Estrategias de control de la Equinococosis quística en el Uruguay / Strategies for the control of cystic echinococcosis in Uruguay / Estratégias de controle da equinococose cística no Uruguai

La equinococosis quística es una zoonosis de origen parasitario con distribución cosmopolita. En nuestro país continúa siendo una enfermedad endémica, afectando principalmente pequeños centros poblados y áreas rurales pobres relacionadas a la producción ovina. Los planes de control requieren de un abordaje holístico, con la participación de diferentes instituciones, profesionales y en especial de la comunidad. La cooperación regional busca monitorizar el avance de la enfermedad y centrar las medidas de acción sobre cuatro ejes, definidos según los puntos de intervención más comunes para la quiebra del ciclo de transmisión y la consecuente reducción en incidencia y prevalencia de la enfermedad. La presente revisión utilizó literatura obtenida en diferentes bases de datos, bibliotecas virtuales y sitios web regionales y locales con el objetivo describir las principales estrategias de control, vigilancia y prevención aplicadas actualmente en nuestro país.

Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonosis of parasitic origin with cosmopolitan distribution. In our country it continues to be an endemic disease, affecting mainly small population centers and poor rural areas related to sheep production. Control plans require a holistic approach, with the participation of different institutions, professionals and especially the community. Regional cooperation seeks to monitor the progress of the disease and focus action measures on four axes, defined according to the most common points of intervention to break the transmission cycle and consequently reduce the incidence and prevalence of the disease. This review used literature obtained from different databases, virtual libraries and regional and local websites with the aim of describing the main control, surveillance and prevention strategies currently applied in our country.

A equinococose cística é uma zoonose de origem parasitária com distribuição cosmopolita. Em nosso país, continua a ser uma doença endêmica, afetando principalmente pequenos centros populacionais e áreas rurais pobres relacionadas à produção de ovinos. Os planos de controle exigem uma abordagem holística, com a participação de diferentes instituições, profissionais e, principalmente, da comunidade. A cooperação regional busca monitorar o progresso da doença e concentrar as medidas de ação em quatro eixos, definidos de acordo com os pontos de intervenção mais comuns para interromper o ciclo de transmissão e, consequentemente, reduzir a incidência e a prevalência da doença. Esta revisão utilizou a literatura obtida em diferentes bases de dados, bibliotecas virtuais e sites regionais e locais com o objetivo de descrever as principais estratégias de controle, vigilância e prevenção aplicadas atualmente em nosso país.

Regla de predicción para determinar infestación canina por Echinococcus granulosus / Prediction rule to determine canine infestation by Echinococcus granulosus

Nuestro objetivo fue determinar un score que ayude a predecir la probabilidad de infestación canina por Echinococcus en una zona endémica en hidatidosis. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal en 3 anexos de la provincia de Concepción ubicado en los andes centrales de Perú. La infección canina por Echinococcus granulosus fue definido por la presencia de antígeno identificado en la muestra de heces. El modelo predictivo se obtuvo mediante un análisis de regresión logística basado en los parámetros sociodemográficos, esta regla fue internamente validada por remuestreo de tipo bootstrap. Resultados: De 152 canes que se sometieron al estudio de heces, 76 tuvieron infección por Echinococcus confirmada por antígeno reactivo. Se identificaron 4 factores ponderados dentro de la regla de predicción que, en suma, dieron el puntaje: El can que duerme fuera de casa (3 puntos), alimentar con vísceras crudas al can (3 puntos) y sacrificar al ganado dentro de la casa (2 puntos) y el can se alimenta con croquetas (-2 puntos). Se encontró que esta regla de predicción tuvo valor del área bajo la curva ROC 0,78; (IC 95%: 0,70 ­ 0,86). Estos parámetros de predicción con un puntaje ≥ 3 tenía una sensibilidad del 75% y especificidad del 65,8%, con un valor predictivo positivo del 85,3%. Esta regla ayudará al personal de la salud a identificar a los canes infestados por Echinococcus granulosus, para su intervención anti parasitaria y preventiva en sus dueños(AU)

Cystic hydatidosis is an endemic disease in Andean regions, our objective was to determine a score that helps to predict canine Echinococcus infestation in an endemic area with hydatidosis. A longitudinal study was carried out in 3 annexes of the province of Concepción located in the central Andes of Peru. Canine echinococcosis infection was defined by the presence of E. granulosus antigen identified in the stool sample. The predictive model was obtained through a logistic regression analysis based on the sociodemographic parameters, this rule was internally validated by bootstrap type resampling. Results: Of 152 dogs that underwent the stool study, 76 had an Echinococcus infection confirmed by reactive antigen. Four weighted factors were identified within the prediction rule that, in sum, gave the score: The dog that sleeps outside the home (3 points), feeding raw viscera to the dog (3 points), slaughtering the cattle inside the house (2 points) and the dog is fed with croquettes (-2 points). This prediction rule was found to have a value of the area under the ROC curve 0.78 (95% CI: 0.70 - 0.86). At a cutoff point of ≥ 3 points, the prediction rule was found to have a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 65.8%, with a positive predictive value of 85.3%. This rule will help health personnel to identify canes infested by Echinococcus granulosus, for their anti-parasitic and preventive intervention in their owners(AU)

Circulación del parásito Echinococcus granulosus en Los Antiguos, Santa Cruz / Circulation of Echinococcus granulosus in Los Antiguos, Santa Cruz

Resumen La hidatidosis, causada por el parásito Echinococcus granulosus, es una zoonosis endémica en la provincia de Santa Cruz asociada a áreas de producción ganadera. El hombre puede permanecer asintomático durante un largo período luego de la infección. Una vez desarrollada, la enfermedad representa un importante problema de salud pública debido a la complejidad y el costo de su tratamiento. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron determinar la prevalencia de contaminación ambiental por E. granulosus en zona rural y periurbana de la localidad de Los Antiguos, mediante la detección de antígenos específicos en heces caninas, e identificar factores de riesgo de transmisión. Entre mayo-2016 y abril-2017, se visitaron 38 chacras periurbanas y estancias rurales, definidas como "unidades epidemiológicas". Se analizaron 144 muestras de heces de caninos con téc nica copro-ELISA. Se realizó una encuesta epidemiológica de los pobladores rurales sobre patrones culturales relacionados a la hidatidosis. Se encontró un índice de contaminación ambiental del 17.3% y el 44.7% de las unidades epidemiológicas fueron positivas. Se identificaron prácticas de riesgo como faena domiciliaria (34.2%), alimentación de caninos con vísceras crudas (52.6%), y ausencia de desparasitación de perros (86.8%). Alrededor de la mitad de la población encuestada desconocía las formas de contagio y las medidas de prevención de la enfermedad. Este trabajo muestra un índice alto de contaminación y establece una línea de base para realizar comparaciones a futuro. También refuerza la necesidad de implementar medidas de educación, prevención y control de hidatidosis a nivel local de acuerdo a los programas nacionales.

Abstract Hydatidosis − caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus − is a zoonosis endemic to the province of Santa Cruz, associated with areas of livestock production. Once infected, man may remain asymptomatic for a prolonged pe riod but the disease has an important impact on public health owing to the complexity and costs of its treatment. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of environmental E. granulosus infection in rural and peri-urban areas of the town of Los Antiguos, through the detection of antigens in scattered canine feces, and to identify risk factors for transmission. From May-2016 to April-2017, 38 peri-urban and rural farms, defined as "epidemio logical units", were visited; 144 samples of canine feces were analyzed with the copro-ELISA technique. Rural settlers were enrolled in an epidemiological survey on cultural patterns related to hydatidosis. An environmental contamination index of 17.3% was found and 44.7% of the epidemiological units were positive. Risk practices were found, such as domiciliary slaughter (34.2%), canine feeding with raw viscera (52.6%), and lack of dog de worming (86.8%). In turn, about half of the surveyed population ignored the modes of transmission of the infection and the measures to prevent it. This work shows a high infection index in the area and establishes a baseline for future comparisons. It also reinforces the need to implement education, prevention, and control activities at the local level − according to national program guidelines − in order to reduce the prevalence of environmental contamination of the disease.

Conocimientos y prácticas asociadas a transmisión de triquinelosis, hanta y equinococosis quística / Knowledge and practices associated with transmission of trichinellosis, hanta and cystic equinococcosis

RESUMEN Objetivo: Asociar el nivel de conocimiento y prácticas (hábitos y costumbres) responsables de la transmisión de Triquinelosis, Síndrome Cardiopulmonar por Hantavirus y Equinococosis quística (Hidatidosis), en habitantes de los sectores rurales. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal en el que se aplicó una encuesta a 149 habitantes residentes en el área rural de las localidades de Curacautín, Lonquimay y Melipeuco, a través de muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, durante los meses de diciembre 2013 a enero 2014. Resultados: La población posee mejores conocimientos de Triquinelosis y Hanta que Hidatidosis, 64,9, 72,8 y 39,3%, respectivamente; los hábitos y costumbres para Hanta e Hidatidosis alcanzan mejores prácticas (84% cada una) que para Triquinelosis (69,5%); la población reconoce correctamente reservorio, fuente de infección y mecanismos de transmisión en Triquinelosis y Hanta, pero en menor grado Hidatidosis; respecto de los hábitos y costumbres, aun desconociendo los fundamentos teóricos, reportan buenas prácticas, aunque mantienen algunas que favorecen la transmisión de infecciones predominantemente en Triquinelosis. Conclusión: El nivel de conocimiento no asegura buenas prácticas, además los conocimientos y prácticas siguen un patrón empírico más que cognitivo, respaldados por aspectos culturales y del entorno. Esto sugiere mayor participación de los equipos interdisciplinarios en comunidades aisladas para fortalecer la promoción, educación y refuerzo de las buenas prácticas de acuerdo con sus condiciones sociales e incentivar la adherencia a conductas que reduzcan el riesgo de la transmisión de zoonosis.

ABSTRACT Objective: To associate the level of knowledge and practices (habits and customs) responsible for the transmission of trichinellosis, Hanta and cystic echinococcosis (hydatidosis), among rural population. Material and method: Cross-sectional correlational descriptive study in which 149 residents of the rural areas of Curacautín, Lonquimay and Melipeuco were surveyed, using non-probability convenience sampling from December 2013 to January 2014. Results: The population has better knowledge of trichinellosis and Hanta than hydatidosis, 64.9%, 72.8 and 39.3% respectively; they also have better practices regarding Hanta and hydatidosis (84% each) than regarding trichinellosis (69.5%). The population recognizes correctly the reservoir, source of infection and transmission mechanisms of trichinellosis and Hanta, and to a lesser degree hydatidosis; they report good practices regarding habits and customs, even ignoring theoretical foundations, but maintain some practices that favor the transmission of infections related to trichinellosis. Conclusion: The level of knowledge does not ensure good practices. Additionally, knowledge and practices follow an empirical rather than cognitive pattern, rooted on cultural and environmental aspects. This suggests greater participation of interdisciplinary teams in isolated communities to strengthen the promotion, education and reinforcement of good practices in accordance with their social conditions and to encourage adherence to behaviors that reduce the risk of the transmission of zoonoses.

Post-immunization immunohistochemical expression of Caspase 3 and p53 apoptotic markers in experimental hydatidosis / Expressão imuno-histoquímica de marcadores de apoptose Caspase 3 e p53 pós-imunização em hidatidose experimental

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate post-immunization apoptotic changes in experimental hydatidosis, using Caspase 3 and p53 immunohistochemical markers. Two groups of rabbits were immunized with a crude antigen (group 1) or a partially purified antigen (group 2) and were compared to an infected non-immunized control group. More effective immune responses were obtained in group 2 than group 1, signified by fewer and smaller cystic lesions and more severe destructive changes. Normal growth of cysts was attained in the control group, with no expression of apoptotic markers. Significantly higher expression of Caspase 3 and p53 were observed in group 1 compared to group 2, as indicated by OD and area percentage, respectively (Group 1 Caspase 3: 0.89±0.21, 93.5%±6.2; Group 1 p53: 0.46±0.18, 53.26%±11.6; Group 2 Caspase 3: 0.52±0.15, 49.23%±11.7; Group 2 p53: 0.19±0.4, 18.17%±7.3). Vaccine-induced immune responses and cellular damage may underlie the expression of apoptotic markers that appeared to result in a degenerative and atrophic course of action upon immunization. The results of the current study emphasize the importance of immunization for the stimulation of protective immune responses and in preventing mechanisms of evasion to ensure normal cell growth. A cost/benefit control program that implements proper vaccine preparations should be further assessed for complete elimination of severe infections in endemic areas.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar mudanças de apoptose pós-imunização em hidatidose experimental, usando os marcadores imuno-histoquímicos Caspase 3 e p53. Dois grupos de coelhos foram imunizados com antígeno bruto (grupo 1) e com antígeno parcialmente purificado (grupo 2). Estes grupos foram comparados a um grupo controle infectado e não-imunizado. Respostas imunes mais eficientes foram obtidas do grupo 2, que apresentou lesões císticas menores e menos frequentes, e mudanças destrutivas mais graves. Cistos cresceram normalmente no grupo controle, sem expressão dos marcadores de apoptose. Expressões significativamente mais altas de Caspase 3 e p53 foram observadas no grupo 1 quando comparado ao grupo 2, como indicado por DO e área de percentagem, respectivamente (Grupo 1 Caspase 3: 0,89±0,21, 93,5%±6,2; Grupo 1 p53: 0,46±0,18, 53,26%±11,6; Grupo 2 Caspase 3: 0,52±0,15, 49,23%±11,7; Grupo 2 p53: 0,19±0,4, 18,17%±7,3). Respostas imunológicas induzidas por vacinas e danos celulares podem ser a base para a expressão dos marcadores de apoptose cujos desfechos demonstraram ação degenerativa e atrófica durante imunização. Os resultados do presente estudo enfatizam a importância da imunização para o estímulo de respostas imunes de proteção e para mecanismos de prevenção de evasão para garantir crescimento celular normal. Um programa de controle de custo/benefício que implemente preparações de vacinas adequadas deve ser analisado em mais detalhe para a completa eliminação de infecções graves em áreas endêmicas.

Conocimientos y prácticas sobre hidatidosis y triquinosis en usuarios y acompañantes del Hospital Comunitario de Salud Familiar El Carmen, Región del Biobío, Chile / Knowledge and practices regarding cystic echinococcosis and trichinellosis in users and companions of users of the Hospital Comunitario de Salud Familiar El Carmen, Biobio Region, Chile

We surveyed users of the Hospital Comunitario de Salud Familiar El Carmen and their companions to analyze knowledge and practices regarding cystic echinococcosis and trichinellosis. Most people recognized risky practices. Previous attendance at talks and working in agricultural-livestock enhanced the knowledge. Age, sex and formal education were not associated with the knowledge. Knowledge was not associated with practices.

Introducción: La comuna de El Carmen, Región del Biobío, presenta factores de riesgo para la hidatidosis y la triquinosis, como un alto índice de pobreza, actividad principalmente agropecuaria y carencia de plantas faenadoras de animales. Método: Se analizó, a través de una encuesta a los usuarios y acompañantes del hospital de El Carmen, el conocimiento y las prácticas relacionadas con esas enfermedades. Resultados: La mayoría de los encuestados reconoció conductas de riesgo. La asistencia previa a charlas y el trabajo en actividades agropecuarias se asoció a mayor conocimiento de la hidatidosis y triquinosis, respectivamente. No hubo asociación entre edad, género o nivel educacional con el conocimiento de las enfermedades. Tampoco hubo asociación entre el conocimiento y las prácticas. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de mejoras educacionales, así como también intervenciones públicas, especialmente en sectores más lejanos.

Control programme for cystic echinococcosis in Uruguay

Cystic echinococcosis is a highly endemic parasitic zoonosis that is present in the Southern Cone countries of America. For several decades, various prevention and control programmes have been implemented in different countries and regions, with varying results. In Uruguay, a new control programme was implemented in 2006 that employed new strategies for canine diagnosis and treatment, dog population control, diagnosis in humans, epidemiological surveillance, and health education, including community participation. The control programme in Uruguay addresses the control and surveillance of the disease from a holistic perspective based on Primary Health Care, which has strengthened the community’s participation in developing and coordinating activities in an interdisciplinary manner. Similarly, the control programme that is currently implemented is based on a risk-focused approach. The surveillance and control measures were focused on small villages and extremely poor urban areas. In this study, the strategies used and the results obtained from 2008-2013 are analysed and discussed.

Induction of protective T-helper 1 immune responses against Echinococcus granulosus in mice by a multi-T-cell epitope antigen based on five proteins

In this study, we designed an experiment to predict a potential immunodominant T-cell epitope and evaluate the protectivity of this antigen in immunised mice. The T-cell epitopes of the candidate proteins (EgGST, EgA31, Eg95, EgTrp and P14-3-3) were detected using available web-based databases. The synthesised DNA was subcloned into the pET41a+ vector and expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion to glutathione-S-transferase protein (GST). The resulting chimeric protein was then purified by affinity chromatography. Twenty female C57BL/6 mice were immunised with the antigen emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Mouse splenocytes were then cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium in the presence of the antigen. The production of interferon-γ was significantly higher in the immunised mice than in the control mice (> 1,300 pg/mL), but interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-4 production was not statistically different between the two groups. In a challenge study in which mice were infected with 500 live protoscolices, a high protectivity level (99.6%) was demonstrated in immunised BALB/C mice compared to the findings in the control groups [GST and adjuvant (Adj) ]. These results demonstrate the successful application of the predicted T-cell epitope in designing a vaccine against Echinococcus granulosus in a mouse model.

Critical analysis of cystic echinococcosis control programs and praziquantel use in South America, 1974-2010 / Análisis crítico de los programas de control de la equinococosis quística y uso del prazicuantel en América del Sur, 1974-2010

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most prevalent zoonoses in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay. Control programs in South America were originally modeled after programs developed in insular territories, such as Tasmania and New Zealand. The advent and proven effectiveness of praziquantel, plus the experience of insular models, produced high expectations for rapid advances; however, after 30 years of praziquantel use, no endemic area in South America has obtained eradication. In fact, only modest gains in CE control have been made and impact on prevalence among humans has been slight. A major impediment has been the infrastructure needed to administer praziquantel to dogs in rural areas 8 times per year over numerous years, a requirement for rapid attack stage 1. Such an infrastructure has not been financially or politically sustainable in endemic areas, which tend to be the poorest. On the other hand, certain areas in Argentina have had success with simple and economically viable alternatives. Based primarily on continuous field work supported by the local community, these strategies have significantly decreased transmission to humans, the health sector's main objective. In addition, new possibilities and tools, such as the EG95 vaccine, are being evaluated; as are early detection and treatment of asymptomatic carriers.

La equinococosis quística (EQ) es una de las zoonosis más prevalentes en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Perú y Uruguay. Los programas de control en América del Sur fueron originalmente hechos a imitación de los programas desarrollados en territorios insulares, como Tasmania y Nueva Zelandia. El advenimiento y la eficacia comprobada del prazicuantel, sumados a la experiencia de los modelos insulares, dieron lugar a altas expectativas de adelantos rápidos; sin embargo, después de 30 años de uso del prazicuantel, ninguna zona endémica en América del Sur ha logrado la erradicación de la enfermedad. De hecho, solo se han obtenido avances moderados en el control de la EQ, y su repercusión sobre la prevalencia en seres humanos ha sido leve. Un impedimento mayor ha sido la infraestructura necesaria para administrar el prazicuantel a los perros en zonas rurales 8 veces por año durante varios años, un requisito para el estadio 1 de ataque rápido. Tal infraestructura no ha sido sostenible desde el punto de vista económico o político en las zonas endémicas, que tienden a ser las más pobres. Por otro lado, ciertas áreas de la Argentina han tenido éxito con opciones sencillas y económicamente viables. Basadas principalmente en el trabajo continuo en el terreno apoyado por la comunidad local, estas estrategias han reducido significativamente la transmisión a los seres humanos, que es el objetivo principal del sector de la salud. Además, se están evaluando nuevas posibilidades y herramientas, como la vacuna EG95, al igual que la detección temprana y el tratamiento de los portadores asintomáticos.

[Determination and cloning of the gene encoding EG95 protein in Iranian isolate of Echinococcus granulosus]

Echinococcus granulosus is a cestode parasite that causes cystic hydatid disease in humans worldwide. The gene encoding EG95 protein may be a good candidate to design a DNA vaccine to prevent the disease. Considering the importance of EG95 gene and the scarceness of research on it in Iran, this study was carried out to determine and clone the gene encoding EG95 from Iranian isolate of E. granulosus.At the first stage, protoscoleces was isolated from hydatid cyst fluid and then RNA was extracted from protoscoleces and after performing RT-PCR, the amplified cDNA samples were detected by gel electrophoresis. In next stage, the obtained gene was cloned in pTZ57R/T vector. Two methods were used for conformation of cloning: colony PCR amplification and digestion with the EcoRI and XhoI restriction enzymes. Finally, the cloned EG95 gene in pTZ57R/T vector was sequenced. Homological comparison of sequences showed that cDNA of EG95 in Iranian isolate of E. granulosus had 492 bp and was different from the standard strain of EG95 reported from New Zealand and Australia [X90928.1]. Moreover, cloning of EG95 gene in pTZ57R/T plasmid was confirmed by digestion of this plasmid with the restriction enzymes. The EG95 gene was cloned in pTZ57R/T plasmid successfully and this plasmid can be used to design a DNA vaccine in further studies

El proyecto subregional cono sur de control y vigilancia de la hidatidosis / The southern cone sub-regional project on cystic echinococosis control and surveillance

El Proyecto Subregional Cono Sur de Control y Vigilancia de la Hidatidosis: Argentina, Brasil, Chile y Uruguay, es una herramienta conjunta y colaborativa de los países para promover la implantación o el fortalecimiento de los programas de control. Se hace una descripción de los antecedentes, de los aspectos institucionales que regulan su organicidad y funcionamiento y de las líneas de acción definidas en el proyecto técnico operativo. Se destaca los logros obtenidos a través de los Proyectos de Cooperación Técnica entre Países así como el desarrollo de enfoques integrales e innovadores y la formación de recursos humanos de los programas de control. Algunos de los desafíos futuros son: lograr la sustentabilidad del Proyecto, implementar los grupos técnicos de análisis y evaluación a solicitud de los países, mejorar los sistemas de información regionales, continuar las actividades de capacitación y entrenamiento de recursos humanos y la expansión y fortalecimiento de la cooperación técnica entre países.

Southern Cone Sub-Regional Project on Cystic Echinococcosis Control and Surveillance: Argentina, Brasil, Chile and Uruguay, is a joint and collaborative tool with the aim of promoting the implementation or the strengthening of programs for disease control. The paper describes the background, the institutional aspects that regulates the structure and functions, as well as the guidelines defined in the technical and operational project. The article emphasize the achievements through Projects of Technical Cooperation among Countries, and the development of integrated and innovative approaches for prevention and control of the disease and training of human resources of the control programs. Some of the challenges are: to achieve the sustainability of the project, implementation of technical groups for analysis and assessment at request of the countries, improvement of the regional information systems, to continue training human resources of the control programs and to expand and strengthen the technical cooperation among countries.

Hydatid disease in Yemeni patients attending public and private hospitals in Sana'a City, Yemen

Hydatid disease is endemic and represents a major health problem in Yemen. The aim of this study is to determine the magnitude of the problem of hydatidosis in patients attending Public and Private Hospitals at Sana'a city, Yemen. 66 patients with hydatid disease were identified during the period from August 2006 to February 2007. Complete medical history for all CE patients were collected and analyzed. Among the 66 CE patients, 67% were females and 33% males. Liver was the most common involved organ. Single cyst was more frequently detected than multiple cysts and approximately 94% of the cysts were >/= 5 cm. Moreover, Public hospitals were the main source of patients with CE disease. Hydatidosis is still an endemic disease and an important health problem in Yemen which needs to be studied further. Therefore, accurate information on the distribution of the disease is the first step for the control and prevention of the disease. Moreover, it is crucial to investigate the role of different intermediate hosts and genotypes of E. granulosus in humans and animals

Factores que favorecen la endimia hidatídica en Ramírez de Velazco, Provincia de Santiago del Estero, Argentina / Factors that favor the endimia hidatídica in Ramirez de Velazco, Province of Santiago of the Tideland, Argentina

El presente trabajo de investigación permitió dilucidar los factores que favorecen la endemia hidatídica en la localidad de Ramírez de Velazco, Provincia de Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Se estudiaron 150 individuos, 83 de sexo femenino 55 por ciento y 67 de sexo masculino 45 por ciento y 50 perros. Para este estudio el rango de edad fue de 12 a 68 años, el 75 por ciento de la población del estudio se concentra entre los 12 y 43 años. Abastecimiento de agua solo el 12 por ciento tiene acceso a agua de red, el 98 por ciento de los individuos estudiados convivían con perros. El 72 por ciento realiza faenas domiciliarias y el 100 por ciento de ellos alimenta a los perros con vísceras crudas. De los 150 individuos estudiados 13 resultaron positivos HAI para hidatidosis lo que arrojo una prevalencia del 8.7 por ciento 4 mujeres y 9 hombres. La mayor cantidad de casos se concentro entre los 12 y 48 años. De los perros estudiados dieron positivo el 12 por ciento de las muestras. Condiciones sanitarias deficientes medio ambiente propicio, cercanía con nicho hidatígeno, El Albardón (trabajo realizado por este equipo), sumado a la falta de prevención y a costumbres ancestrales determinan la endemia que en esta zona es superior al resto del país. Existen particulares condiciones geográficas, demográficas, biológicas y culturales en esta localidad que establecen una prevalencia diferencial de la endemia hidatídica con respecto a otras regiones. Estas condiciones definen un nicho ecológico en la zona geográfica para el desarrollo de esta entidad nosológica.

[Situation of hydatid cyst infection during last two decades [1985-2005] in Iran [Review of articles]]

Hydatid cyst has been studied in different aspects during last two decades in Iran and reported from the most areas of the country. However national prevalence of infection is not well documented. Therefore, in this paper different articles about epidemiology of hydatid cyst have been reviewed from 1985 to 2005 to present roughly the current national situation of the disease. In this review article, different reports about epidemiology of hydatid cyst have been reviewed from 1985 to 2005. Based on infection of dog, livestock and human with this parasite, the epidemiological data about hydatid cyst were gathered and the distribution of this parasite in Iran was presented. According to the published papers, mean infection rate in 7582 examined dogs for Echinococcus granulosus was 32.7%. In livestock host the mean infection rate in 205161 sheep, 116840 goat, 54745 cattle, 1027 camel and 250 buffalo was 19%, 11.5%, 17.8%, 34.6% and 18.2% respectively. In man 46 case reports about presence of hydatid cyst in different organs have been published. Also, 2052 surgical operations during the last two decades have been conducted which indicate infection rate equal to 4.8 operations per 100000 populations per year. Furthermore, several seroepidemiological studies were performed in different parts of country and the mean seroepidemiological rate was 4.42%. In the last two decades prevention programs were conducted to control the disease with collaboration of health system and veterinary system in Iran. However data resulted from this review article imply on relatively high prevalence of infection. The religious custom of sacrifice should be considered in control program

Study of different immunogenic antigens of echinococcus granulosus on immunization against hydatid cyst in sheep

Immunogenicity of Echinococcus granulosus different antigens for determination of suitabhe antigen for production of hydatid cyst vaccine compared.Data analysis by one way Cocran and student-test was showed significant difference in optical density between the groups were injected with antigens and the control groups. The most optical density is in the groups were injected by mix of oncosphere and protoscolex and the lowest is in the groups were injected by protoscolex [p < 0.05]. Furthermore, in pathology study, there was not any cyst in injected groups, but in control groups high number and big fertile cysts were founded. The level of protection with antigens of protoscolexes, onchospheres and mix of them were, 50.2,72 and 82% respectively. Vacination by a mix of oncosphere and protoscolex was considerably more effective than each one individually and prevented the hnfection of hydatid cyst with confidence level of 95% [p < 0.05]. So these antigens can produce a suitable immune response and can use for production of vaccine against hydatid cyst

Problemática de la hidatidosis humana en la Provincia de Santiago del estero estudio de los períodos históricos en el sector público 1984-1988-y 1999-2004 / Problematics of the human hidatidosis in the Province of Santiago of the tideland I study of the historical periods in the public sector 1984-1988-y 1999-2004

La hidatidosis humnana es una enfermedad parasitaria del animal que se transmite al ser humano ocasionñandole tumores de muy diversos tamaños y localización con la posibilidad de diseminación por ruptura espontñanea, post traumática o quirurgica y su localización en órganos que interesan para su tatamiento a las características, un sero problema para la salud pública. El presente estudio se planteó como objetivo efectuar el análisis de la problemática de la enfermedad Hidatidosis humana y su afectación en la Provincia de Santiago del Estero, integrante de la zona 5º de infestación hidatídica, en dos periodos historicos: 1984-1988 y 1999 -2004, de pacientes niños y adultos en el sector público de salud, considerando las variables de acuerdo a edad, sexo, localización anatómicadel tumor, el lugar de procedencia de los pacientes, el tratamiento efectuado, los días de internación de los mismos, asistidos en los hospitales referenciales de la Provincia, uno de ellos Hospital de Adultos Dr. Anternor Alvarez en la ciudad de la Banda, la segunda ciudad en importancia y los restantes dos de adultos.

[ survey about protective effect of echinococcus granulosus protoscolices surface antigens in preventing secondary hydatid cyst]

Hydatid cyst is located in human and some animal visceral organs such as liver and lung. The disease is considered as a medical, veterinary and economical problem in endemic area. When the hydatid cyst is ruptured, protoscolices from inside the cyst may spread out to other parts of the body and develops a new cyst named secondary hydatid cyst. In this research in an attempt to prevent secondary hydatid cyst, protective potential of protoscolices surface antigens extracted with different detergents has been investigated in animal model. In this experimental study, groups of Balb/C mice were immunized intra-peritoneally with protoscolices homogenate and three detergent [SDS, Tween and Triton x-100] extracted protoscolices surface antigens and alum as adjuvant. These mice were then boosted two times with the same antigens fortnightly. Control mice were simultaneously injected with alum alone- Two weeks following the last injection all the mice in cases and control groups were challenged with live protoscolices. Three months afterward all the mice in case and control groups were sacrificed and their peritoneal cavities were explored for hydatid cysts The mean of developed cyst number in mice injected with protoscolices homogenate was 3 +/- 2, while in control group the mean of developed cysts number was 5.8 +/- 1.7 [p< 0.02]. The mean of developed cyst number in mice injected with SDS, Tween and Triton x-100 extracted protoscolices surface antigens was 3, 3.6 and 3.4, respectively, while the mean of developed cyst number in control group was 5.8. The mean of cyst number in cases and control groups was different and this difference was statistically significant. Results of this investigation revealed that protoscolices homogenate antigens and some detergent extracted antigens are protective against secondary hydatid cyst infection

Echinococcosis quística: epidemiología y control en América del Sur / Cystic echinococcosis: epidemiology and control in Sout America

Hydatidosis is a zoonosis produced by a parasite, Echinococcus granulosus, of high prevalence in Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Peru and the south of Brazil, producing high losses for cattle raising and for health systems. Man acts as a host for the metacestode and is infected when ingesting fertile eggs adhering to the anus or hair of parasitized dogs or by ingestion of vegetables or water polluted with canine feces. Major epidemiological risk factors are: to slaughter sheep in the household, to cohabit with a great number of dogs during the first years of life, to have a history of hydatidosis cases in the family nucleus, to use non-potable water and to be in contact with parasitized dogs. It has been estimated that over 2000 new human cases are reported every year inthe region, with rates of incidence ranging from 41 per 100,000 in the Patagonia in region in southern Argentina, 80 per 100,000 in the XI Region of Chile, up to 100 x 100,000 in the Flores Department of Uruguay. Successful programs based on systematic canine deparasitation with praziquantel have been developed in Uruguay, Chile and Argentina, with diverse organization models. Traditionally, cysticechinococcosis has been regarded as a disease requiring surgical resolution. However, during the last years alternative methods have been developed including chemotherapeutic treatment with albendazol and minimally invasive surgical procedures such as echo-assisted puncture (PAIR). The Ministers of Agriculture and Health attending the XII RIMSA approved Resolution RIMSA12.R7 requesting the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to strengthen cooperative actions and coordination among countries and their institutions in matters related to hydatidosis control and prevention. In implementing this directive, the PAHO through the Program of Veterinary Public Health and its specialized center, the Pan American Center of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (PANAFTOSA), initiated actions to consolidate efforts carried out throughout the continent for hydatidosis control, establishing the mechanisms of collaboration among countries that have been developing control actions and drawing up a strategy of joint action aimed to strengthen and to support the actions / overall thrust.