstico definitivo de esotropía comitante aguda del adulto. Conclusiones: La esotropía comitante aguda del adulto tipo Franceschetti, es una forma especial de estrabismo, es infrecuente. A la paciente se le realizó tratamiento quirúrgico, sin el cual no se hubiera logrado el alineamiento ocular y restauración de la visión binocular.(AU)

Corrección quirúrgica del estrabismo en paresia del oblicuo superior / Surgical correction of strabismus in upper oblique paresia

La paresia de oblicuo superior adquirida puede ser unilateral o bilateral, producida por traumatismos craneales cerrados, tumores, enfermedades microvasculares -como malformaciones, infecciones, inflamaciones o lesiones directas sobre el músculo o la tróclea- y aneurismas. Se presentan las características oftalmológicas de un paciente masculino de 66 años, con diagnóstico de paresia de oblicuo superior en el ojo derecho adquirida, de etiología no precisada. Se caracteriza por presentar diplopía vertical binocular, tortícolis, hipertropía y Bielschowsky positivo del lado de la paresia. Se decide realizar recesión del recto superior del ojo derecho, que es el ojo parético, y Faden del recto inferior contralateral. Con esta técnica quirúrgica desapareció la diplopía vertical y se logró simetría en infraversión(AU)

The acquired paresia of the upper oblique can be unilateral or bilateral, caused by closed cranial traumas, tumors, microvascular illnesses, as malformations, infections, inflammations or direct lesions on the muscle or the trochlea and aneurismas. Here is the case of a 66 years-old male patient with diagnosis of acquired paresia of the upper oblique in his left eye, with no precise etiology. It is characterized by binocular vertical diplopia, torticollis, hypertrophy and positive Bielschowsky on the side of paresia. After this, it was decided to perform recession of the upper rectus of the right eye, which was the paretic eye, and also Faden procedure to treat contralateral lower rectus. With this surgical technique, the vertical diplopia disappeared and symmetry was achieved in infraversion(AU)

Parálisis del músculo oblicuo superior atípica / Atypical paralysis of the superior oblique muscle

Las paresias y parálisis oculomotoras implican todos aquellos procesos susceptibles de producir un déficit parcial o total de los movimientos del globo ocular. La lesión puede estar en cualquier parte del sistema oculomotor que incluye la corteza cerebral, el tronco cerebral, nervios, placa neuromuscular y del propio músculo. Las paresias y/o parálisis del músculo oblicuo superior o IV par craneal constituye una de las más frecuentes en la práctica médica estrabológica, puede ser de etiología congénita o adquirida, se caracteriza por hipertropía que aumenta con la inclinación de la cabeza hacia el hombro del lado del ojo afectado signo de Bielschowsky, anisotropía en V, exciclotropía. Los pacientes con paresias y/o parálisis adquirida muestran diplopía vertical y torsional que aumenta con la mirada hacia abajo, tortícolis con inclinación de la cabeza hacia el lado opuesto del ojo afectado y descenso del mentón. El paciente acude a consulta por presentar diplopía vertical y torsional de 13 años de evolución. Al examen de la motilidad ocular había ortotropía en la Posición Primaria de la Mirada con hiperforia al cover test ojo izquierdo, 10 Dp base inferior por barra de prismas, exciclotropía 5*, tortícolis hacia la derecha y Bielschowsky positivo hacia el lado izquierdo. La impresión diagnóstica fue paresia adquirida del músculo OS izquierdo de etiología no precisada. El tratamiento realizado fue la retroinserción del recto superior del ojo izquierdo 4 mm más el desplazamiento temporal de un 1/4 de la inserción con el objetivo de eliminar la diplopía vertical y torsional y la posición anómala de la cabeza

The oculomotor paresis and paralysis involve all those processes capable of producing partial or total deficit of the ocular globe movements. The injure may be located in any part of the oculomotor system that includes the brain cortex, the brain trunk, nerves, neuromuscular plate and of the muscle. Paresis and/or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle or IV cranial nerve is very frequent in the medical practice for strabismus; it can be congenital or acquired, characterized by hypertropia that increases with the head moving toward the shoulder next to the affected eye sign of Bielschowsky, V-anisotropy and excyclotropia. The patients affected by acquired paresis and/or paralysis show vertical and torsional diplopia that increases when they look down, torticollis from inclining the head towards the opposed side of the affected eye, and lowering of the chin. A patient went to the doctor's because he presented with vertical and torsional diplopia of 13 years of progression. The ocular motility exam revealed orthotropia at primary position of look with hyperphoria at cover test in the left eye, 10 Dp inferior basis in bar prism test, excyclotropia 5, torticollis toward the right side and positive Bielschowsky index toward the left side. The diagnosis was acquired paresis of the left oblique superior muscle left of unspecified etiology. The treatment was over 4 mm retroinsertion of the superior rectum of the left eye plus one-fourth temporary displacement of the insertion, with the objective of eliminating the vertical and torsional diplopia and the anomalous position of the head

Superior Rectus Muscle Recession for Residual Head Tilt after Inferior Oblique Muscle Weakening in Superior Oblique Palsy

PURPOSE: Residual head tilt has been reported in patients with superior oblique muscle palsy (SOP) after surgery to weaken the inferior oblique (IO) muscle. The treatments for these patients have not received appropriate attention. In this study, we evaluated the superior rectus (SR) muscle recession as a surgical treatment. METHODS: The medical records of 12 patients with SOP were retrospectively reviewed. Each of these patients had unilateral SR muscle recession for residual head tilt after IO muscle weakening due to SOP. The residual torticollis was classified into three groups on the basis of severity: mild, moderate, or severe. Both IO muscle overaction and vertical deviation, features of SOP, were evaluated in all patients. The severity of the preoperative and postoperative torticollis and vertical deviation were compared using a paired t-test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The torticollis improved in nine of 12 (75%) patients after SR muscle recession. The difference between the preoperative and postoperative severity of torticollis was statistically significant (p = 0.0008). After surgery, the mean vertical deviation was significantly reduced from 12.4 prism diopters to 1.3 prism diopters (p = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral SR muscle recession is an effective method to correct residual head tilt after IO muscle weakening in patients with SOP. This surgical procedure is believed to decrease head tilt by reducing the vertical deviation and thereby the compensatory head tilt.

Management of diplopia in patients with blowout fractures.

Purpose: To report the management outcomes of diplopia in patients with blowout fracture. Materials and Methods: Data for 39 patients with diplopia due to orbital blowout fracture were analyzed retrospectively. The inferior wall alone was involved in 22 (56.4%) patients, medial wall alone was involved in 14 (35.8%) patients, and the medial and inferior walls were involved in three (7.6%) patients. Each fracture was reconstructed with a Medpore® implant. Strabismus surgery or prism correction was performed in required patients for the management of persistent diplopia. Mean postoperative follow up was 6.5 months. Results: Twenty-three (58.9%) patients with diplopia underwent surgical repair of blowout fracture. Diplopia was eliminated in 17 (73.9%) patients following orbital wall surgery. Of the 23 patients, three (7.6%) patients required prism glasses and another three (7.6%) patients required strabismus surgery for persistent diplopia. In four (10.2%) patients, strabismus surgery was performed without fracture repair. Twelve patients (30.7%) with negative forced duction test results were followed up without surgery. Conclusions: In our study, diplopia resolved in 30.7% of patients without surgery and 69.2% of patients with diplopia required surgical intervention. Primary gaze diplopia was eliminated in 73.9% of patients through orbital wall repair. The most frequently employed secondary surgery was adjustable inferior rectus recession and <17.8% of patients required additional strabismus surgery.

Diplopia in zygomatic - complex fracture

The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence, etiology, treatment modalities, morbidity and types ofdiplopia in zygomatic complex fracture. Fifty patients with zygomatic-complex fractures who had attended the out-patient review clinic at Manchester Royal Infirmary in Manchester United Kingdom formed the study group. Information for the study was gathered from patient records from 10 Jan 2004 to 20 July 2004. Ethical approval was gained from the local research ethics committee. Fifty study group patients were examined clinically and radiographically. They also underwent orthoptic investigation. Out of these nine patients presented with diplopia as a result of their injury and following surgical exploration of the infraorbital floor. Eight patients had diplopia in the upward gaze and one patient experienced diplopia in the downward gaze. One patient had persistent diplopia at 12 weeks. In patients who presented with diplopia, assault was the most common aetiology [66%]. Statistically analysis revealed a significant difference between assault as the aetiology and the types of diplopia [p<0.02]. Fifty-six per cent of patients had surgical intervention for diplopia between 8 and 13 days post injury. In this patient group, the subcilliary incision was a common surgical approach for the orbital floor [40%]. Diplopia was the presenting symptom in 6 patients with zygomatic-complex fractures involving the orbital floor and also in 4 patients with body complex fractures. Diplopia resolved within one week after surgery in two patients [22.2%] and within 3 weeks after surgical intervention for 6 patients [66.7%]. However, one patient recovered after 12 weeks. This study highlights the importance of evaluating the symptoms of diplopia and its appropriate management. Indications for early operation are: symptomatic diplopia with positive forced duction and CT evidence of entrapment of orbital fat or septae with no improvement over 1 to 2 weeks

Atypical presentation of an unusual foreign body.

A 14-year-old boy presented with intractable diplopia for 10 days following an assault. A thorough history revealed that he was unaware of any penetrating injury. However, imaging demonstrated a radiolucent foreign body between the globe and the orbital floor. On surgical exploration, it was found to be the proximal part of a ball point pen. Its removal resulted in complete resolution of diplopia. Thorough clinical and radiological examination is recommended when a foreign body is suspected in pediatric patients. Prompt diagnosis will aid in early intervention and prevention of long-term complications.

Lente intra-ocular opaca em diplopia intratável: relato de caso / Opaque intraocular lens in intractable diplopia: case report

Diplopia intratável tem sido descrita em várias situações. Métodos convencionais como prismas e correção cirúrgica do estrabismo falham em neutralizá-la. O objetivo do trabalho é documentar o caso de uma paciente com estrabismo de longa data, cuja diplopia deteriorou-se ao longo dos anos, e não foi possível resolução com cirurgia, prisma, e oclusão com óculos e lente de contato com pupila opaca. A paciente foi então submetida à facoemulsificação com implante de lente intra-ocular opaca que atingiu o objetivo desejado.

Intractable diplopia has been described in many situations but poor results are the rule with standard treatment modalities. The authors report a case of a woman with long-standing strabismus and diplopia who failed to improve following surgery, prism, and occlusive spectacles or contact lenses. Then, she was submitted to phacoemulsification and opaque intraocular lens implantation, which successfully neutralized diplopia.

Fractura por estallido (Blow-out) de órbita / Blow out orbital fractures

Se presentan 18 pacientes con fractura de órbita por estallido, de un total de 300 enfermos que consultan por algún rasgo de fractura de la órbita. El diagnóstico se basó en el estudio radiológico y en los hallazgos intraoperatorios. Su tratamiento quirúrgico, a través de una incisión habitualmente subpalpebral, consistió en la reparación del piso orbitario con diferentes materiales biológicos o sintéticos. Como complicación tardía un paciente presentó rechazo al silastic, 2 casos de persistencia de la limitación de los movimientos oculares y un paciente con enoftalmo, diplopia y descenso pupilar