Ressignificação da vida do cuidador do paciente idoso com câncer / Ressignification of life of caregivers of elderly patients with cancer / Ressignificación de la vida de los cuidadores de pacientes de edad avanzada con cáncer

O estudo objetivou analisar o processo de tornar-se cuidador de idoso com câncer, submetido a quimioterapia, no contexto domiciliar. Estudo exploratório, com orientação teórico-metodológica da antropologia interpretativa e estudo de caso etnográfico. Os dados foram coletados de janeiro a setembro de 2009, com quatro cuidadores, por entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação e consulta em prontuários. Com a analise dos dados foram construídas quatro unidades de significação. Apresentamos neste artigo a unidade temática "A ressignificação da vida do cuidador", composta por aspectos positivos da atividade de cuidar e de ajudar a superar dificuldades, como união, solidariedade, oportunidade de reaproximação. As dificuldades foram mais evidentes, principalmente pelo despreparo para cuidar em domicilio, que levou a transformações nas relações familiares e sociais do cuidador, resultando em comprometimento dos aspectos físicos, emocionais e sociais. O enfermeiro, como agente do cuidar, deve prover qualificação adequada ao cuidador, auxiliando-o no enfrentamento da doença e na melhoria da relação cuidador-paciente-serviço.

The study aimed to analyze the process of becoming a caregiver of elderly patients with cancer, in chemotherapy, in the home context. This is an exploratory study with theoretical and methodological orientation of interpretative anthropology and ethnographic case study. Data were collected from January to September 2009, with four caregivers through semi-structured interviews, observation and consultation records. With data analysis were built four units of meaning. In this paper 'we are focusing the thematic unity "The ressignification of caregiver's life", composed by positive aspects of caregiving activities and of helping to overcome difficulties, such as union, solidarity, opportunity for reapproximation. The difficulties were more evident, especially being unprepared to care at home, which led to changes in the caregiver's familiar and social relationships, resulting in impairment of physical, emotional and social aspects. The nurse, as an agent of care, must provide adequate qualification to the caregivers, helping them in coping with the disease and improving the patient-caregiver-service relationship.

El estudio objetivó analizar el proceso de convertirse en cuidador de pacientes de edad avanzada con cáncer, que reciben quimioterapia, en el contexto del hogar. Estudio exploratorio, con orientación teórica y metodológica de la antropología interpretativa y del estudio de caso etnográfico. Los datos fueron recogidos entre enero y septiembre de 2009, con cuatro cuidadores, por medio de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, observación y consulta a los prontuarios. Con el análisis de los datos se construyeron cuatro unidades de significado. Aquí está presentada la unidad temática “La ressignificación de la vida de los cuidadores”, consistiendo de los aspectos positivos de las actividades de cuidar y de ayudar a superar dificultades como la unión, la solidaridad, la oportunidad de acercamiento. Las dificultades eran evidentes, sobre todo para los cuidadores no preparados para el cuidado en el hogar, lo que llevó a los cambios en las relaciones familiares y sociales del cuidador, resultando en el deterioro de los aspectos físicos, emocionales y sociales. La enfermera, como un agente de la atención, debe proporcionar la cualificación adecuada al cuidador, ayudando-o a hacer frente a la enfermedad y a mejorar la relación paciente-servicio-cuidador.

Papel protector de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad en sepsis: aspectos básicos e implicancias clínicas / Protective role of high density lipoproteins in sepsis: basic issues and clinical implications

High density lipoproteins (HDL) are responsible of reverse cholesterol transport and play an important antiatherogenic role. In recent years, several studies suggest that HDL have additional functions, including a possible anti-inflammatory activity in infectious conditions. Furthermore, available evidence indicates that the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) within the circulation during infectious states induced by gram-negative bacteria may be involved in the decrease in HDL cholesterol levels and changes in lipoprotein composition, which have been associated with a higher mortality due to sepsis in animal models and in humans. In this article, we review this subject and also discuss possible mechanisms that explain the positive impact achieved by native HDL, reconstituted HDL, or HDL apolipoprotein peptides on the inflammatory response and mortality in models of endotoxemia. In this regard, it has been proposed that one of the mechanisms by which HDL protect against sepsis may be mediated by its binding ability and/or neutralizing capacity on LPS, avoiding an excessive response of the immune system. Thus, increasing blood levels of HDL and/or parenteral HDL administration may represent a new anti-inflammatory tool for managing septic states in humans.

Las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) son responsables del transporte reverso de colesterol y ejercen un importante papel anti-aterogénico. En los últimos años, diversos estudios indican que las HDL también tendrían otras funciones críticas, incluyendo una posible actividad anti-inflamatoria durante estados infecciosos. Además, la evidencia disponible sugiere que la presencia de lipopolisacárido (LPS) en la circulación durante estados infecciosos inducidos por bacterias gramnegativas podría estar involucrado en la disminución del colesterol HDL y los cambios en composición de esta clase lipoproteínas, lo cual se asociaría con una mayor tasa de mortalidad por sepsis en modelos animales y en humanos. En este trabajo, se revisan los antecedentes mencionados y además se discuten posibles mecanismos que explican la disminución de la respuesta inflamatoria y de la mortalidad que se logran en modelos de endotoxemia tratados con HDL o preparaciones similares. En este sentido, se ha propuesto que uno de los mecanismos protectores de las HDL estaría mediado por su capacidad de unión y/o neutralización del LPS, evitando una respuesta exacerbada del sistema inmune. De esta manera, el aumento de los niveles sanguíneos de HDL y/o su administración parenteral podrían constituir nuevas herramientas anti-inflamatorias para el manejo de estados sépticos en humanos.

Impairment of the hematological response and interleukin-1β production in protein-energy malnourished mice after endotoxemia with lipopolysaccharide

The objectives of this study were to determine if protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) could affect the hematologic response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production, leukocyte migration, and blood leukocyte expression of CD11a/CD18. Two-month-old male Swiss mice were submitted to PEM (N = 30) with a low-protein diet (14 days) containing 4% protein, compared to 20% protein in the control group (N = 30). The total cellularity of blood, bone marrow, spleen, and bronchoalveolar lavage evaluated after the LPS stimulus indicated reduced number of total cells in all compartments studied and different kinetics of migration in malnourished animals. The in vitro migration assay showed reduced capacity of migration after the LPS stimulus in malnourished animals (45.7 ± 17.2 x 10(4) cells/mL) compared to control (69.6 ± 7.1 x 10(4) cells/mL, P ≤ 0.05), but there was no difference in CD11a/CD18 expression on the surface of blood leukocytes. In addition, the production of IL-1β in vivo after the LPS stimulus (180.7 pg·h-1·mL-1), and in vitro by bone marrow and spleen cells (41.6 ± 15.0 and 8.3 ± 4.0 pg/mL) was significantly lower in malnourished animals compared to control (591.1 pg·h-1·mL-1, 67.0 ± 23.0 and 17.5 ± 8.0 pg/mL, respectively, P ≤ 0.05). The reduced expression of IL-1β, together with the lower number of leukocytes in the central and peripheral compartments, different leukocyte kinetics, and reduced leukocyte migration capacity are factors that interfere with the capacity to mount an adequate immune response, being partly responsible for the immunodeficiency observed in PEM.