The development of education for learners with diverse learning needs in the South African context: a bio-ecological systems analysis

Background: Prior to 1994, special education in South Africa was marginalised and fragmented; therefore, the new democratic government promoted inclusive education as a means to transform education in general and diverse education in particular. However, transformation in diverse education is seemingly moving forward at a snail's pace ­ too slow to benefit all learners experiencing barriers to learning and development. Objectives: This article serves a dual purpose: firstly, to apply a bio-ecological approach to highlight the historic development of diverse education and, secondly, to explore the interactive processes within the systemic levels in the South African education system, which affects the learner on the person dimension of the bio-ecological approach. Method: A document analysis approach was utilised to collect information by exploring a large body of research literature, which included academic articles, reports, policies and policy reviews. Data were categorised within the systems of the bio-ecological model to determine successes and challenges at each level. Results: Results from the bio-ecological systems analysis of related literature revealed not only many successes but also many challenges that inhibit change, growth and development in the South African education system, even more so for children experiencing barriers to learning. Conclusion: The transformation process of change from what was to what should be, regarding diverse education, seems to be stuck at what is and not moving forward to what could be. It has not transformed significantly enough to fill the gap between reality and the envisaged aim or dream of quality education for all

Tricobezoar de estómago / Gastric Trichobezoar Rapunzel Syndrome

Trichobezoars are an unusual pathology that appears generally in young adolescents associated with psychiatric disorders. The clinical presentation is very varied. The diagnosis is suspected by the clinical records of teen agers with trichophagia and trichotillomania and the digestive disorders are confirmed by the results of the endoscopy, the same as with images toward the therapeutic management. Undowbtly the treatment is surgical, and continuation with the psychiatric treatment is essential to avoid a recidival of the disease. Bezoar is a concretion formed in the alimentary tract, and according to the substances forming the ball, we find trichobezoar (foodball). The Rapunzel syndrome is an unusual complication of individual bezoar. When the trichobezoar located in the stomach extends through the pylorus into the small intestine and the right colon, is known as Rapunzel syndrome, that is an extremely rare gastric condition in humans. It is a rare form of trichobezoar, occurring in psychiatric patients with the trichobezoar (hairball) located in the stomach. The syndrome is named after the long haired girl Rapunzel in the fairy tale of the brothers Grimm. Most bezoars in teen agers are trichobezoars from swallowed hair. A 28-year-old patient is presented, with abdominal pain and vomiting, on the general physical examination the patient revealed a severe weight loss. Later on, through a gastrostomy, appeared the trichobezoar, being removed with good postsurgical resullts

Trophic structure of a floodplain fish assemblage in the upper Amazon basin, Bolivia / Estructura trófica de un ensamblaje de peces en la cuenca alto-Amazónica, Bolivia

Abstract Amazonian fish assemblages are typically high in species diversity and trophic complexity. Stable isotopes are valuable tools to describe the trophic structure of such assemblages, providing useful information for conservation and ecological management. This study aimed at estimating the relative contribution of the different basal carbon sources to the diet of primary consumer fishes (herbivores and detritivores), and determining the trophic position (TP) of the dominant fishes from each trophic guild (herbivores, detritivores, invertivores and piscivores). For this purpose we analyzed stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in potential food sources, and muscle tissue of fishes in five oxbow lakes located in the floodplain of River Ichilo, Bolivia. Terrestrial plants and C3 aquatic macrophytes were the major carbon source contributing to the diet of herbivorous fishes, whereas particulate organic matter (POM) contributed more to the diet of detritivore fishes. In general, C4 aquatic macrophytes contributed little to the diet of herbivores and detritivores. However, we found a relatively high contribution of C4 macrophytes (28 %) to the diet of the herbivores Mylossoma duriventre and Schizodon fasciatus. We found a good agreement between our estimated TP values and the trophic group assigned based on diet composition from literature. The herbivore M. duriventre was at the bottom of the food web, being the baseline organism (TP = 2). The remaining primary consumers (herbivores and algivore/detritivores) exhibited relatively high TP values (2.3-2.9), probably due to their opportunistic feeding behavior. Omnivore/invertivore species studied displayed TP values near the 3.0 value expected for secondary consumers. Piscivore fishes were at the top TP, with TP values varying from 3.3 (Serrasalmus spilopleura and Serrasalmus rhombeus) to 3.8 (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum). The fact that detritivore fishes, the most abundant food source for piscivores, occupy relatively high TPs determines that food chains in these particular Amazonian floodplains are longer than previously thought. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1258-1271. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen Los ensamblajes de peces amazónicos presentan alta diversidad y complejidad trófica. La descripción de su estructura trófica proporciona información útil para su manejo. Con el fin de estimar la contribución de las fuentes básicas de carbono en la dieta de los consumidores primarios, y determinar la posición trófica (PT) de las especies dominantes de peces de cada gremio, analizamos isótopos estables de carbono (δ13C) y nitrógeno (δ15N) en las fuentes de carbono y en músculo de peces, de la llanura de inundación del río Ichilo. Las plantas terrestres y las macrófitas C3 fueron las mayores fuentes de carbono en la dieta de los peces herbívoros, mientras que la materia orgánica particulada contribuyó más a la dieta de los detritívoros. Las macrófitas C4 contribuyeron poco a la dieta de herbívoros y detritívoros, excepto para Mylossoma duriventre y Schizodon fasciatus, en las que encontramos una contribución relativamente alta (28 %). Encontramos una buena relación entre los valores estimados de PT y el gremio trófico asignado en la literatura. El herbívoro M. duriventre estuvo en la base de la red trófica (PT = 2). Los restantes consumidores primarios mostraron valores de PT relativamente altos (2.3 - 2.9), probablemente debido a sus hábitos alimenticios oportunistas. Las especies omnívoras/invertívoras mostraron valores cercanos a 3. Los peces piscívoros estuvieron en la cima de la red trófica, con PT que variaron entre 3.3 (Serrasalmus spilopleura y Serrasalmus rhombeus) y 3.8 (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum). Estos datos sugieren que las cadenas tróficas en llanuras de inundación amazónicas, son más largas de lo que se suponía.

Faltas e licenças médicas, o absenteísmo na Secretaria de Estado da Educação de São Paulo / Absence and sick leave, absenteeism in the Bureau of Education of São Paulo

Na sociedade contemporânea o processo educacional assume uma posição fundamental para o desenvolvimento humano. O estudo das faltas e licenças médicas entre professores e pessoal de apoio escolar pode tornar-se referencial privilegiado para a compreensão do panorama das ações educativas voltadas aos jovens e crianças assistidos pelo sistema educacional. A Secretaria de Estado da Educação de São Paulo é composta por 91 diretorias de ensino que recebem 4,3 milhões de alunos e detém uma força de trabalho composta por mais de 250 mil servidores. Objetivos: Medir e comparar o absenteísmo no trabalho relacionado a motivos de saúde do quadro do magistério e do quadro de apoio escolar. Método: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico que utilizou em sua construção, dados secundários (universo), coletados a partir de licenças oficiais registradas, entre maio de 2008 e julho de 2009, por peritos do Departamento de Perícias Médicas do Estado - DPME e faltas médicas homologadas por gestores do Departamento de Recursos Humanos da SEE. Em um primeiro momento, descreve-se a magnitude média das taxas de faltas e de licenças médicas (ausências) do magistério e do pessoal de apoio, segundo coordenadorias de ensino. Em seguida, modelam-se as categorias segundo mês e local de trabalho por meio de equações lineares de Poisson. Resultados: Verificou-se que as ausências variam de acordo com o mês analisado entre 3,35 a 22,85 por cento dos servidores contratados; que a região periférica da metrópole paulistana é a que apresenta número superior de ausências em detrimento do interior e da capital (cerca de 5 por cento a mais); na maioria dos meses do ano, o quadro do magistério apresenta maior proporção de ausências (p< 000 I) que o quadro do apoio. Conclusão: Constatou-se que aproximadamente mais de 1/5 da força de trabalho contratada esteve ausente durante o período observado, sendo o mês considerado fator importante para a predição do afastamento das pessoas do trabalho...

Life history parameters of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) at different environmental conditions on two bean cultivars / Estadísticos vitales de Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) a diferentes condiciones ambientales en dos cultivares de fríjol

Life-history parameters of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), an important pest of bean crops in Colombia, were determined in environmental control chambers on two dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars (cv.). Trialeurodes vaporariorum longevity on cv. Chocho decreased as temperature increased from 22.6 d at 19ºC to 5.9 d at 26ºC. Fecundity was significantly lower at 19ºC (8.6 eggs/female), as compared to 22ºC (32.6 eggs/female) and 26ºC (33.3 eggs/female) on cv. Chocho. Fecundity on cv. ICA-Pijao was much higher (127.2 eggs/female) than on cv. Chocho (32.6 eggs/female) at 19ºC. The intrinsic rate of population increase (r m) was highest at 22ºC (0.061), intermediate at 19ºC (0.044) and lowest at 26ºC (0.035) on cv. Chocho, and was 0.072 on cv. ICA-Pijao at 19ºC. Life history parameters of T. vaporariorum are compared to those of one of its natural enemies, the parasitoid Amitus fuscipennis MacGown & Nebeker. Finally, data are presented on the distribution of the parasitoid related to the altitude for the Valle del Cauca, Colombia.

Se determinaron los estadísticos vitales de la mosca blanca Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), una plaga importante del cultivo del fríjol en Colombia, en cámara ambiental en dos cultivares (cv.) de fríjol. La longevidad media de T. vaporariorum en el cv. Chocho fue mayor a 19ºC (22.6 d), intermedia a 22ºC (17.5 d) y menor a 26ºC (5.9 d). En el cv. ICA-Pijao la longevidad media fue de 35.5 d a 19ºC. La fecundidad media total fue 8.6, 32.6 y 33.3 huevos por hembra a 19, 22 y 26ºC, respectivamente en el cv. Chocho. La fecundidad en el cv ICA-Pijao fue mucho más alta, 127. 2 huevos por hembra, a 19ºC, que la del cv. Chocho. La tasa intrínseca de crecimiento poblacional (r m) fue más alta a 22ºC (0.061), intermedia a 19ºC (0.044) y más baja a 26ºC (0.035) en el cv. Chocho. Ella fue de 0.072 a 19ºC en el cv. ICA-Pijao. Se comparan los estadísticos vitales de T. vaporariorum con los de su enemigo natural, el parasitoide Amitus fuscipennis MacGown & Nebeker y se zonifica la distribución del parasitoide en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia.

Pollination of cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae), by the stingless bees Scaptotrigona aff. depilis moure and Nannotrigona testaceicornis Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) in greenhouses / Polinização de pepino, Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae), pelas abelhas sem ferrão Scaptotrigona aff. depilis moure e Nannotrigona testaceicornis lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) em casas de vegetação

Quando a fertilização de flores é necessária para o desenvolvimento de frutos, abelhas podem ser utilizadas como polinizadores sob cultivo protegido. No presente estudo, a efetividade das abelhas sem ferrão Scaptotrigona aff. depilis Moure e Nannotrigona testaceicornis Lepeletier como polinizadoras de pepino (Cucumis sativus var. caipira) foi investigada sob cultivo protegido durante o inverno. O estudo foi conduzido em quatro casas de vegetação (GH), das quais duas continham colônias de abelhas para averiguar a polinização dos pepinos (GH I, com S. aff. depilis, GH II, com N. testaceicornis), e duas (GH III, GH IV) não continham colônias e serviram como grupos controle. Além disso, pepinos foram plantados numa área aberta (AO) onde polinização por vários insetos poderia ocorrer. Sem polinização (GH III, GH IV), as plantas produziram menor número de pepinos, e os frutos eram menores e menos pesados do que aqueles nas áreas experimentais onde a polinizacão ocorreu. Na área aberta, não protegida contra condições climáticas desfavoráveis, as plantas produziram menos flores do que as plantas nas casas de vegetação. A maior produção de pepinos (com a maior quantidade de frutos perfeitos) foi encontrada nas casas de vegetação com as abelhas como polinizadoras (GH I, GH II). Os resultados demonstraram que abelhas sem ferrão podem ser usadas com sucesso e eficiência como polinizadoras de pepinos sob cultivo protegido durante o inverno.

When for a successful fruit development the fertilization of flowers is necessary, bees can be used as crop-pollinators in greenhouses. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of the stingless bees Scaptotrigona aff. depilis Moure and Nannotrigona testaceicornis Lepeletier as pollinators of cucumber plants (Cucumus sativus var. caipira) in greenhouses during the Brazilian winter season. The study was conducted in four greenhouses (GH), of which two greenhouses contained bee colonies to ascertain pollination of the cucumber plants (GH I, with S. aff. depilis, GH II, with N. testaceicornis), whereas the other two greenhouses (GH III, GH IV) had no bee colonies and served as control groups. Furthermore, we planted cucumbers in an open field plot (OA) where pollination by any/various visiting insects could occur. Each of the experimental areas measured 87.5 m². Without pollination (GH III, GH IV), the plants produced a low number of cucumbers, and the fruits were smaller and less heavy than in those experimental areas where pollination occurred. In the open field area, not protected against unfavorable climatic conditions, the plants produced fewer flowers than the plants in the greenhouses. The highest cucumber yield (with the highest amount of perfect fruits) was found in those greenhouses which housed the stingless bees as pollinators (GH I, GH II). Our results demonstrate that stingless bees can be successfully and efficiently used as pollinators of greenhouse cucumbers during the winter season.

El Derecho a un ambiente sano y la pedagía ambiental / The right to a safe environment and the environmental pedagogy

El presente articulo es uno de los productos del proyecto de investigaciòn Polìticas Pùblicas para el manejo de los residuos sòlidos en el Valle de Aburrà realizado por el grupo de investigaciòn Deecho, Cultura y Ciudad de la facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de San Buenaventura, Seccional Medellìn. Su propòsito es plantear que la materializaciòn del derecho a un ambiente sano solo puede ser viable si se atiende la problemàtica ambiental desde un enfoque sistèmico y se utiliza, màs que la normatividad, la pedagogìa ambiental, pues solo con ella serà posible la consolidaciòn de nuevos valores y la transformaciòn de realidades en torno a la protecciòn del ambiente. Esto debido a que la apariciòn de problemas ambientales està ligada a la compleja interacciòn entre el hombre, la sociedad y la naturaleza y el estudio de dicha complejidad puede ser el punto de partida hacia la busqueda de estrategias adecuadas para alcanzar una relaciòn sostenible entre los sistemas naturales y los sistemas sociales. Para ello, la educaciòn se convierte en una herramienta indispensable en el proceso de formar actitudes y comportamientos a traves de los cuales los individuos y la colectividad cobran conciencia de su medio ambiente y construyen los conocimientos, los valores y las competencias necesarias para actuar articulados al sistema natural.

Laboratory environment effects on the reproduction and mortality of adult screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

The New World screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax Coquerel, is mass reared for screwworm eradication initiatives that use the sterile insect technique. New methods for rearing have helped to reduce the cost of the eradication program. We examined the effect and interaction of three temperatures (24.5, 29.5 and 34.5°C), two diets (2 percent spray-dried blood plus 0.05 percent vitamins and corn syrup carrageenan) and three population densities (300, 400, and 500 flies/cage) on egg production, egg hatch, number of observable fertilized eggs, mortality (male and female) and ovarian development. The three population densities did not affect any of the parameters monitored. Using the protein diet increased egg production at all temperatures. Diet did not affect egg hatch or female mortality. Male mortality was significantly greater when fed the protein diet and reared at 24.5°C and 34.5°C. Egg hatch was significantly less when the flies were reared at 34.5°C. When exposed to high temperatures (37°C and 40°C) egg production, egg hatch, fertility and mortality were adversely affected. At the higher temperatures, yolk did not adequately form during oogenesis. When compared to the normal rearing photoperiod (12 L: 12 D), short photoperiod (1 L: 23 D) increased egg production, egg hatch and fertility but lowered mortality.

A mosca-da-bicheira, Cochliomyia hominivorax Coquerel, é criada em escala massal com o objetivo de fornecer insetos para programas para sua erradicação, através da técnica do inseto estéril. Novos métodos de criação têm auxiliado na redução dos custos desses programas de erradicação. Nós examinamos o efeito e a interação de três temperaturas (24,5, 29,5 e 34,5°C), duas dietas (carboidrato e carboidrato + proteína) e três densidades populacionais (300, 400 e 500 moscas/gaiola), na fecundidade eclosão de larvas, número de ovos fertilizados, mortalidade (macho e fêmea) e desenvolvimento dos ovários. As três densidades populacionais não afetaram nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. O uso da dieta protéica aumentou a produção de ovos em todas as temperaturas testadas. O tipo de dieta não afetou a eclosão de larvas e mortalidade de fêmeas. A mortalidade dos machos foi significativamente maior quando alimentados com a dieta protéica e criados a 24,5°C e 34,5°C. A eclosão de larvas foi significativamente menor quando as moscas foram criadas a 34,5°C. Nas temperaturas mais elevadas (37°C e 40°C), a produção de ovos, eclosão de larvas, fertilidade e mortalidade foram afetadas desfavoravelmente. Ainda nessas mesmas temperaturas, durante a oogênese, não houve a formação adequada do estoque de alimento para os embriões. O fotoperíodo curto (1L: 23E) propiciou maior produção de ovos, eclosão de larvas e fertilidade, e diminuiu a mortalidade quando comparado ao fotoperíodo padrão em criações (12L: 12E).

Comparative study on indoor air quality between closed and open broiler environments during winter in eastern region, KSA

The current field study was applied on two available different broiler environments [closed and open houses] during winter season in two different localities, AlJuaymah [NE] and UmSahik [NW] to Al Dammam city. A total of 20500 and 6850 birds of Rose-308 and Cobb-500 breeds respectively were used to study the effect of different broiler environments on their indoor air quality and the microbial ecology of air and litter started day before baby chicks admission up till marketing. The indoor air parameters included [Ta.C°, RH%, AV m/sec], some gases [CO[2] and NH[3] ppm] and microbial load of air and litter [fungal and bacterial colony forming units, cfu counts/m[3] and cfu/ gm respectively]. The results revealed the following:- During winter season the closed system seemed to be more suitable for brooding baby chicks regarding to controlled indoor Ta C°, RH% and AV m/sec, despite the expected gases accumulation for keeping warm environment and increased litter microbial load and air fungal load that represent risk factors for both birds and their keeper. The obvious effect of indoor air parameters [positive correlation except CO[2] showed negative one] and litter microclimate on microbial loads in both environments threw light on efforts must be done by owners and ever alerts to follow up, manage and alternate the in door conditions for controlling indoor microbial niches, starting before chicks admission till marketing to keep indoor and outdoor livings health. Open system characterized by significantly lowered indoor air parameters levels Vs closed system indoor Ta .C° showed positive correlation with litter of cfu only, While RH%, CO[2] and NH[3] were positively correlated with air and litter microbial load

PM10 as Predictor of Ventilation Efficiency of Houses in Relation to Health Effect.

Concerns for the high concentration of particulates in the ambient air of Jakarta had been associated with respiratory health effects. Accordingly, the high concentration of indoor air particulate in homes was also recognized as a potential health hazard to the household. This paper was based on findings in a cross-sectional study in homes of a village, Jakarta done for a dissertation of a doctoral degree in Public Health. In relation to health aspect, ventilation effectiveness was more predicted by the variation of indoor particulates concentrations (as PM10) than the physical characteristic of the houses. Besides, respiratory symptoms rates among children under-five were positively associated to PM10 concentrations. Except for the house dampness factor, no physical features of the houses such as sizes of windows, rooms, and the like, contributed to the variability of health of the occupants. This research suggested that PM10 concentration was a better indicator for a healthy house than the physical characteristics of the house. As such, the most sensitive and specific level of PM10 concentration to predict the development of respiratory symptoms was 70µg/m3. This cutoff concentration of PM10 agreed with the guideline value set on the level of 70 µg/m3 for the thoracic particles by the World Health Organization.

Utilization of spaceflight technology on medicinal plant study / 中国中药杂志

Utilization of spaceflight technology will benefit the modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine study. Many countries, such as USA or Russia, have conducted extensive experimental research with plants in the regenerative life-support system in space stations as well as the research on breeding or chromosomal aberration after spaceflight. The space botany is still in its preliminary stage in our country. Research has mainly been focused on breeding under space-environment. In addition, many experiments have been conducted with the spaceflown plants to investigate the growth, development, biochemical and physiological changes, as well as the inheritance and variation. Little has been done with regard to the facility development to contain the spaceflying seeds and no research has been reported on plant growth in spacecrafts. Medicinal plant study has certain characteristics and advantages in our country where small biological vessels are developed for the spaceflown seeds, which are then distinguished to microgravity group and radiation exposed group with analytical instrument. However, research has been carried out in medicinal plant breeding or inheritance. In future research, more effort should be directed to the study of medicinal plants as an important link of a future biological life support system as well as to the health care of astronauts by.

Biogeochemical properties at the Jataí ecological Station Wetlands (Moji-Guaçu River, Säo Paulo, SP)

The relatively large number of scientific publications on natural and constructed wetlands around the world is due to the importance these areas have as critical sites where biogeochemical cycling of elements is extensive on a global scale. The understanding of ecological functions and community structure is highly dependent on the knowledge of those cycles and their interactions. These studies are also relevant because natural or constructed wetlands are sites used worldwide to treat industrial and domestic effluents. This paper reports on a series of studies performed and in progress at the Jataí Ecological Station (Moji-Guaçu river, Luiz Antonio, SP, Brazil) with emphasis on the main biogeochemical properties of aquatic systems found there (lacustrine and riverine). Results obtained during the last 10 years within the scope of the Jataí Project with its various subprojects is just beginning to permit understanding the high complexity of these ecosystems.

Challenges for space medicine.

Since April 1961, when Yuri Gagarin first orbited the earth about 270 astronauts (predominantly males) have lived in space. More than 90 percent of these astronauts were natives of the USA and the ex-USSR. In this commentary, the challenges confronting the discipline of space medicine are reviewed. These include, (1) space sickness, (2) wasting of the musculoskeletal system and (3) developing a longterm life support system.

Nivel de conocimiento y medidas de protección en la aplicación de quimioterapia que tiene el personal de enfermería, que labora en el servicio de lactantes y oncología Hospital de Niños Baca Otíz. Quito 1993 / Level of knowledge and measures of protection in the application of chemotherapy that has the infirmary personnel, that toils in the service of suckling babies and oncología Hospital of Children Baca Otíz

Se ha establecido que la quimioterapia es una terapia curativa sumamente agresiva que requiere de adiestramiento previo del personal responsable de su manejo, y de una adecuación de la planta fija o instalaciones que permitan aplicar las precausiones para evitar efectos indeseados en el personal de salud. Por esta razón el trabajo de investigación contiene lo siguiente: nivel de conocimiento, aplicación y precausiones que las deben tener cuando preparan y administran medicación quimioterapia y factores que interviene, en el personal de enfermería los aplique o no los aplique...

Expression of type 1?collagen mRNA of osteoblast like(MC3T3-E1) celss to sodium fluoride / 대한내분비학회지

No abstract available.

Effect of increased level of CO2 exposure in a closed environment on calcium and phosphorus balance in rats.

In rats, exposed to increased ambient CO2 level (1.5%) for 30 days a 40% reduction in food intake during first 10 days was observed which subsequently improved. Similarly the body weight also declined initially, which showed progressive gain thereafter, almost reaching that of ad libitum fed control by 30th day. The lowered Ca intake consequent to reduced food consumption was followed by diminution in renal and faecal excretion of Ca. The lowered renal Ca excretion was probably unrelated to reduced Ca intake, since the pair-fed-control, not exposed to raised CO2 level, did not show any such alteration. The net result was a drastic reduction in Ca balance despite the diminution in its excretion. Though the intake and renal excretion of P were reduced in the CO2 exposed group due to a reduction in food intake, the P balance showed a cyclic pattern as in the pair-fed controls. The serum Ca after 30 days' exposure remained unchanged while the serum inorganic P showed a variation. The data indicated that hypercapnia produced hypophagia which affected growth of rats. The reduced renal excretion of Ca may not pose a risk on calcification of soft tissues, since its retention was also reduced on exposure to raised concentration of CO2.