Distribución estacional de miasis mucocutánea. Nuestra experiencia / Seasonal distribution of mucocutaneousmyiasis. Our experience / Distribuição sazonal de miíase mucocutânea. A nossa experiencia

Introducción: la miasis es una lesión producida por larvas de mosca que infestan animales, de cuyos tejidos se alimentan en forma parasitaria. En nuestro servicio de otorrinolaringología tratamos frecuentemente pacientes con miasis mucocutáneas. El comprender la distribución estacional de esta patología podría ser una herramienta útil para la prevención de la misma. Métodos: Se valoraron las historias clínicas informatizadas del servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Federico Abete de Malvinas Argentinas, entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2015, utilizando como filtro la palabra “miasis”; de las cuales se analizaron las variables: mes de infestación, sitio anatómico comprometido, la edad, el género y la temperatura al momento de la consulta. Resultados: Se encontraron 27 pacientes. La edad promedio fue de 42 años. Quince pacientes masculinos y 12 femeninos. Sitio anatómico comprometido: conducto auditivo externo: 11; traqueostoma: 8; Sitio operatorio: 5; oído medio: 3. Todos fueron diagnosticados en las estaciones más cálidas. Conclusiones: Se observó la aparición de miasis en las estaciones más cálidas. Sería aconsejable tomar mayor cantidad de medidas preventivas durante estas épocas del año, para evitar los casos de infestación larvaria, cuando es posible.

Introduction: Myiasis refers to the damage caused by fly larvaes, which infest animals, including humans, and who feed in form parasitic of their dead or living tissue, causing tissue destruction. In our department of otolaryngology, we often treat patients with mucocutaneous myiasis. Understand the seasonal distribution of this disease could be a useful tool for preventing it. Method: Computerized medical records of Otolaryngology Service of Hospital Municipal Dr. Federico Abete of Malvinas Argentinas were valued, in the period between 2013 and 2015, it was used as a filter the word “myiasis”. Were found a series of 27 cases with diagnosis of mucocutaneous myiasis; of which were analyzed the variables: month of infestation, involved anatomic site, age and temperature at the time of medical consultation. Results: 27 patients were found. The average age was 42 years. 15 male patients and 12 female patients. Involved anatomic site: external auditory canal: 11; tracheostomy: 8; infestation surgical site: 5; middle ear: 3. All were diagnosed in the warmer seasons. Conclusions: The appearance of myiasis was observed in the warmer seasons. It would be advisable to take as many preventative measures during these times of the year to avoid cases of larval infestation, when possible.

Introdução: Miíase é uma lesão causada por larvas de moscas que infestam animais e dos que se alimentam de forma parasitária de seus tecidos. Em nosso departamento de otorrinolaringología tratamos muitas vezes pacientes com miíase mucocutânea. Compreender a distribuiçãos a zonal destado ença poderia ser uma ferramenta útil para evitar isso. Método: Forama valiados registros médicos computadorizados de Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital Municipal Dr. Federico Abete de Malvinas Argentinas, no período entre 2013 e 2015, ele foi usado como filtro a palavra “miasis”. Foram encontradas uma série de 27 casos com diagnóstico de miíase mucocutânea; dos quais foram analisados as variáveis: mês de infestação, local anatómico en volvidos, idade e sexo dos pacientes; que foram comparados com os dados de temperatura do Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Resultados: 27 pacientes foram encontrados. A idade média foi de 42 anos. 15 pacientes do sexo masculino e 12 do sexo feminino. Local anatômico envolvidos: canal auditivo externo: 11; traqueostomia: 8; infestação de sítio cirúrgico: 5; ouvido médio: 3. Todos foram diagnosticados nas estações mais quentes. Conclusões: O aparecimento de miíases foi observada nas estações mais quentes. Seria aconselhável tomar tantas medidas preventivas durante estas épocas do ano para evitar casos de infestação larval, quando possível.

Capacidade vetorial de Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) cruzi (Diptera: Psychodidae) para Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum / Vectorial capacity of Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) cruzi (Diptera: Psychodidae) for Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum

Em algumas regiões, como nos municípios de Corumbá e Ladário, no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, existem evidências ecológicas e epidemiológicas de que Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) cruzi (Mangabeira, 1938) seja a principal responsável pela transmissão do protozoário Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Nicolle, 1908 (ou subespécie de L. (L.) infantum chagasi Cunha & Chagas, 1937 segundo alguns autores), agente etiológico da leishmaniose visceral (LV). A ausência de Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912), principal vetor do parasito, reforçam esta hipótese. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os parâmetros e estimar a capacidade vetorial de Lu. cruzi para L. (L.) infantum e Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Lainson & Shaw, 1972. Para este último, apenas foram avaliados os parâmetros, sem a estimativa numérica da capacidade vetorial. A avaliação da capacidade vetorial foi realizada a partir de experimentos laboratoriais (infecção experimental) e de campo (atratividade aos flebotomíneos). Por intermédio da infecção experimental de Lu. cruzi pelo parasito, foi possível estimar a expectativa de sobrevida diária de fêmeas infectadas (estimativa vertical e laboratorial), avaliar o período de incubação extrínseco do parasita e obter duração do ciclo gonotrófico. Para a avaliação da competência vetorial do inseto, foram realizadas tentativas de transmissão experimental e natural de Leishmania, a partir de fêmeas provenientes de colônia cujos indivíduos foram alimentados durante o xenodiagnóstico e de fêmeas selvagens capturadas em campo, respectivamente. A distribuição sazonal de Lu. cruzi foi avaliada por meio da instalação semanal de armadilhas luminosas no peridomicílio de cinco residências na área urbana do Município de Corumbá. Variáveis meteorológicas obtidas junto ao Centro de Monitoramento do Tempo, do Clima e dos Recursos Hídricos de Mato Grosso do Sul, índices radiométricos calculado a partir de imagens de resolução espacial (GeoEye) e o percentual de cobertural vegetal foram utilizados neste estudo. Os resultados obtidos permitiram estimar a capacidade vetorial de Lu. cruzi para L. (L.) infantum, que foi de 0,24, ou seja, espera-se que a população de fêmeas da área produzam 0,24 novas infecções viii por dia de exposição de uma infecção. A competência vetorial de Lu. cruzi para L. (L.) infantum e L. (L.) amazonensis, via picada, foi demonstrada por meio de transmissão natural e experimental dos parasitos, respectivamente. Também foi identificada a infecção natural de Lu. cruzi por L. (L.) amazonensis. Com relação à distribuição mensal, embora não tenha sido observada a presença de associação entre essas espécies e as variáveis ambientais de vegetação e clima, foi possível observar picos elevados populacionais na estação chuvosa e picos menores na estação seca. O padrão da distribuição sazonal das espécies de flebotomíneos demonstrado neste estudo foi determinado basicamente pelos espécimes de Lu. cruzi capturados, uma vez que eles representam 93,94 por cento . A variação mensal demonstrou que a espécie Lu. cruzi tem grande plasticidade, tendo sido observada em todos os meses de coleta.

In some regions such as in the municipalities of Corumbá and Ladário in Mato Grosso do Sul state, there are ecological and epidemiological evidence that Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) cruzi (Mangabeira, 1938) is the vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Nicolle, 1908 (or subspecies of L. (L.) infantum chagasi Cunha & Chagas, 1937 according to some authors), the etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The absence of Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912), the main vector of the parasite, supports this hypothesis. This study aimed to evaluate the parameters and estimate the vectorial capacity of Lu. cruzi for L. (L.) infantum and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Lainson & Shaw, 1972. For the latter, only parameters was evaluated without numerical estimation of the vectorial capacity. The evaluation of the vectorial capacity was carried out from laboratory experiments (experimental infection) and field (attractiveness to sandflies). Through experimental infection by the parasite, it was possible to estimate the expected daily survival of infected females (vertical and laboratory estimate), evaluate the extrinsic incubation period of the parasite and get the length of gonotrophic cycle. To evaluate the insect vector competence, attempts have been made of experimental and natural transmission of Leishmania from females from colony whose subjects were fed for xenodiagnosis and wild females captured in the field, respectively. Monthly and seasonal distribution of Lu. cruzi was evaluated by weekly installation of light traps in the peridomicile of five residences in the urban area of the Municipality of Corumbá. Meteorological variables obtained from the Weather Monitoring Center, Climate and Water of Mato Grosso do Sul Resources, radiometric indices calculated from spatial resolution images (GeoEye) and the percentage of plant cobertural were used in this study. Results allowed estimating the vectorial capacity of Lu. cruzi for L. (L.) infantum, which was 0.24, i.e., it is expected that the female population in the region produce 0.24 new infections per day of exposure to an infection. Vector competence of Lu. cruzi for L. (L.) infantum and L. (L.) amazonensis by biting, was demonstrated by natural and experimental transmission of both parasites, respectively. Natural infection of Lu. cruzi by L. (L.) amazonensis was identified. Regarding the monthly x distribution, there was no significant association between of sandflies and the environmental and climate variables. It was observed high peaks population in the rainy season and lower peaks in the dry season. The pattern of seasonal distribution of species of sand flies demonstrated in this study was determined primarily by Lu. cruzi specimens, since this species represent 93.94 per cent of the total captured. The monthly change showed that Lu. cruzi species has great plasticity and has been observed in all months of collection.

Ophthalmomyiasis Caused by a Phormia sp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Larva in an Enucleated Patient

Ophthalmomyiasis rarely occurs worldwide, and has not been reported in Korea. We present here a case of ophthalmomyiasis caused by Phormia sp. fly larva in an enucleated eye of a patient. In June 2010, a 50-year-old man was admitted to Dankook University Hospital for surgical excision of a malignant melanoma located in the right auricular area. He had a clinical history of enucleation of his right eye due to squamous cell carcinoma 5 years ago. During hospitalization, foreign body sensation developed in his right eye, and close examination revealed a fly larva inside the eye, which was evacuated. The larva was proved to be Phormia sp. based on the morphology of the posterior spiracle. Subsequently, no larva was found, and the postoperative course was uneventful without any complaints of further myiasis. This is the first case of ophthalmomyiasis among the literature in Korea, and also the first myiasis case caused by Phormia sp. in Korea.

Primer reporte en Cuba de miasis intestinal por Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) / First report of intestinal myiasis caused by por Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

INTRODUCCIÓN: Hermetia illucens, díptero de la familia Stratiomyidae es una especie reportada para Cuba relativamente frecuente en todo el territorio nacional. Ha sido incriminada como productora de miasis en humanos y animales. OBJETIVO: reportar por primera vez en Cuba una miasis entérica producida por esta especie. MÉTODOS: la paciente, una mujer blanca de 26 años presentó un cuadro de deyecciones líquidas posprandiales con cólicos abdominales. Al ingerir una infusión de plantas medicinales a partir de incienso (Artemisa abrotanum L.), hierba buena (Mentha nemorosa Willd.) y manzanilla (Matricaria chamomilla L.) expulsó 5 larvas (2 grandes y 3 pequeñas). Se decidió su ingreso durante una semana pero no se obtuvieron nuevas larvas, una gastroscopia realizada mostró gastritis antral crónica con focos de agudización; se determinaron otras parasitosis por lo que se le indicó mebendazol. RESULTADOS: de las larvas expulsadas una fue llevada al Departamento de Entomología Médica del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, donde fue determinada taxonómicamente como Hermetia illucens. CONCLUSIONES: este reporte junto a lo conocido en la literatura mundial muestra la posibilidad de que miasis por esta especie ocurran con cierta frecuencia, sobre todo en los meses de verano al ingerir frutas muy maduras y sin lavar; se deberá alertar a los médicos de esta posible miasis a ocurrir, promocionar las medidas higiénicas a ser tomadas al ingerir frutas y valorar el estudio de las propiedades antiparasitarias de la especie Artemisa abrotanum L.

INTRODUCTION: Hermetia illucens from Stratiomyidae family is a relatively frequent species reported in Cuba. It has been accused of causing myiasis in humans and animals. OBJECTIVE: to report for the first time in Cuba, the occurrence of intestinal myiasis caused by this species. METHODS: the patient, a white woman aged 26 years presented with a picture of postprandial fluid discharges accompanied by abdominal pain. When the patient took an infusion of medicinal plants such as incense (Artemisa abrotanum L.), mint (Mentha nemorosa Wild) and camomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), five larvae were ejected (2 large and 3 small). It was decided to admit the patient to the hospital for a week, but not more larvae were ejected. A gastroscopy showed antral chronic gastritis with acute foci and also other types of parasitosis, so Mebendazol was prescribed. RESULTS: one of the ejected larvae was taken to the Medical Entomology Department of Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine where it was taxonomically identified as Hermetia illucens. CONCLUSIONS: this report together with the pieces of knowledge provided by the world literature show the possibility that myasis caused by this species may occur in summer months when ripe unwashed fruits are consumed; physicians should be warned about this possible myiasis, hygienic measures should be applied when taking fruits and the study of antiparasitic properties of Artemisa abrotanum L. must be assessed.

Sobre una afección poco frecuente en Cuba: la miasis / With regard to a not much frequent affection in Cuba: myasis

Introducción: la miasis es la infestación de los animales domésticos, salvajes y del hombre por las larvas de las moscas (dípteras) de diferentes especies, que durante un período de su desarrollo, se alimentan de tejidos vivos o muertos o del alimento ingerido por el huésped. Es una enfermedad de distribución mundial, principalmente en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales. Desarrollo: los agentes etiológicos más comunes en las miasis son las larvas de moscas de los géneros: Sarcophaga, Dermatobia, Oestrus, Gastrophilus, Cochliomyia, Lucila, Chrysomya y Musca entre otras. Los dípteros productores de miasis presentan varias formas en su ciclo biológico. La miasis se clasifica según las larvas que la producen, las localizaciones y formas clínicas en el hombre, y pueden ser producidas por larvas biontófagas o necrobiontófagas. Las primeras invaden tejidos vivos o cavidades naturales y son parásitos obligados; las segundas, colonizan lesiones preexistentes y son parásitos accidentales. Está asociada a diversos factores de riesgo, fundamentalmente relacionados con la higiene. Consideraciones finales: es una enfermedad transmitida por vectores (moscas), sus manifestaciones clínicas dependen de la localización y es una enfermedad prevenible.

Introduction myasis is a infestation of domestic, wilds animals and men caused by fly larvae (Diptera) of different species, that during a development period, lives on live and death tissues or from food ingested by host. It is a world scale disease, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. Development: more common etiological agents in Myasis include fly larvae of Sarcophaga, Dermatobia, Oestrus, Gastrophilus, Cochliomyia, Lucila, Chrysomya and Musca genres among others. Diptera producing Myasis include some shapes in its biological cycle. Myasis is classified by larvae produced by it, locations, and clinical presentation in men and may be produced by biontophagues or necrobiontophagues. First ones invade live tissues or the naturala cavities and are obligate parasites; the second ones, colonize preexisting injuries, and are accidental parasites. It is associated with some risk factors, mainly with hygiene. Final Considerations: it is a vector-transmitted disease (flies), its clinical manifestations depend on location and it is a preventable disease.

Chrysomya bezziana as a causative agent of human myiasis in Fars Province, Southern Iran

Myiasis is the invasion of body tissues of humans or animals by the larvae of the Diptera or two-winged flies. The various forms of myiasis may be classified from clinical or entomological point. This study describes the existence of Chrysomya bezziana [Diptera: Calliphoridae] cases as a causative agent of myiasis in 18 and 87 year-old men in two different regions in Fars Province. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of mentioned species in this province

Primer informe de Lutzomyia yuilli Young & Porter, 1972 y Lutzomyia triramula (Fairchild & Hertig 1952) (Diptera: Psychodidae) en el departamento de Caldas, Colombia / First record of Lutzomyia yuilli Young & Porter, 1972 and Lutzomyia triramula (Fairchild & Hertig 1952) (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Caldas departament, Colombia

Durante estudios de foco en varios municipios del departamento de Caldas, Colombia, donde se han presentado casos de leishmaniosis cutánea, se recolectaron nueve especies de Lutzomyia: Lutzomyia gomezi (Nitzulescu 1931), Lu. ayrozai (Barreto & Coutinho 1940), Lu. panamensis (Shannon 1926), Lu. bifoliata Osorno, Morales, Osorno & Hoyos, 1970, Lu. trapidoi (Farchild & Hertig 1952), Lu. yuilli Young & Porter, 1952, Lu. triramula (Fairchild & Hertig 1952), Lu. atroclavata (Knab 1913) y Lu. trinidadensis (Newstead 1922). Dos de estos taxones constituyen nuevos registros para el departamento, Lu. yuilli del subgénero Nyssomyia, y Lu. triramula del subgénero Trichopygomyia. Los individuos de Lu. yuilli se obtuvieron mediante el uso de trampas de luz tipo Shannon y CDC en el municipio de Norcasia, mientras que los de Lu. triramula se recolectaron usando trampas de luz y adhesivas en los municipios de Norcasia y Victoria. Se discute la importancia de este hallazgo teniendo en cuenta la limitada distribución de Lu. triramula en el territorio colombiano y la capacidad vectorial de Lu. yuilli.

Nine species of Lutzomyia were collected during the research of various cutaneous leishmaniasis foci in the department of Caldas, Colombia: Lutzomyia gomezi (Nitzulescu, 1931), Lu. ayrozai (Barretto & Coutinho 1940), Lu. panamensis (Shannon 1926), Lu. bifoliata Osorno, Morales, Osorno & Hoyos, 1970, Lu. trapidoi (Fairchild & Hertig 1952), Lu. yuilli Young & Porter, 1972, Lu. triramula (Fairchild & Hertig 1952), Lu. atroclavata (Knab 1913), and Lu. trinidadensis (Newstead 1922). Two of these species constitute a new record for the department, Lu. yuilli of the subgenus Nyssomyia, and Lu. triramula of the subgenus Trichopygomyia. The specimens of Lu. yuilli were collected using Shannon and CDC light traps in the municipality of Norcasia, while the specimens of Lu. triramula were collected using light and sticky traps in both Norcasia and Victoria municipalities. The importance of this finding, taking into account the limited distribution of Lu. triramula in the Colombian territory and the vector capacity of Lu. yuilli is considered.

Cutaneous human myiasis due to Dermatobia hominis / La miasis cutánea humana debido a Dermatobia Hominis

This is a case report of cutaneous myiasis due to Dermatobia hominis in a female physician who had travelled to Belize. Cutaneous myiasis is endemic in Central and South America but is seldom reported from the Caribbean islands.

Éste es un reporte de caso de miasis cutánea debido a Dermatobia hominis en una mujer médico que había viajado a la Belice. La miasis cutánea es endémica en América Central y América del Sur, pero rara vez se reporta en las islas del Caribe.

Miasis humana en Bahía Blanca, Argentina: periodo 2000 / 2005 / Human myiasis in Bahía Blanca, Argentina: period 2000 / 2005

Se entiende por miasis a la infestación de vertebrados vivos por larvas de dípteros, que por lo menos durante un corto período, se alimentan de los tejidos vivos o muertos del hospedador, de sus sustancias corporales líquidas o del alimento por él ingerido. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar las especies bioagentes de miasis humanas ocurridas en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, Argentina, durante el período comprendido entre el 01/03/2000 y el 31/05/2005. Se estudiaron 17 casos clínicos. Las larvas extraídas de las lesiones fueron remitidas de laboratorios y hospitales públicos y privados de dicha ciudad. Parte de las larvas se fijó en alcohol 70° y se procesó según la técnica de Mazza & Jõrg (1939). El resto se crió en condiciones de laboratorio hasta la obtención de los adultos. Se observaron las características diagnósticas de las larvas III y de los ejemplares adultos y se clasificaron taxonómicamente. Las especies bioagentes fueron: Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) en trece de los casos y Phaenicia sericata (= Lucila sericata) (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) en los cuatro restantes. Las miasis fueron traumáticas y aurales, se presentaron durante los meses de Diciembre a Marzo, en la franja etaria de 4 a 86 años, siendo el 76,5 por ciento de los casos de presentación en pacientes masculinos. Teniendo en cuenta la voracidad de las larvas, principalmente las de C. hominivorax, resulta claro que el diagnóstico rápido de miasis y la aplicación del tratamiento adecuado son decisivos para que esta parasitosis se resuelva sin consecuencias graves para el paciente.

Myiasis is the infestation of live human and vertebrate animals with dipterous larvae which, at least for a short period, feed on the host's dead or living tissue, liquid body-substance, or ingested food. The objective of this study was to identify the flies producing myiasis in Bahía Blanca city, Argentina, from 01/03/2000 to 31/05/2005. Seventeen clinical cases were studied. The larvae obtained from lesions were forwarded from laboratories and from public and private hospitals. Part of the larvae were fixed in alcohol 70° and processed according to the Mazza & Jõrg technique (1939). The other part continued growing in flasks with meat in laboratory conditions to obtain the adults. The etiological agents of myiasis were identified by observing the diagnostic characteristics of the larvae III and of the adults, and by using taxonomic keys. Myiasis was produced by Cochlyiomia hominivorax (Coquerel) in thirteen of the cases and by Phaenicia sericata (= Lucila sericata) (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the other four. The cases were traumatic and aural myiasis and happened from December to March. The ages of patients were four to eighty-six years and 76.5 percent of the cases occurred in male patients. Given the aggressiveness of these larvae, mainly C. hominivorax, in causing human myiasis, the importance of specific and quick diagnosis and of adequate treatment must be acknowledged.

Biologia e exigências térmicas de Trichogramma pratissolii Querino & Zucchi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) em hospedeiros alternativos / Biology and thermal requirements Trichogramma pratissolii Querino & Zucchi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on alternative hosts

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a biologia e as exigências térmicas de Trichogramma pratissolii Querino & Zucchi em Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) e Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), nas temperaturas de 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 e 33°C. A porcentagem de emergência de T. pratissolii em A. kuehniella foi maior a 27°C, e em C. cephalonica, foi maior às temperaturas de 24°C a 30°C. O limite térmico inferior de desenvolvimento (Tb) e a constante térmica (K) de T. pratissolii foram 12,59°C (Tb) e 122,85 graus-dias (K) em A. kuehniella e 11,73°C (Tb) e 139,80 graus-dias (K) em C. cephalonica. Os resultados indicam que ambos hospedeiros A. kuehniella e C. cephalonica podem ser utilizados para criação massal de T. pratissolii. A melhor temperatura para desenvolvimento da forma imatura e para a emergência de T. pratissolii em A. kuehniella foi 27°C e, em C. cephalonica, na faixa de 24°C a 30°C.

The objective of this work was to study the biology and determine the thermal requirements of Trichogramma pratissolii Querino & Zucchi reared on Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) at 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 and 33°C. The highest percentage of emergence of T. pratissolii was obtained at 27°C on A. kuehniella and from 24°C to 30°C on C. cephalonica. The lower threshold temperature (Tb) and the thermal requirement (K) of T. pratissolii were 12.59°C (Tb) and 122.85 degree-days (K) when reared on A. kuehniella and 11.73°C (Tb) and 139.80 degree-days (K) on C. cephalonica. These results indicate that both A. kuehniella and C. cephalonica are suitable hosts for T. pratissolii mass rearing. The optimal temperature for the immature development and emergence of T. pratissolii on A. kuehniella was 27°C and 24°C to 30°C on C. cephalonica.

Pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae for Ceratitis capitata (Wied. ) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in soil with different pesticides

This research intended to investigate if the presence of pesticides in the soil could affect the pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae Metsch. (Sorokin) for Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) and assess the effect of conidia application as suspension or dry conidia. The fungicides chlorothalonyl and tebuconazol, the acaricide abamectin, the insecticide trichlorfon, and the herbicide ametrin were applied at the manufacturer-recommended doses. Soil samples were placed in glass flasks and were given the fungus as conidial suspension or dry. After pesticide application, 20 3rd-instar larvae were placed in the soil. The flasks were sealed with voile fabric and incubated at 27 ± 0.5°C for nine days, until adult emergence; incubation continued for four more days at room temperature. The total insect survival was significantly affected and pathogenic activity was detected from the pupa stage on. Pupa survival was reduced (P<0.05); the same occurred during the adult phase. No effect was observed at the larval stage. The pesticides applied to the soil affected the activity of M. anisopliae slightly: only in the dry conidia assay the fungicides chlorothalonyl and tebuconazole reduced (86.2 percent and 82.5 percent, respectively) the survival period of C. capitata compared to the control (95.0 percent). The techniques used for conidia application did not influence the total insect survival rate, but conidial suspension applied on soil surface reduced survival during the pupae and adult phases.

O presente trabalho objetivou investigar se a presença de agrotóxicos no solo afeta a patogenicidade de Metarhizium anisopliae Metsch. (Sorokin) para Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). Avaliou-se também o efeito das formas de aplicação dos conídios. Foram utilizados os fungicidas clorotalonil e tebuconazole, o acaricida abamectina, o inseticida triclorfom e o herbicida ametrina, aplicados nas doses recomendadas pelos fabricantes. Porções de solo contidas em frascos de vidro receberam o fungo na forma de suspensão de conídios ou como conídios secos incorporados. Após a aplicação dos agrotóxicos, 20 larvas de 3° ínstar foram colocadas no solo. Os frascos foram então vedados com tecido voile e incubados a 27 ± 0,5°C por nove dias, para iniciar a emergência dos adultos, e mais quatro dias à temperatura ambiente. A sobrevivência total do inseto foi substancialmente afetada. Observou-se a atividade patogênica a partir da fase pupal, com o fungo reduzindo (P < 0,05) a sobrevivência, o que também ocorreu na fase de adultos. A fase larval não foi afetada (P >0,05) pelo fungo. A presença de agrotóxicos no solo teve discreta ação na atividade de M. anisopliae; apenas com conídios secos incorporados, os fungicidas clorotalonil e tebuconazole reduziram em 86,2 por cento e 82,5 por cento, respectivamente, a sobrevivência total de C. capitata, enquanto no controle a redução foi de 95,0 por cento. A forma de aplicação dos conídios não influenciou a sobrevivência total do inseto, mas a aplicação da suspensão de conídios na superfície do solo reduziu a sobrevivência nas fases de pupa e adulto.

Brachycera: patogenia e controle na indústria de alimentos no Estado de São Paulo / Brachycera: pathogenic and control in food industry in São Paulo

A infestação de Brachycera na indústria de alimentos é extremamente preocupante no tocante a patogenia e controle; pertinente a esta preocupação as técnicas desenvolvidas para minimizar a utilização de agentes químicos agressores e maximizar as medidas profiláticas, garantem a segurança, a qualidade de vida com eficiência ecologicamente correta. A entomologia econômica e médica interagem para observar a relação saúde do homem, dos animais domésticos, agricultura, silvicultura e indústria de alimentos. O objetivo é identificar a patogenia e controle de Brachycera na indústria de alimentos, evitando organismos patogênicos e sua infestação através de processos preventivos de controle, sempre preocupado em minimizar as intervenções químicas.

Estudio epidemiológico da dermatobia hominis (diptera: cuterebridae) em bovinos de produção leiteira no Município de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Epidemiological studies of dermatobia hominis (diptera: cuterebridae) on dairy cattle in a community of Santa Maria, rio grande do sul state, Brazil

With the purpose of studyng the seasonal variation and the population increase of Dermatobia hominis group's in bovines, the verification of nodes distribution caused by the grubs in the host's body area as well as the relationship between the quantity of D. hominis groups and the weather information, 79 rural properties in Santa Maria city were visited. In each property 10 animals were selected that were individually inspected. Results indicated that the highest parasitism numbers occurred during the warm months (from October to February). On the other hand, during the cold months (from April to September) the infective rates were lower or even none. Concerning the body areas, the front part showed 83,3 per cent of the nodes, while the back one presented just 16,4 per cent of them.

Fase parasitária e alteracoes clínicas em bovinos infestados experimentalmente com larvas de dermatobia hominis / Parasitic phase and clinical changes in cattle experimentally infested with larvae of dermatobia hominis

The duration of the parasitic phase of Dermatobia hominis and the clinical changes of artificially infested cattle with this parasite larvae have been studied. A group consisting of six artificially infested animals with 60 newly hatched D. hominis larvae (L) per animal, as well as a control group of six animals, were used. The two groups of animals were weekly accompanied, until the 63nd day after the infestation (DAI), being evaluated the values of the rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rates. For occasion of the 7th DAI, it was already possible to observe the parasitic nodules in the subcutaneous tissues of the infested animals. With the larval development, these nodules reached about 2 to 3 cm of diameter, and the duration of the parasitic phase ranged from 33 to 41 days. In relation to the clinical parameters studied (rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates), there were no significant differences (P>0,05) between the averages of infested group and control group, during the study period. The variations of the rectal temperature values showed, during the whole experimental period, unside of the normality limits. It was also verified in the infested and control animals a significant Pearson coefficient (r=0,89 <0,01) between the values of the respiratory rate and room temperature

Distribuicao e frequencia de larvas de dermatobia hominis em peles de bovinos / Distribution and frequency of the larvae of the dermatobia hominis in cattle skin

A larva da Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr., 1781) (Diptera: cuterebridae) causa una miíase nodular subcutánea que provoca perfuracoes irreversíveis na pele; fato esse que compromete a qualidade do couro, causando prejuízos em sua comercializacao. O presente trabalho objetivou verificar a localizacao e a distribuicao das larvas na superfície corporal dos bovinos, determinando a frequencia das infestacoes com relacao ao sexo, idade e cor da pelagem. Foi realizado um levantamento em 8.124 peles de bovinos abatidos em frigorífico do município de Nilópolis, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, para identificacao da localizacao e distribuicao das larvas. O couro teve a superfície dividida em quatro regioes: I (quadrante anterior esquerdo), II (quadrante anterior direito), III (quadrante posterior esquerdo), IV (quadrante posterior direiro). Registrou-se também a cor da pelagem e idade dos animais. Do total de couros examinados 84,8 por cento (6,888) estavam isentos de berne. A incidencia de parasitas na regiao I foi significativamente maior 33,4 por cento (3,029), na regiao II 30,9 por cento (2,796), na regiao III 20 por cento (1,813) na regiao IV 15,7 por cento (1,423). Com relacao a frequencia de ocorrencia por sexo, a presenca do berne foi significativamente maior nas femeas 16,7 por cento (342), do que nos machos 14,7 por cento (894). Em relacao a idade dos bovinos, nos animais adultos foram observados (15,4 por cento) dos nódulos, e nos jovens (12,1 por cento). A incidencia do berne por cor de pelagem foram mais frequentes na pelagem preta (18,1 por cento), preta e vermelha (15,4 por cento), preta e branca (15,3 por cento), vernelha (15,2 por cento), malhada (13,2 por cento) e cinza (11,8 por cento)

Miasis importada: siete casos de parasitación cutánea por larvas de la mosca dermatobia hominis / Imported myasis: 7 cases of cutaneous parasitism caused by dermatobia hominis

Myasis is the parasitism of organs and tissues of warm-blooded vertebrates by flies larvae. D hominis is a flie geographically restricted to tropical America from Mexico to northern Argentina. The adult flie, which is not hematophagous, needs to put its eggs on the abdominal surface of hematophagous arthropods which serve as carriers of future larvae which are deposited on the skin of the hosts (mammals, birds and accidentally men) when biting. Seven patients (two females) aged 7 to 35 years old, of different nationalities, recalled receiving mosquito bites, after staying in tropical American areas in the previous forty days. They presented furuncle-like lesions in exposed surfaces of the body. These lesions, 2-3 cm long, pruritic and mildly tender, broke and released a serous or serohematic fluid. Through the resulting opening, it was possible to partially observe the larva. Larvae were extracted by manual pressure (4) or surgical incision (3) and identified as D hominis larvae. Diagnosis of dermatobiasis, an imported myasis, must be based on the characteristics of lesions and the previous residence in endemic areas of America

Effect of some environmental factors on the predation efficiency of the mosquito; Toxorhynchites splendens [diptera: culicidae]

The present work investigates the optimum conditions for the application of the predaceous mosquito, Toxorhynchites splendens as a biological control agent for other vector mosquito species in Egypt such as, Culex pipiens, Anopheles pharoensis and Aedes caspius under field conditions. The predation efficiency of T. splendens larvae was found to increase as the temperature increased. At 30-35C the predaceous larvae consumed greater numbers of both C. pipiens and Ae. Caspius than that of A. pharoensis. The predation of T. splen -dens occurred almost similarly in all degree of salinity. On the other hand, light was found to have little effect on Toxorhynchites larvae where predation efficiency was decreased in the dark. The crowding had no effect on the predation. Also no mortality or natural diseases were observed among the tested insect larvae during the experim ental period, whereas the insect preferred to live in highly concentrated population. Toxorhynchites splendens larvae could live in turbid and distilled water. The maximum number of prey larvae consumed by all instars of T. splendens was at PH [8] followed by [7] and [9]. However, pH, below [6] and above 11 had a bad effect on the predaceous activity. The predation efficiency of T. splendens larvae increased gradually as the depth of water decreased .However captures of prey occurred either on the surface or at the bottom of the container

Two species of tabanids [order,diptera] in Aswan district, Egypt

Tabanus taeniola and Hematopota minuscula were trapped on camels and equines at daytime. Many species of Tabanus and few species of Hematopota were reported in Egypt. This paper emphasized on the medical and veterinary importance of these vectors