Risk factors of major intraoperative bleeding and postoperative bleeding associated with endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric neoplasms / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Endoscopic resection bleeding (ERB) classification was proposed by the authors' team to evaluate the severity of intraoperative bleeding (IB) during endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). This study aimed to evaluate the application of ERB classification and to analyze the risk factors of major IB (MIB) and postoperative bleeding (PB) associated with ESD for gastric neoplastic lesions.@*METHODS@#We retrospectively enrolled a total of 1334 patients who underwent ESD between November 2006 and September 2019 at The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital. All patients were divided into the non-MIB group (including ERB-0, ERB-controlled 1 [ERB-c1], and ERB-c2) and the MIB group (including ERB-c3 and ERB-uncontrolled [ERB-unc]) according to the ERB classification. Risk factors of major MIB and risk factors of PB were analyzed using a logistic regression model.@*RESULTS@#Among the 1334 patients, 773 (57.95%) had ERB-0, 477 (35.76%) had ERB-c1, 77 (5.77%) had ERB-c2, 7 (0.52%) had ERB-c3, and no patients had ERB-unc. The rate of PB in patients with IB classifications of ERB-0, ERB-c1, ERB-c2, and ERB-c3 were 2.20% (17/773), 3.35% (16/477), 9.09% (7/77), and 2/7, respectively. In multivariate analysis, proximal location (odds ratio [OR]: 1.488; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.045-3.645; P = 0.047) was the only significant risk factor of MIB. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR: 7.844; 95% CI: 1.637-37.583; P = 0.010) and MIB (ERB-c3) (OR: 13.932; 95% CI: 2.585-74.794; P = 0.002) were independent risk factors of PB.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Proximal location of lesions was a significant risk factor of MIB. Additionally, CKD and MIB (ERB-c3) were independent risk factors of PB. More attention should be paid to these high-risk patients for MIB and PB.

Dissecção endoscópica submucosa com incisão circunferencial versus túnel submucoso no tratamento da neoplasia superficial do esôfago / Endoscopic submucosal dissection with circumferential incision versus tunneling method for treatment of superficial esophageal cancer

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of esophageal superficial neoplasm is associated with a high en bloc R0 resection rate and low recurrence. OBJECTIVE: We aim to compare the performance and clinical outcomes of ESD via ESD after circumferential incision (ESD-C) versus submucosal tunneling (ESD-T). METHODS: Single-center retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients who underwent ESD for superficial esophageal cancer, between 2009 and 2018. ESD-T was defined as the technique of making the mucosal incisions followed by submucosal tunneling in the oral to anal direction. ESD-C consisted of completing a circumferential incision followed by ESD. Main study outcomes included en bloc and R0 resection rates. Secondary outcomes included procedural characteristics, curative resection rate, local recurrence and adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 65 procedures (23 ESD-T and 42 ESD-C) were performed for ESCC (40; 61.5%) and BE-neoplasia (25; 38.5%). There were no statistically significant differences between patients who underwent ESD-T versus ESD-C in en bloc (91.3% vs 100%, P=0.12), R0 (65.2% vs 78.6%, P=0.24), curative resection rates (65.2% vs 73.8%, P=0.47) and mean procedure time (118.7 min with vs 102.4 min, P=0.35). Adverse events for ESD-T and ESD-C were as follows: bleeding (0 versus 2.4%; P=0.53), perforation (4.3% vs 0; P=0.61), esophageal stricture (8.7% versus 9.5%; P=0.31). Local recurrence was encountered in 8.7% after ESD-T and 2.4% after ESD-C (P=0.28) at a mean follow-up of 8 and 2.75 years, respectively (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: ESD-T and ESD-C appear to be equally effective with similar safety profiles for the management of superficial esophageal neoplasms.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A dissecção endoscópica submucosa (DES) no tratamento da neoplasia superficial do esôfago está associada a uma alta taxa de ressecção R0 em bloco e baixa taxa de recorrência. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é comparar o desempenho e os resultados clínicos da DES com incisão circunferencial (DES-C) versus com DES com túnel submucoso (DES-TS). MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de banco de dados coletados prospectivamente de um centro especializado em DES, investigando pacientes consecutivos submetidos à DES por câncer de esôfago superficial, entre 2009 e 2018. DES-TS foi definida como a técnica de realizar primeiro incisões na mucosa seguida de tunelamento submucoso no sentido oral para anal. DES-C consistiu em completar uma incisão circunferencial seguida da dissecção submucosa. As principais variáveis do estudo incluíram taxas de ressecção em bloco e R0. Os resultados secundários incluíram características do procedimento, taxa de ressecção curativa, recorrência local e eventos adversos. RESULTADOS: Um total de 65 procedimentos (23 DES-TS e 42 DES-C) foram realizados para CCE de esôfago (40; 61,5%) e neoplasia associada ao EB (25; 38,5%). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os pacientes submetidos a DES-TS versus DES-C nas taxas de ressecção em bloco (91,3% vs 100%, P=0,12), R0 (65,2% vs 78,6%, P=0,24), taxas de ressecção curativa (65,2% vs 73,8%, P=0,47) e tempo médio do procedimento (118,7 min com vs 102,4 min, P=0,35). Os eventos adversos para DES-TS e DES-C foram os seguintes: sangramento (0 vs 2,4%; P=0,53), perfuração (4,3% vs 0; P=0,61), estenose esofágica (8,7% vs 9,5%; P=0,31). A recorrência local foi encontrada em 8,7% após DES-TS e 2,4% após DES-C (P=0,28) em um seguimento médio de 8 e 2,75 anos, respectivamente (P=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: DES-TS e DES-C demostram ser igualmente eficazes com perfil de segurança semelhante para o tratamento das neoplasias superficiais do esôfago.

Risk factors for complications of therapeutic endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#To study the risk factors for complications after endoscopic therapy for upper gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions (SELs).@*METHODS@#Retrospective analysis was performed on 184 patients in the Department of Gastroenterology in the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University after therapeutic endoscopy [endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR), endoscopic submucosal excavation (ESE), and submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection (STER)] for the upper gastrointestinal SELs from 2014-09-01 to 2019-09-30. The clinic data were collected and risk factors for postoperative complications were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Among the 184 patients, 22 patients were in the complication group (including 3 cases of delayed bleeding, 2 cases of delayed perforation, and 17 cases of electrocoagulation syndrome) and 162 patients were in the non-complication group. There was no significant difference between the complication group and the non-complication group in gender, age over 70 year, basic diseases, lesion location, lesion invasion layers, pathological results, endoscopic therapy, and preventive closure of wounds (all @*CONCLUSIONS@#For the patients with upper gastrointestinal SELs after endoscopic minimally invasive therapy with the lesion diameter over 40 mm and the operative time over 120 minutes, it needs to highly alert to the occurrence of postoperative complications.

A dissecção endoscópica de submucosa ainda está limitada a poucos centros terciários no Ocidente? Resultados de uma pesquisa nacional no Brasil / Is endoscopic submucosal dissection still limited to few tertiary centers in the west? results from a national survey in brazil

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) enables en bloc excision of superficial neoplasms. Although ESD is widely practiced in Eastern countries like Japan, South Korea and China, its use in the West is supposed to be still limited to few tertiary centers. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the clinical practice of ESD in Brazil by means of an electronic questionnaire elaborated by the Brazilian Society of Digestive Endoscopy (SOBED). METHODS: In October 2019, 3512 endoscopist members of SOBED were invited to respond to an electronic survey containing 40 questions divided into four topics: operator profile; clinical experience with ESD; adverse events and training. Informed consent was requested to all participants. The investigators reviewed all responses and considered valid if more than 50% of the questions were answered and additional information, when requested, was provided. RESULTS: A total of 155 (4.4%) qualified responses entered the study. ESD has been practiced in 22 of 26 Federation States and majority of respondents (32.2%) have 10 to 20 years of practice. ESD has been performed more frequently in private hospitals (101 individuals, 66.9%) and private ambulatory centers (41 individuals, 27.1%). ESD was performed mainly in the stomach (72%), followed by the rectum (57%) and 80% of the individuals reported less than 25 operations. Twenty-four (15.4 %) individuals reported perforation and 4 (2.5%) of them reported postoperative deaths. Approximately a quarter of responders denied hands-on training in models or visit to training centers. CONCLUSION: ESD appears to be practiced throughout the country, not only in tertiary or academic institutions and mainly in private practice. Most operators received limited training and still are at the beginning of their learning curve. The reported adverse events and mortality rates appear to be higher than Eastern reports.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A dissecção endoscópica da submucosa (ESD) é uma técnica popular no Japão e em outros países asiáticos e, supostamente, ainda está limitada a centros terciários no Ocidente. OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a prática clínica da ESD no Brasil por meio de um questionário eletrônico elaborado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Endoscopia Digestiva (SOBED). MÉTODOS: Em outubro de 2019, 3512 endoscopistas membros da SOBED foram convidados a responder a uma pesquisa eletrônica contendo 40 questões divididas em quatro tópicos: perfil do operador; experiência clínica com ESD; eventos adversos e treinamento. O consentimento informado foi solicitado a todos os participantes. Os investigadores analisaram todas as respostas e consideraram válidas se mais de 50% das perguntas fossem respondidas e informações adicionais, quando solicitadas, fossem fornecidas. RESULTADOS: Um total de 155 (4,4%) respostas qualificadas foram incluídas no estudo. A ESD foi executada em 22 dos 26 estados da Federação e a maioria dos entrevistados (32,2%) possuía de 10 a 20 anos de prática endoscópica. A ESD foi realizada com maior frequência em hospitais privados (101 indivíduos; 66,9%) e clínicas ambulatoriais privadas (41 indivíduos; 27,1%). A ESD foi realizada principalmente no estômago (72%), seguido pelo reto (57%) e 80% dos indivíduos relataram menos de 25 operações. Vinte e quatro (15,4%) indivíduos relataram algum caso de perfuração no procedimento e 4 (2,5%) deles relataram óbito pós-operatório. Aproximadamente um quarto dos respondentes negou treinamento prático em modelos ou visita a centros de treinamento. CONCLUSÃO: A ESD parece ser praticada em todo o país, não apenas em instituições terciárias ou acadêmicas e principalmente na prática privada. A maioria dos respondedores recebeu treinamento limitado e ainda está no início da curva de aprendizado. Os eventos adversos relatados e as taxas de mortalidade parecem ser maiores do que os relatos orientais.

A aplicação da profundidade de dissecção da submucosa gástrica na avaliação do aprendizado em ESD: um estudo experimental / Usefulness of gastric submucosal dissection depth to evaluate skill acquirement in short term training courses in esd: an experimental study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a complex endoscopic procedure, with high rates of adverse events and technical difficulties. To overcome that problem, many training centers published the importance of animal models for skill acquirement in ESD. However, no study has used the submucosal dissection depth (DSUB) as a parameter to evaluate the learning curve in ESD, which might be a relevant factor since an optimal resection plane is important to achieve a curative resection and avoid intraoperative complications. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess ESD skill acquirement after short-term training sessions by evaluating the submucosal dissection depth (DSUB) and the association with adverse events. METHODS: This experimental study included 25 experienced endoscopists in therapeuthic procedures (>5years) and 75 specimens resected by ESD (three resections / endoscopist). Learning parameters (resection time, size, en bloc resection rate, bleeding, perforation and submucosal dissection depth) were prospectively evaluated. The percentages of DSUB of all specimens resected were calculated. RESULTS: All specimens were resected from the gastric body (n=75). The mean size of the resected specimens was 23.97±7.2 mm. The number of adverse events, including bleeding, perforation, and death, were 17 (22.67%), 3 (4%), and 0 cases, respectively. The average mean time by the third dissection decreased from 28.44±9.73 to 18.72±8.81 min (P<0.001). The proportion of DSUB in the bleeding and non-bleeding group were respectively 37.97%±21.13% and 68.66%±23.99%, indicating a significant association between DSUB and bleeding incidence (P<0.001). The ROC curve analysis indicated a cut-off point of 61% (sensitivity, 64%; specificity, 94%) of submucosal dissection depth associated with bleeding. Therefore, when ESD was performed at a depth of >61% of the submucosal layer, the risk for bleeding during the procedure decreased (PPV, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.85-0.99). CONCLUSION: Improvement in the learning curve in ESD and a better cognitive ability were seen by the third dissection in these short term training courses. And a significant association between DSUB and the risk of bleeding.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A técnica de ESD (Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection) é um procedimento endoscópico de grande complexidade, com alto índice de complicações e dificuldades técnicas. Para superar este problema, muitos centros de treinamento em endoscopia vêm publicando a aplicabilidade dos modelos animais para a aquisição de competência em ESD. Entretanto, a profundidade de ressecção nunca foi utilizada como parâmetro de aprendizagem, o que pode ser um fator relevante a ser ensinado, dado que atingir o plano de dissecção ideal é de suma importância para uma ressecção curativa e na prevenção de complicações intraoperatórias. OBJETIVO: Analisar o aprendizado em ESD em treinamentos de curta duração através da avaliação da profundidade de submucosa ressecada; e sua associação com complicações. MÉTODOS: Estudo experimental; incluídos 25 endoscopistas com experiência em procedimentos terapêuticos (> 5anos) e 75 peças ressecadas por ESD sendo uma média de três resseções por endoscopista. Os parâmetros de aprendizagem (tempo de ressecção, tamanho, taxa de ressecção em bloco, sangramento, perfuração e análise histológica da camada submucosa) foram prospectivamente avaliados. A percentagem de profundidade de submucosa ressecada foi calculada. RESULTADOS: Todas as ressecções foram realizadas no corpo gástrico (n=75). O tamanho médio das peças ressecadas foi de 23,97±7,2 mm. O número de complicações como sangramento, perfuração e morte foram respectivamente, 17 (22,67%), 3 (4%) e 0 casos. Na terceira dissecção, tempo médio do procedimento diminuiu de 28,44±9,73 para 18,72±8,81 minutos (P<0,001). O grupo que teve sangramento durante o procedimento ressecou 37,97%±21,13% da camada submucosa e o grupo sem sangramento ressecou 68,66%±23,99%, demonstrando uma associação significante entre a profundidade de dissecção submucosa e a incidência de sangramento (P<0,001). De acordo com a análise de curva ROC, o valor de corte da profundidade de submucosa ressecada para a ocorrência de sangramento é de 61% (64% sensibilidade, 94% especificidade), logo quando o ESD é realizado em uma profundidade maior do que 61% da camada submucosa o risco de sangramento durante o procedimento diminui (VPP=0,97; IC95%:0,85-0,99). CONCLUSÃO: O modelo de treinamento de curta duração possibilitou um aprendizado da técnica de ESD mostrando uma melhora cognitiva dos alunos já na terceira dissecção. Existe uma associação significativa entre a profundidade de ressecção da submucosa com o risco de sangramento.

Comparison on Oral versus Intravenous Proton Pump Inhibitors for Prevention of Bleeding after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection of Gastric Lesions / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although intravenous proton pump inhibitor (PPI) has been used for the prevention of post endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) bleeding, the route of administration has not been confirmed. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of intravenous and oral PPI administration for the prevention of delayed post ESD bleeding. METHODS: Total 166 consecutive patients were randomly assigned to 30 mg lansoprazol twice a day (PO group) and 120 mg pantoprazole intravenous injection (IV group) for 48 hours. Finally, 65 patients in PO group and 87 patients in IV group were analyzed. After ESD, all patients underwent follow up endoscopy after 24 hours and were observed the symptoms of bleeding up to 60 days after ESD. RESULTS: Age, sex and use of anticoagulants were not different between groups. At follow up endoscopy after 24 hours, oozing and exposed vessel was noted in 4.6% of PO group and 8.0% of IV group and there was no significant difference. Delayed bleeding occurred in 4 of 65 patients (6.2%) in the PO group and 8 of 87 patients (9.2%) in the IV group (p>0.999). By multivariate analysis, oozing or exposed vessels at follow up endoscopy were risk factors for delayed bleeding (OR=17.5, p=0.022). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in the delayed bleeding, length of hospital stay according to the administration route. Bleeding stigmata at follow up endoscopy was risk factor of delayed bleeding. Oral PPI administration can cost-effectively replace IV PPI for prevention of post ESD bleeding.

Perigastric Abscess as a Complication of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Early Gastric Cancer: First Case Report / 대한소화기학회지

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric cancer (EGC) is a widely accepted and well established procedure because of its curative potential and low invasiveness compared with surgery. Perforation is a potential major complication during ESD, and non-surgical treatments such as endoscopic closure with clips are sufficient in most cases. Here, we report a case of perigastric abscess that occurred as a complication of ESD for EGC. The patient improved with administration of antibiotics without surgical intervention.

Pneumoretroperitoneum, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema after endoscopic submucosal dissection of a rectal lateral spreading tumor / Pneumorretroperitônio, pneumomediastino e enfisema subcutâneo após dissecção endoscópica da submucosa de lesão retal de crescimento lateral

Introduction: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an already established procedure in the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancer in its early stages. Colorectal lesions, initially approached by endoscopic mucosal resection en bloc or in fragments, are the current focus for submucosal approach, especially for superficial lateral spreading tumor of 20 mm-diameter. The experience of Japanese centers, which are reference in therapeutic endoscopy, demonstrates reduction in the rate of disease recurrence with this approach and, according to specific histopathological criteria, may avoid colectomy in some cases of malignant neoplasia. Case report: The patient was 50-year-old female. She underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection of a rectal lateral spreading tumor measuring 50 mm, located 8 cm from the anal margin. The procedure was performed without major complications, with just two points for muscle layer detachment, without gross perforation and closed with metal clips. However, the patient developed air leakage to the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, mediastinum and subcutaneous tissue, being only treated with clinical procedures and without additional intervention. Conclusion: It is vital to know and be able to apply the technique of ESD, in addition to addressing its complications, since despite the numerous benefits compared to surgery, ESD can result in serious outcomes. (AU)

Introdução: A dissecção endoscópica da submucosa (ESD) já é procedimento consagrado no tratamento do câncer gástrico e esofagiano em suas fases precoces. As lesões colorre-tais, inicialmente abordadas por mucossectomia, em bloco ou em fragmentos, são o foco atual para a abordagem submucosa, principalmente para os tumores de crescimento lateral superficial a partir de 20 mm de diâmetro. A experiência de centros japoneses, referências em endoscopia terapêutica, demonstram redução no índice de recidiva da doença com esta abordagem e, segundo critérios histopatológicos específicos, podem evitar uma colectomia em alguns casos de neoplasia maligna. Relato de caso: Trata-se de paciente de 50 anos, submetida à dissecção endoscópica da submucosa de lesão de crescimento lateral, com 50 mm, localizada no reto, a 8 cm da margem anal. O procedimento foi realizado sem maiores intercorrências, com apenas dois pontos de afastamento da muscular, sem perfuração grosseira, fechados com clipe. Entretanto, a paciente evoluiu com escape aéreo para peritônio, retroperitônio, mediastino e subcútis, sendo tratada sem intervenção adicional, apenas com manejo clínico. Conclusão: É de fundamental importância conhecer e saber aplicar a técnica da ESD, além de abordar suas complicações, uma vez que, mesmo repleta de benefícios em relação à cirurgia, ela pode apresentar desfechos graves. (AU)