ABSTRACT
Abstract Aim: The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric proprieties of the Questionnaire of Attitudes towards Doping in Fitness (QAD-Fit), originally developed by Serpa and colleagues and adapted to Portuguese gym/fitness context. Methods: A cross-sectional survey utilizing a web self-administered questionnaire was used. The sample was composed of 453 gym/fitness center practitioners, aged between sixteen and seventy-nine years old (M = 35.64; SD = 13.08), enrolled in several gym activities. Results: The confirmatory factorial analysis provided support to the four-factor structure proposed. All factors displayed good internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The multi-group analysis revealed cross-validity and the model´s invariance. The correlation between QAD-Fit and the Doping-related Theory of Planned Behavior Measures (DRTPBM) revealed evidence of its concurrent validity. Conclusion: The findings of this research revealed that QAD-Fit is a psychometrically valid and reliable instrument to assess attitudes towards doping consumption in gym and fitness settings.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Doping in Sports/methods , Gymnastics , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Factor Analysis, StatisticalABSTRACT
Recent biotechnological advances have permitted the manipulation of genetic sequences to treat several diseases in a process called gene therapy. However, the advance of gene therapy has opened the door to the possibility of using genetic manipulation (GM) to enhance athletic performance. In such ‘gene doping’, exogenous genetic sequences are inserted into a specific tissue, altering cellular gene activity or leading to the expression of a protein product. The exogenous genes most likely to be utilized for gene doping include erythropoietin (EPO), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1), myostatin antagonists, and endorphin. However, many other genes could also be used, such as those involved in glucose metabolic pathways. Because gene doping would be very difficult to detect, it is inherently very attractive for those involved in sports who are prepared to cheat. Moreover, the field of gene therapy is constantly and rapidly progressing, and this is likely to generate many new possibilities for gene doping. Thus, as part of the general fight against all forms of doping, it will be necessary to develop and continually improve means of detecting exogenous gene sequences (or their products) in athletes. Nevertheless, some bioethicists have argued for a liberal approach to gene doping.
Subject(s)
Humans , Athletic Performance , Doping in Sports/methods , Gene Transfer Techniques , Genetic Enhancement/methods , Bioethical Issues , Doping in Sports , Endorphins/genetics , Endorphins/pharmacology , Erythropoietin/genetics , Erythropoietin/pharmacology , Genetic Enhancement , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology , Myostatin/genetics , Myostatin/pharmacology , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Atualmente cerca de seis milhões de mulheres atuam como atletas profissionais dispersas pelo mundo. Elas estão expostas a inúmeras situações, nas quais são prescritas medicações ou tratamentos para cefaleia, gripe, infecções genito-urinárias, dismenorreia, síndrome da tensão pré-menstrual, sobrepeso e possíveis lesões osteoarticulares, além da necessidade anticoncepcional. Embora a atleta seja responsável pela ingesta de determinada substância, julga-se pertinente atualizar o ginecologista em relação à prescrição de remédios e tratamentos para atletas e disponibilizar a lista de medicamentos proibidos pelo Comitê Olímpico Internacional.
There are six million female professional athletes in the world nowadays. They are exposed in many situations to use several medications such as those to treat headache, flu, genital urinary infections, dysmenorrea, pre-menstrual symptoms, overweight, osteo-articular lesions and anticoncepcional pills. The athletes are responsible for their intake, but we feel it is the right time for a gynecological update, in what is permitted for such treatment. A list of prohibited medications by the International Olimpic Comite is listed.
Subject(s)
Female , Substance Abuse Detection/methods , Doping in Sports/classification , Doping in Sports/history , Doping in Sports/methods , Sports , Drug Utilization/trends , Women , Physician's RoleABSTRACT
El uso de sustancias prohibidas en el deporte con el propósito de incrementar el rendimiento en las competencias deportivas ha provocado que los organismos internacionales en el ámbito deportivo, como el COI y la WADA, traten de tomar medidas en contra del dopaje. Uno de los métodos más recientes de dopaje es el denominado dopaje genético, definido como el uso no terapéutico de genes, elementos genéticos y/o células que tienen la capacidad de incrementar el rendimiento atlético. Ahora bien, el dopaje genético no es fácil de detectar y puede tener consecuencias graves. Es necesario usar técnicas de biología molecular para conocer la diferencia entre un genoma normal y un genoma alterado, desarrollar métodos analíticos y moleculares en los laboratorios de control del dopaje y trabajar en políticas apropiadas para evitar el uso no terapéutico de genes.
The use of illegal substances in sports to enhance athletic performance during competition has caused international sports organizations such as the COI and WADA to take anti doping measures. A new doping method know as gene doping is defined as [quot ]the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance[quot ]. However, gene doping in sports is not easily identified and can cause serious consequences. Molecular biology techniques are needed in order to distinguish the difference between a [quot ]normal[quot ] and an [quot ]altered[quot ] genome. Further, we need to develop new analytic methods and biological molecular techniques in anti-doping laboratories, and design programs that avoid the non therapeutic use of genes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Doping in Sports/methods , Gene Transfer Techniques , Muscle, Skeletal/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Frente à perspectiva de quantificar cafeína em urina de atletas submetidos ao controle antidopagem, foi padronizado um método rápido sensível e específico utilizando um volume muito pequeno da amostra. Preliminarmente foi feita uma avaliaçäo dos teores normais de cafeína em urina de consumidores frequentes de café e de outros alimentos xantínicos. Em seguida, foi realizada a determinaçäo desses valores em amostras de urina de atletas submetidos ao controle antidopagem